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A series of xMg/La yCozNi/MSU-S catalysts were prepared by a sol–gel method and characterized by means of N 2 -physisorption, FT-IR, H 2 -TPR, CO 2 -TPD, H 2 -TPD, XRD, HRTEM, TG/DSC and O 2 -TPO techniques. The catalytic performance of the catalysts was evaluated for H 2 and syn gas production at different temperatures at atmospheric pressure. The effect of reaction temperature, catalyst composition and performance of the catalyst were investigated during CO 2 dry reforming reaction at 700–800 °C with GHSV of 2.4 × 10 4 mL/g −1 h −1 . The results indicated that upon La, Mg and Co promotion, the Ni nanoparticles are highly dispersed on the mesoporous walls of MSU-S via strong interaction between metal ions and the HO–Si-groups of MSU-S. The presence of La 2 O 3 in xLayCozNi/MSU-S results in enhancement of initial catalytic activity as compared to xMgyCozNi/MSU-S. It revealed that 3 La 2Co 7Ni/MSU-S performed the best with highest CH 4 and CO 2 conversion showing outstanding catalytic activity, greater stability and low coking for 50 h during 75 h time on stream at 750 °C. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the dynamics of transformed nonlinear waves in the (2+1)-dimensional Ito equation are studied by virtue of the analysis of characteristic line and phase shift. First, the N-soliton solution is obtained via the Hirota bilinear method, from which the breath-wave solution is derived by changing values of wave numbers into complex forms. Then, the transition condition for the breath waves is obtained analytically. We show that the breath waves can be transformed into various nonlinear wave structures including the multi-peak soliton, M-shaped soliton, quasi-anti-dark soliton, three types of quasi-periodic waves, and W-shaped soliton. The correspondence of the phase diagram for such nonlinear waves on the wave number plane is presented. The gradient property of the transformed solution is discussed through the wave number ratio. We study the mechanism of wave formation by analyzing the nonlinear superposition between a solitary wave component and a periodic wave component with different phases. The locality and oscillation of transformed waves can also be explained by the superposition mechanism. Furthermore, the time-varying characteristics of high-dimensional transformed waves are investigated by analyzing the geometric properties (angle and distance) of two characteristic lines of waves, which do not exist in (1+1)-dimensional systems. Based on the high-order breath-wave solutions, the interactions between those transformed nonlinear waves are investigated, such as the completely elastic mode, semi-elastic mode, inelastic mode, and collision-free mode. We reveal that the diversity of transformed waves, time-varying property, and shape-changed collision mainly appear as a result of the difference of phase shifts of the solitary wave and periodic wave components. Such phase shifts come from the time evolution as well as the collisions. Finally, the dynamics of the double shape-changed collisions are presented.