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The role of melatonin and plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) in enhancing abiotic stress tolerance has been widely investigated. However, the mechanism underlying the interaction between melatonin and PGPR in drought stress tolerance is poorly understood. In this study, we investigated the role of Bacillus sp. strain IPR-4 co-inoculated with melatonin (IPR-4/MET) to ameliorate drought stress response in soybean. Initially, 16 random isolates were selected from a previously pooled collection of isolates from soil at plant physiology lab, and were screesn for plant growth promoting (PGP) traits and their survival rate polyethylene glycol (PEG6000) (5%, 10%, and 15%). Among these isolate Bacillus sp. strain IPR-4 were selected on base of its significant PGP traits such as the survival rate gradient concentrations of PEG6000 (5%, 10%, and 15%) compared to other isolates, and produced high levels of indole-3-acetic acid and organic acids, coupled with exopolysaccharide, siderophores, and phosphate solubilization under drought stress. The Bacillus sp. strain IPR-4 were then validated using 16S rRNA sequencing. To further investigate the growth-promoting ability of the Bacillus sp. IPR-4 and its potential interaction with MET, the bacterial inoculum (40 mL of 4.5 × 10−8 cells/mL) was applied alone or in combination with MET to soybean plants for 5 days. Then, pre-inoculated soybean plants were subjected to drought stress conditions for 9 days by withholding water under greenhouse conditions. Furthermore, when IPR-4/MET was applied to plants subjected to drought stress, a significant increase in plant height (33.3%) and biomass (fresh weight) was observed. Similarly, total chlorophyll content increased by 37.1%, whereas the activity of peroxidase, catalase, ascorbate peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, and glutathione reductase increased by 38.4%, 34.14%, 76.8%, 69.8%, and 31.6%, respectively. Moreover, the hydrogen peroxide content and malondialdehyde decreased by 37.3% and 30% in drought-stressed plants treated with IPR-4 and melatonin. Regarding the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl activity and total phenolic content, shows 38% and 49.6% increase, respectively. Likewise, Bacillus–melatonin-treated plants enhanced the uptake of magnesium, calcium, and potassium by 31.2%, 50.7%, and 30.5%, respectively. Under the same conditions, the salicylic acid content increased by 29.1%, whereas a decreasing abscisic acid content (25.5%) was observed. The expression levels of GmNCED3, GmDREB2, and GmbZIP1 were recorded as the lowest. However, Bacillus–melatonin-treated plants recorded the highest expression levels (upregulated) of GmCYP707A1 and GmCYP707A2, GmPAL2.1, and GmERD1 in response to drought stress. In a nutshell, these data confirm that Bacillus sp. IPR-4 and melatonin co-inoculation has the highest plant growth-promoting efficiency under both normal and drought stress conditions. Bacillus sp. IPR-4/melatonin is therefore proposed as an effective plant growth regulator that optimizes nutrient uptake, modulates redox homeostasis, and enhances drought tolerance in soybean plants.

As the basic task of natural language processing,entity relations classification plays a critical role in tasks such as knowledge graphs,intelligent question answering,semantic web construction and so on.This paper constructs the BERT-GRU-ATT model to classify Chinese entity relations.In order to eliminate the influence of Chinese word segmentation ambiguity on entity relations classification,the pre-training model BERT(bi-directional encoder representations from transformers) is introduced as the embedding layer to better obtain the context information of Chinese characters.Then gate recurrent unit(GRU) is used to capture the long-distance dependence of entities in sentences and self-attention mechanism(ATT) is used to strengthen the weight of characters that contribute significantly to relations classification,so as to obtain better results of entity relations classification.In order to enlarge the Chinese entity relations classification corpus,we translate the SemEval2010_Task8 English entity relations evaluation corpus into Chinese.The model achieves an F1 value of 75.46% on this translation corpus,which shows the effectiveness of the proposed model.In addition,the model achieves an F1 of 80.55%on the SemEval2010-Task8 English dataset,which proves that the model has certain generalization ability to English corpus.

Commutation failure of the high-voltage direct current (HVDC) transmission system is common fault in a converter station. The fault recording in one converter station when commutation failure caused by the disturbance of the AC system was collected, and the turn-off angle of valves, zero-crossing offset, and landing amplitude of bus voltage were calculated and statistically analysed. The results suggested that, in the case of commutation failure, the turn-off angle of the 82% of cases was 90% cases, and the average was ∼4.6%. The number of cases, whose zero sequence voltage peaks was

Graphene/titania multiplex photo-catalyst was prepared through hydrothermal method. Methylene blue with initial concentration of 20 mg/L in aqueous solution was treated by photocatalytic oxidation and the degradation process was investigated by UV/Vis spectrum, FTIR and GC-MS Spectra analysis. The results indicated that the conjugate structure of N-S heterocyclic compound was broken and aromatic ring was oxidized to open the ring. The methylene blue molecules were finally mineralized to H2O and CO2 in the photocatalytic degradation process.

Abstract Au-Si nano-particle-decorated silicon nanowire arrays have been fabricated by Au film deposition on silicon nanowire array substrates and then post-thermal annealing under hydrogen atmosphere. Field emission measurements illustrated that the turn-on fields of the non-annealed Au-coated SiNWs were 6.02 to 7.51 V/μm, higher than that of the as-grown silicon nanowires, which is about 5.01 V/μm. Meanwhile, after being annealed above 650°C, Au-Si nano-particles were synthesized on the top surface of the silicon nanowire arrays and the one-dimensional Au-Si nano-particle-decorated SiNWs had a much lower turn-on field, 1.95 V/μm. The results demonstrated that annealed composite silicon nanowire array-based electron field emitters may have great advantages over many other emitters.

The role of melatonin and plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) in enhancing abiotic stress tolerance has been widely investigated. However, the mechanism underlying the interaction between melatonin and PGPR in drought stress tolerance is poorly understood. In this study, we investigated the role of Bacillus sp. strain IPR-4 co-inoculated with melatonin (IPR-4/MET) to ameliorate drought stress response in soybean. Initially, 16 random isolates were selected froma previously pooled collection of isolates fromsoil at plant physiology lab, and were screesn for plant growth promoting (PGP) traits and their survival rate polyethylene glycol (PEG6000) (5%, 10%, and 15%). Among these isolate Bacillus sp. strain IPR-4 were selected on base of its significant PGP traits such as the survival rate gradient concentrations of PEG6000 (5%, 10%, and 15%) compared to other isolates, and produced high levels of indole-3-acetic acid and organic acids, coupled with exopolysaccharide, siderophores, and phosphate solubilization under drought stress. The Bacillus sp. strain IPR-4 were then validated using 16S rRNA sequencing. To further investigate the growth-promoting ability of the Bacillus sp. IPR-4 and its potential interaction with MET, the bacterial inoculum (40 mL of 4.5 × 10-8 cells/mL) was applied alone or in combination with MET to soybean plants for 5 days. Then, pre-inoculated soybean plants were subjected to drought stress conditions for 9 days by withholding water under greenhouse conditions. Furthermore, when IPR-4/MET was applied to plants subjected to drought stress, a significant increase in plant height (33.3%) and biomass (fresh weight) was observed. Similarly, total chlorophyll content increased by 37.1%, whereas the activity of peroxidase, catalase, ascorbate peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, and glutathione reductase increased by 38.4%, 34.14%, 76.8%, 69.8%, and 31.6%, respectively. Moreover, the hydrogen peroxide content and malondialdehyde decreased by 37.3% and 30% in drought-stressed plants treated with IPR-4 and melatonin. Regarding the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl activity and total phenolic content, shows 38% and 49.6% increase, respectively. Likewise, Bacillus-melatonin-treated plants enhanced the uptake of magnesium, calcium, and potassium by 31.2%, 50.7%, and 30.5%, respectively. Under the same conditions, the salicylic acid content increased by 29.1%, whereas a decreasing abscisic acid content (25.5%) was observed. The expression levels of GmNCED3, GmDREB2, and GmbZIP1 were recorded as the lowest. However, Bacillus-melatonin-treated plants recorded the highest expression levels (upregulated) of GmCYP707A1 and GmCYP707A2, GmPAL2.1, and GmERD1 in response to drought stress. In a nutshell, these data confirm that Bacillus sp. IPR-4 and melatonin coinoculation has the highest plant growth-promoting efficiency under both normal and drought stress conditions. Bacillus sp. IPR-4/melatonin is therefore proposed as an effective plant growth regulator that optimizes nutrient uptake, modulates redox homeostasis, and enhances drought tolerance in soybean plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Network percolation is one of the core topics in network science, especially in understanding and optimizing the robustness of real-world networks. As a powerful tool, the message-passing approach shows unique advantages in characterizing network percolation compared with the mean-field approach. This approach simulates the behavioural response when the network is damaged by transmitting and updating messages between network nodes, thereby accurately assessing the robustness of the network. This paper reviews the progress of message-passing approaches in network percolation on simple networks, multilayer networks and higher-order networks in recent years and discusses the application of this approach in other research fields. Finally, we discuss future research directions around this approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chimonobambusa pleiacantha, a newly-identified species of the genus Chimonobambusa Makino from southeast Sichuan, China, is meticulously described and illustrated herein. It is morphologically similar to Ch. tuberculata, but differs in having 4-angled internodes, thicker wall to 4.5–8.5 mm, more reclinate and elongated root thorns to 5–8 mm long, culm internodes with three grooves and two longitudinal ridges on the branch-bearing side, persistent culm leaves, densely brown-purple setose at the bottom of culm leaf sheaths together with sheath scar, developed foliage leaf fimbriae, 6–8 on each shoulder, ca. 3–8 mm long, abaxially white pubescent foliage leaf blades. Phenologically, new shoots usually appear in September to October. In the light of these key morphological and phenological characteristics, Ch. pleiacantha was identified as a new species of the genus Ch. Makino which is different from published species of this genus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Identifying the factors that cause reproductive isolation and their relative importance in species divergence is crucial to our understanding of speciation processes. In most species, natural selection is commonly considered to play a large role in driving speciation. Based on whole genome re‐sequencing data from 27 Populus alba and 28 Populus adenopoda individuals, we explored the factors related to reproductive isolation of these two closely related species. The results showed that the two species diverged ~5–10 million years ago (Ma), when the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau reached a certain height and the inland climate of the Asian continent became arid. In highly differentiated genomic regions, the relative divergence (FST) and absolute divergence (dxy) were significantly higher than the genomic background, θπ and shared polymorphisms decreased whereas fixed differences increased, which indicated that natural selection played a key role in the reproductive isolation of the two species. In addition, we found several genes that were related to reproduction that may be involved in explaining the reproductive isolation. Using phylogenetic trees resolved from haplotype data of Populus tomentosa and P. adenopoda, the maternal origin of P. tomentosa from P. adenopoda was likely to be located in Hubei and Chongqing Provinces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We detected a new target quantitative trait locus (QTL) for lodging resistance in rice by analyzing lodging resistance to typhoons (Maysak and Haishen) using a scale from 0 (no prostrating) to 1 (little prostrating or prostrating) to record the resistance score in a Cheongcheong/Nagdong double haploid rice population. Five quantitative trait loci for lodging resistance to typhoons were detected. Among them, qTyM6 and qTyH6 exhibited crucial effects of locus RM3343–RM20318 on chromosome 6, which overlaps with our previous rice lodging studies for the loci qPSLSA6-2, qPSLSB6-5, and qLTI6-2. Within the target locus RM3343–RM20318, 12 related genes belonging to the cytochrome P450 protein family were screened through annotation. Os06g0599200 (OsTyM/Hq6) was selected for further analysis. We observed that the culm and panicle lengths were positively correlated with lodging resistance to typhoons. However, the yield was negatively correlated with lodging resistance to typhoons. The findings of this study improve an understanding of rice breeding, particularly the culm length, early maturing, and heavy panicle varieties, and the mechanisms by which the plant's architecture can resist natural disasters such as typhoons to ensure food safety. These results also provide the insight that lodging resistance in rice may be associated with major traits such as panicle length, culm length, tiller number, and heading date, and thereby improvements in these traits can increase lodging resistance to typhoons. Moreover, rice breeding should focus on maintaining suitable varieties that can withstand the adverse effects of climate change in the future and provide better food security. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]