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Four experiments were designed to investigate the possible effect of orthographic neighborhood frequency (NF) on Chinese character recognition. Orthographic neighbors were operated under two conditions: stroke based and radical based. With the lexical decision and repeated-matching tasks adopted, the results showed an inhibitory NF effect on character recognition with priming by both stroke-based and radical-based neighbors. Targets with higher-frequency neighbors had longer response latencies (and lower accuracies). This study confirmed that the orthographic NF effect exists in Chinese compound characters. Additionally, different definitions of neighbors cause varied patterns of the NF effect in the condition of high-frequency targets. The findings were explained in terms of activation and inhibition processes in the interactive activation framework.

Summary The development of plant virus‐based expression systems has expanded rapidly owing to their potential applications in gene functional and disease resistance research, and industrial production of pharmaceutical proteins. However, the low yield of certain proteins, especially high‐molecular‐mass proteins, restricts the production scale. In this study, we observed that the tobacco mosaic virus (TMV)‐mediated expression of a foreign protein was correlated with the amount of the movement protein (MP) and developed a TMV‐derived pAT‐transMP vector system incorporating trans‐complementation expression of MP. The system is capable of efficient expression of exogenous proteins, in particular those with a high molecular mass, and enables simultaneous expression of two target molecules. Furthermore, viral expression of competent CRISPR‐Cas9 protein and construction of CRISPR‐Cas9‐mediated gene‐editing system in a single pAT‐transMP construct was achieved. The results demonstrated a novel role for TMV‐MP in enhancing the accumulation of a foreign protein produced from the viral vector or a binary expression system. Further investigation of the mechanism underlying this role will be beneficial for optimization of plant viral vectors with broad applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Proteasome 26S Subunit, Non-ATPase 9 (psmd9) plays an important role in the balance of protamine and the stability of the nucleolar structure during spermatogenesis. In this study, we cloned the psmd9 of Cynoglossus semilaevis and analyzed its expression pattern. psmd9 was identified on the Z chromosome of C. semilaevis, which is considered an interesting candidate gene for spermatogenesis. qRT-PCR and FISH experiments showed that the psmd9 gene was significantly highly expressed in the testes. It is worth noting that the expression level of psmd9 in male fish testes is significantly higher than that in pseudomales. In order to further explore the role of psmd9 in spermatogenesis, a male testicular cell line was used as the experimental material. The results of the psmd9-RNAi and overexpression experiments showed that psmd9 had a synergistic effect with spermatogenesis-related genes dnd1, cfap69, dnah3 and dnajb13, but had an antagonistic effect with ccne2. Our findings offer a scientific foundation for comprehending the role of psmd9 in the spermatogenesis regulatory network of C. semilaevis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A key challenge in flexible supercapacitor is balancing the trade‐off between high capacity and fast charging ability caused by dense structure‐induced sluggish ionic diffusion and storage dynamics. Herein, a hydrogen‐rich graphdiyne (GDY)–Ti3C2Tx electrode is reported with tunable interlayer spacing, abundant active sites, and extensive charge storage nanochannels. In particular, the GDY–Ti3C2Tx (12.6 wt.%) electrode has a remarkable volumetric capacitance (2296 F cm−3 at 1 A cm−3) and fast charging behavior (1262 F cm−3 at 50 A cm−3) resulting from the shortened transport pathways, enhanced ionic diffusion rate, and facilitated electrolyte mass transport. Moreover, an all‐solid‐state supercapacitor (ASSC) delivers a high volumetric energy density of 65.6 mWh cm−3, as well as long‐term deformable cyclic stability and high capacitance retention properties under harsh conditions. Density functional theory calculations and molecular dynamic simulation demonstrate the fast electronic responsiveness of the GDY–Ti3C2Tx heterostructure owning to the stronger H+ electrostatic attraction, lower migration resistance, and accelerated intercalation pseudocapacitance kinetics. In situ X‐ray diffraction reveals that a stable Ti─O─C bond bridged organic–inorganic heterostructure can tolerate the repeated high‐current charge/discharge cycling process. The state‐of‐the‐art ASSC delivers multiple functional outputs and shows great potential for efficient energy supply in practical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the context of China’s garbage classification policy, on-site aerobic food waste (FW) digestion is crucial for reducing transportation and disposal costs. The efficiency of this process is largely determined by the microbial community structure and its functions. Therefore, this study aimed to analyze the impact of a personalized microbial consortium (MCM) on the efficiency of aerobic FW digestion and to reveal the underlying mechanisms. An MCM, sourced from naturally degrading FW, was selected to enrich degrading bacteria with relatively high hydrolyzing ability. The functionality of the MCM was evaluated by tracing the successions of microbial communities, and comparing the differences in the forms of organic compounds, metabolic functions, and hydrolase activities. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy demonstrated that the MCM metabolized faster, and produced more acidic metabolites. Metagenomic analysis indicated that FW inoculated with the personalized MCM increased abundance of Bacillaceae producing hydrolysis enzymes and promoted glycolysis metabolic pathways, enhancing energy generation for metabolism, compared to the commercial effective bacterial agent. This paper provides both theoretical and practical evidence for the improvement of biochemical processor of FW with the personalized MCM, which has promising application prospects and economic value. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rose has great ornamental value and economic value. Flowers is one of the important economic ornamental organs, flowering time and flower shape on the production and application have very important significance. As one of the few woody flowers continuous blooming, the research of rose flowering regulation and flower formation is of great significance. This article summarized the research progress from the flowering regulation pathway, flower bud differentiation, morphogenesis, and flowering regulation approach in recent years, hoping for ornamental flower crop development, flowering regulation and providing reference for design modification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]