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Secretory autophagy is a classical form of unconventional secretion that integrates autophagy with the secretory process, relying on highly conserved autophagy-related molecules and playing a critical role in tumor progression and treatment resistance. Traditional autophagy is responsible for degrading intracellular substances by fusing autophagosomes with lysosomes. However, secretory autophagy uses autophagy signaling to mediate the secretion of specific substances and regulate the tumor microenvironment (TME). Cytoplasmic substances are preferentially secreted rather than directed toward lysosomal degradation, involving various selective mechanisms. Moreover, substances released by secretory autophagy convey biological signals to the TME, inducing immune dysregulation and contributing to drug resistance. Therefore, elucidating the mechanisms underlying secretory autophagy is essential for improving clinical treatments. This review systematically summarizes current knowledge of secretory autophagy, from initiation to secretion, considering inter-tumor heterogeneity, explores its role across different tumor types. Furthermore, it proposes future research directions and highlights unresolved clinical challenges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Comprehensive Summary: An amide‐substituted quinuclidine‐borane has been identified as a more efficient hydridic hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) catalyst for the hydroalkylation of unactivated olefins under visible‐light irradiation. 1H NMR titration experiments reveal that the amide moiety of the quinuclidine‐borane catalyst forms stronger hydrogen bonds with the carbonyl substrates, thereby improving the reaction yields. Furthermore, it was found that the reaction yields correlate well with the association constant between the quinuclidine‐borane catalyst and the carbonyl substrate. A scale‐up reaction using a continuous‐flow photoreactor has also been demonstrated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Glomalin-related soil protein (GRSP), an important arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungal by-product, plays a key role in preserving or sequestrating soil organic carbon (C). Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have become an emerging contaminant and their impacts on soil ecosystems attract increasing concerns. The dynamics of AM fungi and GRSP could therefore form the basis for an in-depth exploration of the influences of AgNPs on soil ecosystems. This study investigated the effects of AgNPs on mycorrhizal growth and AM fungal communities, as well as the GRSP contents in maize (Zea mays L.) soils, with a pot experiment. The contributions of GRSP to soil organic C and the correlations of GRSP with soil organic C were also evaluated. The results indicated that AgNPs decreased the mycorrhizal colonization, AM fungal biomass, and diversity indices, and strongly shifted the community composition of AM fungi with a reduction in Acaulosporaceae and an enrichment in Glomeraceae. Additionally, AgNPs also decreased the soil's easily extractable (EE) GRSP and total (T) GRSP contents, resulting in lower contributions of EE-GRSP-C and T-GRSP-C to the soil organic C. Linkage analyses revealed that AM fungal abundances have positive correlations with EE- and T-GRSP, and EE- and T-GRSP also positively correlated with soil organic C, indicating that the negative effects of AgNPs on AM fungal abundances and communities were extended to AM-fungal-associated C processes. Altogether, our study found that AgNPs decreased the AM fungal abundances shaped AM fungal communities, and reduced the soil GRSP content, which might subsequently be unfavorable for soil C storage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plasma-catalytic synthesis of ammonia has the potential to store hydrogen on a decentralized scale under mild conditions by consuming the distributed renewable energy power. Suitable catalyst supports can promote plasma-catalytic ammonia synthesis (PCAS). The impact of the support (Al 2 O 3 , Si-MCM-41 and SiO 2) on the performance of the Ni catalysts for PCAS was investigated under ambient pressure without heating under various N 2 :H 2 ratios, discharge powers, and flow rates. Results indicated that Ni/Al 2 O 3 (Ni–Al) had an energy yield of 0.47 g NH 3 /kWh at an NH 3 concentration of 13,670 ppm or 1.15 g NH 3 /kWh at an NH 3 concentration of 3086 ppm and Ni/Si-MCM-41 (Ni-SiM) had a highest ammonia production rate of 6311 μmol/(g cat ·h) with the NH 3 concentration and energy yield closed to those of Ni–Al. The performances of the Ni–Al and Ni-SiM catalysts were maintained for at least 50 h, and the structures of the catalysts undergoing the 50-h reaction did not change significantly. The role of the support was revealed via several characterizations, suggesting that the number of weak acid sites, Ni dispersion, and Ni-support interactions of the catalysts, which are vital for PCAS, can be affected by the type and structure of the support. In situ and ex situ spectral measurements for some important species in PCAS were performed to test the hypothesis that the reaction takes place over the catalyst and in the gas phase. According to the in-situ DRIFTS in the N 2 –H 2 plasma, ex-situ N 1s XPS, and NH 3 -TPD, it was speculated that the generated NH 3 absorbed on the weak acid site could desorb in a timely manner to accelerate the regeneration of the active sites of the catalyst in the N 2 –H 2 plasma, which resulted in a higher ammonia concentration for PCAS. • Plasma-catalytic ammonia synthesis using Ni catalysts provides a novel idea on hydrogen storage using renewable energy. •The type and structure of the support affect the performance of the catalysts for plasma-catalytic ammonia synthesis. •In situ and ex situ spectral measurements of some important species for plasma-catalytic ammonia synthesis were performed. •The performance of the Ni/Al 2 O 3 and Ni/Si-MCM-41 catalysts were maintained for at least 50 h.. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]