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Objective To evaluate the effects of high glucose on oxidative stress, autophagy, and apoptosis in MC3T3-E1 cells co-cultured with Raw264.7 cells. Methods ① Raw264.7 cells were separated into 3 groups based on the glucose levels in the medium (25, 30, and 35 mmol/L). Flow cytometry was used to detect CD86 expression. RT-qPCR was employed to detect the mRNA expression levels of IL-6, TNF-α, iNOS, NOX2, and p47phox in Raw264.7 cells. Western blotting was used to detect the protein expression level of iNOS. The DCFH-DA probe was used to measure the level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in Raw264.7 cells. ②MC3T3-E1 cells were divided into 3 groups: normal glucose group (5.5 mmol/L glucose, 5.5-Mono), high glucose mono-culture group (35 mmol/L glucose, 35-Mono) and high glucose co-culture group (co-cultured with Raw264.7 for 24 h, 35-Co). The ROS level of MC3T3-E1 cells were detected by DCFH-DA probe. The autophagic level was assessed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and the expression of related proteins was detected with Western blotting. Flow cytometry was applied to determine the rate of apoptosis. Results Compared with the normal glucose group, the expression level of CD86 in Raw 264.7 cells was increased in other high glucose groups. Compared with the 25 mmol/L group, the mRNA levels of IL-6, TNF-α, iNOS, NOX2, and p47phox were increased (P < 0.05), the protein level of iNOS was elevated (P < 0.05) and the ROS level in the Raw264.7 cells was raised in the 35mmol/L group as well. Compared with the normal glucose group, the ROS level of MC3T3-E1 cells in the high glucose groups was increased, especially in high glucose co-culture group. The number of autophagolysosomes in the MC3T3-E1 cells were increased sharply in the high glucose co-culture group. The protein levels of LC3-II and SQSTM1/p62 in MC3T3-E1 cells were increased significantly in the high glucose co-culture group (P < 0.05). The apoptotic rate of MC3T3-E1 cells was significantly higher in the high glucose co-culture group than the high glucose mono-culture group (P < 0.05). Conclusion Co-culture with M1-polarized Raw264.7 cells under high glucose induces apoptosis in MC3T3-E1 cells, which may be related to the production of ROS and over-enhancement of autophagy in MC3T3-E1 cells.

A large amount of transverse aeolian ridges (TARs) bedforms exist in the Zhurong rover landing region. The acquisition of high‐resolution data from the orbiter and the rover from Tianwen‐1 mission provides an excellent opportunity to study the geological characteristics of TARs. The length, width, and density of a total of 8,274 TAR samples at the landing site were analyzed. The orientation of TARs at the landing region is dominated in the E‐W direction. Analysis of Mars Climate Station (MCS) data on the Zhurong rover shows that the present‐day wind direction is inconsistent with the wind forces that promoted the formation of TARs, suggesting that the formation of TARs is dependent on the ancient wind direction. With the help of the Zhurong MarSCoDe shortwave infrared (SWIR) spectrometer data, we investigate the composition of materials including TARs, soil, and rocks, and the results show that their spectra display similar distinct absorptions consistent with the presence of hydrated minerals such as hydrated sulfates. The cemented and dusty crust covering the TARs indicates that the TARs have not migrated for a period of time in the landing site area. Some of the TARs have been eroded into small sand ridges or ripples due to the change in the prevailing wind directions, which may indicate the climate change on Mars. Plain Language Summary: Using the high‐resolution remote sensing images from the orbiter and Zhurong rover of Tianwen‐1 mission, we identified a total of 8,274 aeolian bedforms at the landing site of the rover on the Utopia Planitia. These aeolian bedforms can be classified as transverse aeolian ridges (TARs) according to their morphology, size and other observational features. The detailed geometry such as the length, the width, the density, and orientation of these TARs were characterized and compared with Martian TARs measured in the previous studies. The TARs in the study area were found to have formed in an ancient wind regime. The TARs are covered with bright dust and their surfaces have been cemented. This suggests that these TARs have not moved for a long time. Some of the TARs have been eroded into small sand ripples. The cause of this may be related to the change in the direction of the ancient wind because the current wind direction derived from the Mars Climate Station (MCS) data on the Zhurong rover is found to be different from the ancient wind direction. Key Points: The geomorphology of transverse aeolian ridges (TARs) at Zhurong landing area are mapped and analyzed and the results show that they formed at an ancient wind regimeThe cemented and dusty crust covering the TARs indicate that the TARs have not migrated for a period of timeSome of the TARs have been eroded due to the change of the prevailing wind directions which may indicate the climate change on Mars [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The reaction temperature and time on the carbon loss of coke during CO2 gasification were studied. The results showed that there were significant correlations among the reactivity, pulverization rate, and wear resistance. The degree of variation in pulverization rate and wear resistance revealed that coke reactivity changed dramatically as reaction temperature rose. The temperature was also the key factor for coke graphitization. The evolution of the inorganic minerals and pore wall microstructure was investigated after coke gasification. The migration and accumulation of inorganic minerals, such as mullite, calcium ferrite, and iron oxide in coke, were discovered to catalyze the deterioration of the coke pore wall, resulting in the coke powder formation. The graphitization degree of the skin layer was greater than that of the core after high-temperature reactions, which accelerated skin layer separation from the core. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper takes the electric car’s power battery (VRLA battery cell) as the research object, for real-time monitoring problem of power battery's state of charge (SOC) and remaining time, The system adopts micro control unit (MCU) 89S51 and AD974 to control battery discharge in constant current, Through the measurement of a periodic, get Series of working voltage, using phase-slope calculation method at this time calculating the battery's SOC and remaining time. Through the experiment, this estimation method proved the feasibility of the dynamic working point can be mapped to the static working point, and the largest relative error is no more than 7 %. For further improving the measurement accuracy and reducing error, Through the software can realize appropriate correction and compensation of temperature, aging and other interference factors. Error analysis results show that this method has small error, high measurement accuracy.