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Objective To assess the availability and gaps in data for measuring progress towards health-related sustainable development goals and other targets in selected low- and middle-income countries. Methods We used 14 international population surveys to evaluate the health data systems in the 47 least developed countries over the years 2015-2020. We reviewed the survey instruments to determine whether they contained tools that could be used to measure 46 health-related indicators defined by the World Health Organization. We recorded the number of countries with data available on the indicators from these surveys. Findings Twenty-seven indicators were measurable by the surveys we identified. The two health emergency indicators were not measurable by current surveys. The percentage of countries that used surveys to collect data over 2015-2020 were lowest for tuberculosis (2/47; 4.3%), hepatitis B (3/47; 6.4%), human immunodeficiency virus (11/47; 23.4%), child development status and child abuse (both 13/47; 27.7%), compared with safe drinking water (37/47; 78.7%) and births attended by skilled health personnel (36/47; 76.6%). Nineteen countries collected data on 21 or more indicators over 2015-2020 while nine collected data on no indicators; over 2018-2020 these numbers reduced to six and 20, respectively. Conclusion Examining selected international surveys provided a quick summary of health data available in the 47 least developed countries. We found major gaps in health data due to long survey cycles and lack of appropriate survey instruments. Novel indicators and survey instruments would be needed to track the fast-changing situation of health emergencies. Objectif Evaluer les donnees disponibles et les lacunes dans la mesure des progres effectues pour atteindre les objectifs de developpement durable lies a la sante et d'autres objectifs dans une serie de pays a faible et moyen revenu. Methodes Nous nous sommes bases sur 14 enquetes internationales menees au sein de la population afin d'analyser les systemes de donnees sur la sante dans 47 pays figurant parmi les moins developpes entre 2015 et 2020. Nous avons egalement passe en revue le materiel d'enquete pour determiner s'il contenait des outils pouvant servir a mesurer 46 indicateurs sanitaires, tels que definis par l'Organisation mondiale de la Sante. Enfin, nous avons recense le nombre de pays possedant des donnees sur les indicateurs issus de ces enquetes. Resultats Nous avons identifie des enquetes dans lesquelles 27 indicateurs etaient mesurables. Les deux indicateurs relatifs aux urgences sanitaires etaient impossibles a evaluer a l'aide des enquetes existantes. Les pourcentages les plus bas de pays recourant a des enquetes pour recolter des donnees entre 2015 et 2020 s'appliquaient a la tuberculose (2/47; 4,3%), a l'hepatite B (3/47; 6,4%), au virus de l'immunodeficience humaine (11/47; 23,4%), au stade de developpement des enfants et a leur maltraitance (tous deux 13/47; 27,7%). A l'autre extremite se trouvaient l'acces a l'eau potable (37/47; 78,7%) et les accouchements assistes par du personnel qualifie (36/47; 76,6%). Dix-neuf pays ont recueilli des donnees sur minimum 21 indicateurs durant la periode comprise entre 2015 et 2020, tandis que neuf n'en ont collecte sur aucun d'entre eux; entre 2018 et 2020, ces chiffres sont passes a 6 et 20 respectivement. Conclusion Lexamen d'une selection d'enquetes internationales nous a fourni un bref apercu des donnees disponibles dans les 47 pays les moins developpes. Nous avons decele des lacunes considerables dans les donnees liees a la sante, en raison des longs cycles d'enquete et du manque de materiel adequat. De nouveaux outils et indicateurs seraient necessaires pour suivre l'evolution rapide de la situation en cas d'urgence sanitaire. Objetivo Evaluar la disponibilidad y las carencias de datos para medir el progreso hacia los objetivos de desarrollo sostenible relacionados con la salud y otras metas en paises seleccionados de ingresos bajos y medios. Metodos Se utilizaron 14 encuestas internacionales de poblacion para evaluar los sistemas de datos sanitarios en 47 paises menos desarrollados durante los anos 2015 a 2020. Se revisaron los instrumentos de las encuestas para determinar si incluian herramientas que se pudieran aplicar para medir 46 indicadores de salud que establece la Organizacion Mundial de la Salud. Se registro el numero de paises con datos disponibles sobre los indicadores de estas encuestas. Resultados Las encuestas que se seleccionaron permitieron medir 27 indicadores, pero no fue posible medir los dos indicadores de emergencias sanitarias mediante las encuestas actuales. El porcentaje de paises que aplicaron encuestas para recopilar datos entre 2015 y 2020 fue el mas bajo para la tuberculosis (2/47; 4,3 %), la hepatitis B (3/47; 6,4 %), el virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana (11/47; 23,4 %), el estado de desarrollo infantil y el maltrato infantil (ambos 13/47; 27,7 %), en comparacion con el agua potable (37/47; 78,7 %) y los partos a cargo de personal sanitario cualificado (36/47; 76,6 %). Diecinueve paises recopilaron datos sobre 21 o mas indicadores entre 2015 y 2020, mientras que 9 no recopilaron datos sobre ningun indicador; entre 2018 y 2020 estas cifras disminuyeron a 6 y 20, respectivamente. Conclusion El analisis de encuestas internacionales seleccionadas proporciono un breve resumen de los datos sanitarios disponibles en los 47 paises menos desarrollados. Se encontraron importantes carencias en los datos sanitarios debido a los largos ciclos de las encuestas y a la falta de instrumentos de encuesta adecuados. Se necesitarian nuevos indicadores e instrumentos de encuesta para hacer un seguimiento de las situaciones de emergencia sanitaria, que cambian muy rapido. [phrase omitted], Introduction The United Nations (UN) Transforming our world: the 2030 agenda for sustainable development is a global plan shared by Member States for a far healthier, more prosperous world. (1,2) [...]

In view of the important link of vehicle dispatching under the network-type trailer-drop transport strategy of vehicle sharing, this paper uses JAVA to implement the Dijkstra algorithm for the transportation route based on the distance between stations and the demand of freight transportation, so as to find the shortest path, and then through the model of trailer-drop transport, an example is given. The advantages of this vehicle scheduling are analyzed.

Objectives. Smokeless tobacco has many adverse health effects. We analyzed long-term national trends in smokeless tobacco use. Methods. We used 1987 to 2000 National Health Interview Survey data for adults aged 18 years and older, 1986 to 2003 data from Monitoring the Future surveys of adolescents, and 1991 to 2003 data from the Youth Risk Behavior Survey for 9th- to 12th-grade students to examine overall and demographic-specific trends. Results. Smokeless tobacco use among adult and adolescent females was low and showed little change. Smokeless tobacco use among men declined slowly (relative decline = 26%), with the largest declines among those aged 18 to 24 years or 65 years and older, Blacks, residents of the South, and persons in more rural areas. Overall and demographic-specific data for adolescent boys indicate that smokeless tobacco use increased for 12th-grade students from 1986 until the early 1990s, but has subsequently declined rapidly in all grades since then (range of relative overall declines = 43% to 48%). Conclusions. Smokeless tobacco use has declined sharply, especially among adolescent boys. Ongoing prevention and cessation efforts are needed to continue this trend.

The purpose of this study was to investigate whether participants would habituate to repeated exposures to a rotating drum with brief intersession intervals. Participants were 41 college students, divided into a High Susceptibility group and a Low Susceptibility group based on their subjective symptoms of motion sickness during the first exposure to the rotating drum. The study consisted of three 16-min. exposures to a rotating drum with intersession intervals of 30 min. Contrary to expectation, for the High Susceptibility group, the symptom score mean of the first session was significantly less than that of the second and third sessions; and the drum viewing time of the first session was longer than that of the second and third sessions. In the Low Susceptibility group, the symptom score and drum viewing time were not significantly different among the three sessions. In conclusion, participants did not habituate to three repeated exposures to a rotating drum with intersession intervals of 30 min. Instead, a sensitization response occurred for the participants high in susceptibility.

The Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System (IPEDS) is designed to collect data from postsecondary institutions in the United States (50 states and the District of Columbia) and other jurisdictions, such [...]