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Even though some recent research revealed individuals with HSA typically display enhanced processing in the early stages of emotional information processing due to hypervigilance and vulnerability to negative stimuli, it is still unclear whether social anxiety affects the time course underlying processing bias for emotional stimuli. Therefore, the present study aimed to explore the early stage of processing social threat stimuli in high social anxiety (HSA) individuals by recording RTs and EEG data in the emotional Stroop task. Behavioral data showed that the HSA group responded to the threat words faster than neutral words (i.e. negative bias), but no emotional effects in the low social anxiety (LSA) group. Although the P1 component did not show any early effects, ERP data exhibited an enhanced N170 for HSA than for LSA groups. Threat words elicited larger N170 than neutral words in the LSA group only; this emotion effect was not evident in the HSA group. These findings indicated that social anxiety modulates early processing for social threat words. This study revealed the neural mechanisms underlying early emotional processing in individuals with social anxiety, providing insights for the evaluation and intervention of social anxiety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Osteosarcoma is a highly invasive bone marrow stromal tumor with limited treatment options. Oxidative stress plays a crucial role in the development and progression of tumors, but the underlying regulatory mechanisms are not fully understood. Recent studies have revealed the significant involvement of UBE2L3 in oxidative stress, but its specific role in osteosarcoma remains poorly investigated., Objective: This study aimed to explore the molecular mechanisms by which UBE2L3 promotes oxidative stress-regulated necroptosis to accelerate the progression of osteosarcoma using in vitro cell experiments., Methods: Human osteoblast hFOB1.19 cells and various human osteosarcoma cell lines (MG-63, U2OS, SJSA-1, HOS, and 143B) were cultured in vitro. Plasmids silencing UBE2L3 and negative control plasmids were transfected into U2OS and HOS cells. The cells were divided into the following groups: U2OS cell group, HOS cell group, si-NC-U2OS cell group, si-UBE2L3-U2OS cell group, si-NC-HOS cell group, and si-UBE2L3-HOS cell group. Cell viability and proliferation capacity were measured using the Tunnel method and clonogenic assay. Cell migration and invasion abilities were assessed by Transwell and scratch assays. Cell apoptosis was analyzed by flow cytometry, and ROS levels were detected using immunofluorescence. The oxidative stress levels in various cell groups and the expression changes of necroptosis-related proteins were assessed by PCR and WB. Through these experiments, we aim to evaluate the impact of oxidative stress on necroptosis and uncover the specific mechanisms by which targeted regulation of oxidative stress promotes tumor cell necroptosis as a potential therapeutic strategy for osteosarcoma., Results: The mRNA expression levels of UBE2L3 in human osteosarcoma cell lines were significantly higher than those in human osteoblast hFOB1.19 cells (p <0.01). UBE2L3 expression was significantly decreased in U2OS and HOS cells transfected with si-UBE2L3, indicating the successful construction of stable cell lines with depleted UBE2L3. Tunnel assay results showed a significant increase in the number of red fluorescent-labeled cells in si-UBE2L3 groups compared to si-NC groups in both cell lines, suggesting a pronounced inhibition of cell viability. Transwell assay demonstrated a significant reduction in invasion and migration capabilities of si-UBE2L3 groups in osteosarcoma cells. The clonogenic assay revealed significant suppression of proliferation and clonogenic ability in both U2OS and HOS cells upon UBE2L3 knockdown. Flow cytometry confirmed that UBE2L3 knockdown significantly enhanced apoptosis in U2OS and HOS cells. Immunofluorescence results showed that UBE2L3 silencing promoted oxidative stress levels in osteosarcoma cells and facilitated tumor cell death. WB analysis indicated a significant increase in phosphorylation levels of necroptosis-related proteins, RIP1, RIP3, and MLKL, in both osteosarcoma cell lines after UBE2L3 knockdown. In addition, the expression of necrosis-associated proteins was inhibited by the addition of the antioxidant N-acetylcysteine (NAC)., Conclusion: UBE2L3 is upregulated in osteosarcoma cells, and silencing of UBE2L3 promotes oxidative stress in these cells, leading to enhanced necroptosis and delayed progression of osteosarcoma., (Copyright© Bentham Science Publishers; For any queries, please email at epub@benthamscience.net.)

Objective: To investigate the relationship between the variations of event-related potentials (ERP) and clinical symptoms and treatment in first episode schizophrenia patients., Methods: The ERP (P50, color map of N400 and prepulse inhibition of the startle reflex (PPI) ) were tested in 85 first episode schizophrenia (FES) patients and 78 normal controls (NC), and followed-up at 1, 2 and 3 years after treatment in FES. Positive and negative symptom scale (PANSS) was used to evaluate the psychotic symptoms of patients., Results: (1) Compared with NC, FES showed decreased PPI% (41% ± 37% vs 68% ± 42%, P < 0.001), increased P50 S2/S1(87 ± 41 vs 51 ± 47, P < 0.001), prolonged N400 latency and decreased N400 amplitudes (P < 0.05 - 0.01 ). ( 2) Significant correlations were found between variations of color map of N400 latencies and general scores of PANSS (r = 0.321, P = 0.042), N400 amplitude and positive symptom scores (r = -0.437, P = 0.008) and total scores of PANSS (r = -0.392, P = 0.023), but the variations of PPI and P50 latencies and amplitudes did not show significant correlation with the positive symptom scores and total scores of PANSS. (3) The color map of N400 latencies and amplitudes in FES group showed significant difference (P < 0.05) but the major indexes of PPI and P50 did not show significant difference (P > 0.05) among the 1, 2 and 3 years' follow-up after treatment., Conclusion: This follow-up study suggests that the variations of PPI and P50 is probably a trait marker of FES, and the variations of color map of N400 might be a status marker of FES.