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CD37 is a lineage-specific B-cell antigen highly expressed on both normal and transformed B-cells. The significant B-cell selective CD37 expression makes it a valuable target for therapy against B cell malignancies including chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), hairy cell leukemia (HCL), and non-Hodgkins lymphoma (B-NHL). A novel CD37-specific small modular immunopharmaceutical (CD37SMIP) was engineered to contain a single chain variable region (scFv) linked to a human IgG1hinge, CH2and CH3domains. CD37SMIPinduces potent apoptosis in the presence of a crosslinker and antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) against primary CLL cells. Significant in vivotherapeutic efficacy was demonstrated in a SCID mouse xenograft leukemia/lymphoma model that is dependent upon NK cell function. The induced cytotoxicity in primary CLL cells was independent of activation of caspase cascade, and consistent with this, the pan-caspase inhibitor z-VAD-fmk failed to rescue CD37 SMIPdrug induced cytotoxicity. In an attempt to define the CD37 mediated early signaling events and their role in cytotoxicity, we investigated protein tyrosine phosphorylation as a potential early activation event responsible for CD37 SMIPdrug mediated cytotoxicity. Primary B CLL cells were stimulated with increasing concentration of CD37 SMIPwith or without crosslinker. Western blot analysis of cellular lysates with anti-phosphotyrosine antibody revealed several tyrosine phosphorylated proteins including a predominant ∼65KDa protein in response to the cross-linking of CD37 SMIPwithin 10 minutes. Further, pre-treatment with the tyrosine kinase inhibitor herbimycin prevented tyrosine phosphorylation of the predominant 65KDa protein and inhibited CD37 SMIPinduced apoptosis in a dose dependent manner. Attempts to identify the tyrosine phosphorylated proteins, using MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry, and to define the potential role of these target proteins in the apoptotic pathway are ongoing. To further examine the molecular mechanism whereby CD37 SMIPtriggers cell death, we investigated the involvement of mitochondrial pathways including changes in mitochondrial potential (Δψm) and generation of reactive oxygen species. Treatment with CD37 SMIPinduces a time dependent mitochondrial membrane depolarization and increased production of ROS. Further, primary B CLL cells cultured with CD37SMIPinduced cleavage and mitochondrial translocation of Bax and upregulation of Bim in a time dependent manner indicating a potential role for Bim and Bax pro apoptotic proteins in CD37 induced apoptosis. These findings provide strong justification for CD37 as a therapeutic target aimed at modulation of pro apoptotic proteins and introduce small modular immunopharmaceuticals as a novel class of targeted therapies for B-cell malignancies. (SMIP trademark is owned by Trubion Pharmaceuticals).

CD37 is a heavily glycosylated 40–52 kDa tetraspan transmembrane family (TSTF) protein that is highly expressed on normal B cells and transformed B-cell malignancies. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells from CLL patients revealed surface expression of CD37 on CD19+B cells but not CD3+T cells, CD16+or CD56+NK, or CD64+monocytes. The significant B-cell selective CD37 expression makes it a valuable target for therapy against B cell malignancies including B-CLL, hairy cell leukemia (HCL), and B cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (B-NHL). A small modular immuno pharmaceutical targeted against CD37 (CD37-SMIP™drug) was engineered to contain a single chain variable region (scFv) linked to a human IgG1hinge, CH2and CH3domains. The CD37-SMIP mediated direct cytotoxicity in dose and time dependent manner with maximal effect seen at 5μg/mL. The CD37-SMIP™drug mediated cytotoxicity is dependent on secondary cross linking with goat anti- human IgG (Fc specific) and is directly correlated with the levels of surface expression of CD37. The induced cytotoxicity in primary CLL cells is independent of activation of caspase cascade, and consistent with this, the pan–caspase inhibitor z-VAD-fmk failed to rescue CD37-SMIP™drug induced cytotoxicity. In an attempt to define the CD37 mediated early signaling events and their role in cytotoxicity, we investigated protein tyrosine phosphorylation as a potential early activation event responsible for CD37-SMIP™drug mediated cytotoxicity. CD19+B cells from CLL patients were stimulated with 1, 5 or 25μg/ml of CD37-SMIP™drug in the presence or absence of goat anti- human IgG (Fc specific). Protein lysates prepared at 1, 3 and 10 minutes post stimulation, revealed time and dose dependent tyrosine phosphorylation of several unknown proteins including a predominant ~65kDa protein, as detected by Westernblot analysis using anti-phosphotyrosine antibody. Further, pre-treatment of CD19+primary CLL cells with the tyrosine kinase inhibitor, herbimycin, prevented the CD37-SMIP™drug induced tyrosine phosphorylation of several of these proteins including the predominant ~65kDa protein. Interestingly, consistent with a potential role for tyrosine phosphorylation events in CD37-SMIP™drug induced cell death, increasing concentrations of herbimycin inhibited CD37-SMIP™drug induced cytotoxicity of CD19+primary CLL cells. Detailed two dimensional gel analysis of lysates from CD37-SMIP™drug treated and untreated CD19+CLL cells revealed at least 6 potential tyrosine phosphorylated targets. Further experiments to identify the tyrosine phosphorylated proteins, using MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry, and to define the potential role of these target proteins in the apoptotic pathway are ongoing. We conclude that CD37 SMIP™drug may represent an exciting novel therapy for CLL and that direct cytotoxicity appears to be related to specific changes in protein tyrosine phosphorylation status. (SMIP trademark is owned by Trubion Pharmaceuticals).

CD37 is a heavily glycosylated 40–52 kDa tetraspan transmembrane family (TSTF) protein that is highly expressed on normal B cells and transformed B-cell malignancies. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells from CLL patients revealed surface expression of CD37 on CD19+ B cells but not CD3+ T cells, CD16+ or CD56+ NK, or CD64+ monocytes. The significant B-cell selective CD37 expression makes it a valuable target for therapy against B cell malignancies including B-CLL, hairy cell leukemia (HCL), and B cell non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (B-NHL). A small modular immuno pharmaceutical targeted against CD37 (CD37-SMIP™drug) was engineered to contain a single chain variable region (scFv) linked to a human IgG1 hinge, CH2 and CH3 domains. The CD37-SMIP mediated direct cytotoxicity in dose and time dependent manner with maximal effect seen at 5µg/mL. The CD37-SMIP™drug mediated cytotoxicity is dependent on secondary cross linking with goat anti- human IgG (Fc specific) and is directly correlated with the levels of surface expression of CD37. The induced cytotoxicity in primary CLL cells is independent of activation of caspase cascade, and consistent with this, the pan–caspase inhibitor z-VAD-fmk failed to rescue CD37-SMIP™drug induced cytotoxicity. In an attempt to define the CD37 mediated early signaling events and their role in cytotoxicity, we investigated protein tyrosine phosphorylation as a potential early activation event responsible for CD37-SMIP™drug mediated cytotoxicity. CD19+ B cells from CLL patients were stimulated with 1, 5 or 25µg/ml of CD37-SMIP™drug in the presence or absence of goat anti- human IgG (Fc specific). Protein lysates prepared at 1, 3 and 10 minutes post stimulation, revealed time and dose dependent tyrosine phosphorylation of several unknown proteins including a predominant ~65kDa protein, as detected by Westernblot analysis using anti-phosphotyrosine antibody. Further, pre-treatment of CD19+ primary CLL cells with the tyrosine kinase inhibitor, herbimycin, prevented the CD37-SMIP™drug induced tyrosine phosphorylation of several of these proteins including the predominant ~65kDa protein. Interestingly, consistent with a potential role for tyrosine phosphorylation events in CD37-SMIP™drug induced cell death, increasing concentrations of herbimycin inhibited CD37-SMIP™drug induced cytotoxicity of CD19+ primary CLL cells. Detailed two dimensional gel analysis of lysates from CD37-SMIP™drug treated and untreated CD19+ CLL cells revealed at least 6 potential tyrosine phosphorylated targets. Further experiments to identify the tyrosine phosphorylated proteins, using MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry, and to define the potential role of these target proteins in the apoptotic pathway are ongoing. We conclude that CD37 SMIP™drug may represent an exciting novel therapy for CLL and that direct cytotoxicity appears to be related to specific changes in protein tyrosine phosphorylation status. (SMIP trademark is owned by Trubion Pharmaceuticals).