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Shaker-type K+ channels are critical for plant K+ acquisition and translocation that play key roles during plant growth and development. However, molecular mechanisms towards K+ channels are extremely rare in fruit trees, especially in peach. In this study, we identified 7 putative shaker-type K+ channel genes from peach, which were unevenly distributed on 5 chromosomes. The peach shaker K+ channel proteins were classified into 5 subfamilies, I-V, and were tightly clustered with pear homologs in the phylogenetic tree. Various cis-acting regulatory elements were detected in the promoter region of the shaker-type K+ channel genes, including phytohormone-responsive, abiotic stress-responsive, and development regulatory elements. The peach shaker K+ channel genes were expressed differentially in distinct tissues, and PpSPIK was specifically expressed in the full-bloom flowers; PpKAT1 and PpGORK were predominantly expressed in the leaves, while PpAKT1, PpKC1, and PpSKOR were majorly expressed in the roots. The peach shaker K+ channel genes were differentially regulated by abiotic stresses in that K+ deficiency, and ABA treatment mainly increased the shaker K+ channel gene expression throughout the whole seedling, whereas NaCl and PEG treatment reduced the shaker K+ channel gene expression, especially in the roots. Moreover, electrophysiological analysis demonstrated that PpSKOR is a typical voltage-dependent outwardly rectifying K+ channel in peach. This study lays a molecular basis for further functional studies of the shaker-type K+ channel genes in peach and provides a theoretical foundation for K+ nutrition and balance research in fruit trees. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Paracetamol (acetaminophen) is a worldwide used analgesic and antipyretic drug. It is metabolised via several metabolic pathways, including glucuronidation, sulfation, oxidation, hydroxylation, and deacetylation: Hepatic and other organ damage may occur, especially in overdose, because of the accumulation of a toxic metabolite. Intersubject and ethnic differences have been reported in paracetamol metabolism activation, suggesting possible differences in susceptibility to toxicity and in pain alleviation, linked to different pharmacogenetic profiles. This article aims at reviewing, in the literature, the links between paracetamol metabolism and enzyme genotypes in the context of toxic side effects and efficacy of paracetamol in therapeutics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Transgenic mouse models are useful to understand the function and regulation of drug-metabolizing enzymes in vivo. This article is intended to describe the general strategies and to discuss specific examples on how to use transgenic, gene knockout, and humanized mice to study the function as well as genetic and pharmacological regulation of UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs). The physiological and pharmacological implications of transcription factor–mediated UGT regulation will also be discussed. The UGT-regulating transcription factors to be discussed in this article include nuclear hormone receptors (NRs), aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), and nuclear factor erythroid 2–related factor 2 (Nrf2). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Shaker-type K + channels are critical for plant K + acquisition and translocation that play key roles during plant growth and development. However, molecular mechanisms towards K + channels are extremely rare in fruit trees, especially in peach. In this study, we identified 7 putative shaker-type K + channel genes from peach, which were unevenly distributed on 5 chromosomes. The peach shaker K + channel proteins were classified into 5 subfamilies, I-V, and were tightly clustered with pear homologs in the phylogenetic tree. Various cis -acting regulatory elements were detected in the promoter region of the shaker-type K + channel genes, including phytohormone-responsive, abiotic stress-responsive, and development regulatory elements. The peach shaker K + channel genes were expressed differentially in distinct tissues, and PpSPIK was specifically expressed in the full-bloom flowers; PpKAT1 and PpGORK were predominantly expressed in the leaves, while PpAKT1 , PpKC1 , and PpSKOR were majorly expressed in the roots. The peach shaker K + channel genes were differentially regulated by abiotic stresses in that K + deficiency, and ABA treatment mainly increased the shaker K + channel gene expression throughout the whole seedling, whereas NaCl and PEG treatment reduced the shaker K + channel gene expression, especially in the roots. Moreover, electrophysiological analysis demonstrated that PpSKOR is a typical voltage-dependent outwardly rectifying K + channel in peach. This study lays a molecular basis for further functional studies of the shaker-type K + channel genes in peach and provides a theoretical foundation for K + nutrition and balance research in fruit trees., Competing Interests: We declare that we do not have any commercial or associative interest that represents a conflict of interest with the work submitted., (Copyright © 2022 Yong Yang et al.)