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The crystallographic texture of γ′-Fe4N in compound layer and its influences on the tribological properties of nitrided steel 38CrMoAl are investigated in the study. The preferred orientation of (200)γ′ is produced by low-temperature nitriding in atmosphere with low nitrogen–hydrogen ratio and increases with the nitriding time. The preferred orientation of (220)γ′ appears after 72 h cyclic nitriding. The orientation relationships (0001)e//(101)α′ and [110]e//[111]α′, (111)γ′//(0001)e and $$\left[ {011} \right]_{{\gamma^{\prime } }} //\left[ {1\overline{2} 10} \right]_{\varepsilon }$$ , (200)γ′//(110)α′ and [011]γ′//[111]α′, as well as $$\left( {1\overline{1} 03} \right)_{\varepsilon } //\left( {220} \right)_{{\gamma^{\prime } }}$$ and $$\left[ {0100} \right]_{\varepsilon } //\left[ {1\overline{1} 0} \right]_{{\gamma^{\prime } }}$$ are established by first-principles method. The misfit of interatomic distance (δ), determining the phase transition resistance, is calculated. Accordingly, two reaction pathways during nitriding, α′→γ′ and α′→e→γ′, are assumed, which determines the preferred orientations of γ′-Fe4N. Results of wear tests demonstrate that the specimen with preferred orientation of (200)γ′ exhibits lower frictional coefficient and lower wear rate in comparison with the specimen with (220)γ′ preferred orientation. (111)γ′ texture usually relates to the lower frictional coefficient but higher wear rate due to the main slip system parallel to the sliding plane. Therefore, the (200)γ′ preferred orientation has a positive significance in improving the wear properties of steels.

The dynamics response and power flow propagation in the L-shaped beam with finite dimension were investigated. A L-shaped beam dynamic model was established on the basis of Timoshenko beam theory (TBT) and Euler-Bernoulli beam theory (EBT). The analytical solution was obtained and the beam flexural and longitudinal motion was described by using the traveling wave approach. The effects of shear distortion and rotary inertia on the total power flow and its components were examined. Results shown that the structure resonant frequencies are obviously affected by the shear distortion and rotary inertia, especially for the medium and high frequency ranges. The power flow amplitude is obviously increased on the premise of considering the longitudinal vibration. Consequently, the longitudinal vibration should be considered for the power flow and its components in the L-shaped beam.

Modern turbomachinery is progressing with regard to its compact geometry structure, superior thermodynamic efficiency, and high power density. The rotating speed, operating temperature, and...

Taking the flow field features of labyrinth seal into consideration, the fluid force generated from the seal cavity, which is spatially separated into two regions, is modeled with the perturbation method. The rotor orbit defined in the perturbation analysis is spatio-temporal varied, which is quite different from the usually preconditioned elliptical track. Meanwhile, the nonlinear fluid force originating from the seal clearance is delineated by the Muszynska's model. Based on the short bearings assumption, a nonlinear oil-film force model is employed. The rotating shaft is simulated by Timoshenko beam finite element with the consideration of geometric asymmetry. Applying the Lagrange's equations, the motion equations of the rotor-bearing-labyrinth seal system are derived. By means of spectrum cascades, bifurcation diagrams, Poincaré maps, etc., the numerical analysis of the system dynamic characteristics is conducted. The results show that abundant nonlinear behaviors can be triggered in the speed-up. The instability threshold and the vibration amplitude of the rotor system are, respectively, enhanced and reduced by the increasing inlet pressure. With shorter seal length, the sealing effect is decreased, whereas the system stability is improved. The fluid-whip phenomenon can be eliminated by increasing the mass unbalance eccentricity at a certain rotational speed.

Within this work, a six-axis parallel vibration isolation platform with semi-active control ability is investigated. Traditional magnetorheological (MR) dampers could supply large output force and long stroke, but it also comes with a large self-weight. This problem is more serious when several MR dampers are needed in a parallel platform. Firstly, a double-piston MR damper have been developed, which will brings a small self-weight feature to the damper. Hyperbolic tangent model have been used to describe damper's nonlinear hysteresis. Using six of this double-piston MR damper, a parallel vibration isolation platform based on a cubic Stewart platform mechanism has been designed. Dynamical model of this platform has been built and simulated. Numerical simulation results in frequency domain indicate that the parallel semi-active vibration isolation platform has desirable vibration isolation properties in all six axes.

In order to develop a compact and lightweight controllable damper for space truss structures vibration suppression, a novel double-piston magnetorheological (MR) damper is proposed. Working principle of this damper has been analyzed. One prototype damper have been designed and fabricated according to the analysis results. A series of experiments have been performed to get this prototype damper's dynamical properties. Hyperbolic tangent model have been used to describe damper's nonlinear hysteresis. After model optimization using the nonlinear least squares method, the relationship between damper force and drive currents have been acquired under different excitation conditions. Comparison between the reconstructed results and testing data indicates that the optimized model shows enough accuracy to not only present the experimental data, but also forecast the hysteretic properties of this damper.

Dynamic responses of the finite periodic nanoplate structures with various boundary conditions are researched by using the wave method. The dynamics model of the nanoplate structure is established based on the nonlocal Mindlin plate theory. From the Fourier transform, the vibration responses of the single layer graphene sheets under various boundary conditions are obtained by the wave method. The dynamic responses of the finite periodic nanoplate can be determined by the continuous and boundary conditions. In the numerical calculation, the natural frequencies of single layer graphene sheets computed by the presented method agree well with those of molecular dynamics (MD) simulation, which verifies the reliability of the present method. It can be found that the dynamic responses of the finite periodic nanoplates are much smaller than those of the uniform nanoplates in some frequencies which are called the band gap frequencies. It is significant to design the periodic array structure for the vibration suppression of the nanoplates. Moreover, the influences of the nanoplate width and thickness and boundary conditions on the dynamic response of the finite periodic nanoplate structures are also studied.

A novel intelligent driver based on digital signal controller (DSC) has been put forward for magneto-rheological (MR) damper. The working principles of MR damper were described, as well as the hardware circuit scheme of signal condition and MR damper driver etc. on account of TMS320F28335 DSC. A hierarchical control algorithm was designed and the studies for the performance of the driver were conducted. The results suggest that the driver could provide accurate drive current for MR damper, and meanwhile the respond time is less than 2ms, which can meet the drive requirements of MR damper.

Mathematical statistical method (MSM) is a very important wastewater treatment plant data processing analysis tool. In this study, MSM had been used to evaluate the efficiency, stability and reliability of the low-strengthen complex wastewater treatment system. Results showed that while LSCWWTs upgrading in the future, each influent parameter could be set as the follows: COD = 738 mg/L, BOD = 300 mg/L, SS = 454 mg/L, TN = 64.3 mg/L, NH3-N = 65.2 mg/L and TP = 7.65 mg/L. For effluent of LSCWWTs, the stabilities of COD, BOD, SS and TN were all A, TP was B, and NH3-N was D. For effluent COD, TN and NH3-N reached the first class discharge standard of A, the reliability probabilities were 83.89%, 80.23% and 99.43%, respectively. And the reliability probabilities of effluent WQPs reached the first class discharge standard of B were all more than 98%.

Shape memory alloy (SMA) is a type of smart material with huge driving force, and large driven displacement. Using SMA as the structure driver may force a bi-directional deformation structure that can achieve high efficiency and compact driving structure. SMA, together with elastic component, forms the two-way driving structure; however the two, if respectively serving as the driver, can enable the occurrence of the simplest bi-directional drivable structure. The offset structure constituted by SMA, not only can achieve two-way drive, and does not require continuous input of energy during the shape-stabilizing period. This paper studies the design methods of these two structures, gives the typical formulas, which makes possible efficient and compact bi-directional drivable structures.

The early transient responses of multi-span stepped single walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) under impact loadings are studied by the method of reverberation ray matrix (MRRM). The dynamics model of the carbon nanotubes is established in the Fourier phase space on the basis of the nonlocal Timoshenko beam model. The wave solutions of SWCNTs with arbitrary boundary conditions are obtained by the wave method. The reverberation ray matrix of the multi-span stepped SWCNTs is the product of scattering, phase and permutation matrices, which can be determined by the impact loadings, continuous conditions and boundary conditions. The early transient responses can be calculated by the inverse Fourier transform of the sum of initial ray groups. It can be found that the early transient displacement response in the very short time subjected to the impact loading is very small, while the transient transverse shear strain becomes large in the very short time. The influences of nanotubes span number, nanotubes type and boundary conditions on the early transient responses of multi-span stepped SWCNTs are investigated.

Mixed printing and dyeing wastewater (MPDW) is characterized by a low-strength chemical oxygen demand (COD; average of around 1,000 mg/L), a high fraction of recalcitrant components, a low COD/ ratio (approximately 1.0), and a high pH (about 8–10 without adjustment). In this study, a biological system that combined a hybrid anaerobic baffled reactor (HABR) and a cross flow aerobic sludge reactor (CFASR) was successfully used to treat MPDW that was discharged from an industrial zone. The HABR–CFASR system was fed with real MPDW. In the start-up stage, the system had low organic loading rates of 0.66 and 0.45 kg COD/(m3·d) for the HABR and CFASR, respectively. These increased to 2.03 and 1.00 kgCOD/(m3·d), respectively, in the steady stage. The pH of the HABR influent was reduced by adding H2SO4 at a decreased dosage over the course of the experiment. Most of the final effluent from the combined treatment process was stable below 100 mg-COD/L and 20 mg-BOD/L after 12 h-HRT in the HABR followed by 20...

Mathematical modeling and simulation technology is a very important wastewater treatment plant data processing analysis tools. To analysis the wastewater treatment plant operation process, this study was realized on MATLAB and LIB-SVM tools. Determine the five feed water quality indexes (water inflow, pH, temperature, COD, MLSS) as input variables and the effluent COD concentration as output variable. Within the SVM modeling, through the GA algorithm, PSO algorithm and the grid search method to separately carried on the model parameters optimization. Through the verification results show that SVM model predicted the COD concentration average relative error is 0.0165, which has higher accuracy, which can meet the actual requirements of water quality prediction.

This study investigate the influence of different 7-ACA concentration of pharmaceutical wastewater on microbial activity of activated sludge, the studies show that under the different influent 7-ACA concentrations, the corresponding 7-ACA concentrations of the highest value of urease and SOD activities are 0 mg/L, DHO and nitrate reductase are 50 mg/L, inverting enzyme is 40mg/L, PPO is100 mg/L. the study also show that with the increase of intermediate concentration of pharmaceutical wastewater, microbes product β-lactamase enzyme under the stimulates of 7-ACA and the activity of β-lactamase enzyme increased and then decreased. The activity of β-lactamase enzyme observed of the highest 1212.9U and the best removal effect on 7-ACA when the concentration of 7-ACA is 30mg/L. The optimal pH, temperature and DO of the microorganism product the β-lactamase enzyme were 8, 35 ° C, and 2.5 to 3.5mg/ L.

Current coach mainly use the passive rubber mount system to isolate vibration, it’s hard to meet the engine broadband range isolation requirements. In order to reduce the coach engine vibration’s influence on the ride comfort and operational stability, it’s proposed that a magnetorheological fluid powertrain mount system. Set up the six degrees of freedom dynamic model and 1/4 engine single freedom vibration model. Design a fuzzy controller, which the input is dynamic exciting force and second order main frequency, the output is control current. Simulate the three types systems with the help of software of MATLAB/SIMULINK and Fuzzy control toolbox. The result shows that when fuzzy controller works, adjustable damping effect is obvious, it can attenuate vibration in large degree. The magnetorheological hydraulic mount with the fuzzy control ,compared with rubber mount and traditional hydraulic mount, has better isolation effect. Its damp can be controlled real-time, and it can be effective in isolation within the broadband.

There is a certain amount of intermediate and other ingredient in pharmaceutical wastewater .These pharmaceutical will have a big effect on microorganism in sewage treatment plant. So this article discussed the study one impact of microbial community structure by the different intermediate concentration of Pharmaceutical waste water .The study shows that Microbial community structure are diversity in the pharmaceutical wastewater treatment plant.With the change of the environment some microbes are reduced or even disappear and some microbes are gradually produce. The microbes which have a big effect by different environment have adapt to 7-ACA, won the resistance and become a part of microbial community in stationary phase.

A MLMBR and a conventional IMBR with DO control system were investigated for simultaneously removing organic carbon and nitrogen in the low-strengthen complex wastewater. Four stages of the laboratory scale system with SRT of 30 day and HRTs of 20, 16, 12, and 8 h, respectively, were conducted. During the 4 months experimental period, COD removal efficiencies averaged at 92.2% and 85.3%, SS removal efficiencies averaged at 93.8% and 85.2%, and NH 4 + –N removal efficiencies averaged at 84.1% and 65.3%, respectively, for MLMBR and IMBR. What’s more, the sludge characteristics were explored explicitly, results demonstrate that MLMBR not only perform better in substrates removal, also can alleviate the membrane fouling due to better sludge characteristics. In addition, mathematical statistical models, built on the linear regression techniques were developed for explore the inner relationship between HRTs and the performance of the MLMBR.

In this paper, the active vibration control of conical shells is studied using velocity feedback and linear quadratic regulator methods. Up to now, many researches on the active vibration control of beams, plates and cylindrical shells have been published, however, to our knowledge, few people have studied the active vibration control of conical shells. Normally, in the equation of motion of the conical shells, some coefficients are variables, which makes the equation of motion of the conical shells very complicated and difficult to solve analytically. In order to solve this problem, Hamilton’s principle with the assumed mode method is employed to derive the equation of motion of the complex electromechanical coupling system. This equation of motion for the conical shell and piezoelectric patch system can be easily solved and effectively used for the structural active vibration control. Based on the traditional theory of structural dynamics, this method is easy to understand and is verified by numerical simulations. The forced vibration responses of the conical shells with two piezoelectric patches are computed to study the active vibration control. The optimal design for the locations of the piezoelectric patches is also developed by the genetic algorithm. From the results it can be seen that the control gain has a significant effect on the vibration control of the conical shell, but the effect of the size of the piezoelectric patches on controlling the vibration amplitudes is not so obvious. The overall vibration of the conical shell can be effectively reduced by the velocity feedback control method. With the increase of the control gain, the active damping characteristics of the conical shell are improved. Moreover, the optimal placement scheme of the piezoelectric patches obtained by the genetic algorithm can significantly reduce the vibration amplitudes of the conical shell.

To efficiently reduce vibration and noise of a plate, an optimization of passive constrained layer damping (CLD) is presented. The dynamic equation of a sandwich plate with CLD treatment is derived using Lagrange’s method. The assumed modes method is employed to solve the equation and obtain the vibrational energy and sound power, which are used as the objective of optimal design. A genetic algorithm of big mutation is employed to search for the optimum of the location of CLD treatment, the thicknesses of both the constraining layer and the viscoelastic layer and the shear modulus of the viscoelastic material with the restriction of added mass of the total CLD treatment. Numerical results show that for a simply-supported plate with a transverse force (1Hz~200Hz) applied at (0.8La, 0.8Lb), the optimized CLD significantly reduce the vibrational energy and sound power.

with the development of finite element technology, finite element model is becoming to the main analysis tool. However, because some theoretic assumptions, unsuitable constraint and uncertain material property are applied, the simulation result of finite element model isn’t different from the testing data. In order to improve the design quality and safety of spacecraft, this paper deduced the formula of spacecraft finite element updating, developed the spacecraft finite element model updating system, the software mainly of five parts: the frequency response function calculation, the loading inverse solution, the finite element model updating, the data display, virtual experimentation. Software can complete exciting force inverse, parameter sensitivity analysis, parameters screening and finite element model updating. The calculation result of updated finite element model is in accordance with testing curve shape on the main vibration direction, first-order frequency error is ±5%, response error is ±10%. Software meet the need of finite element model updating, it provide a software base for spacecraft design.

In this paper, an optimization study of partially covered beam with a constrained viscoelastic layer is presented. An energy approach and Lagrange’s method are used to establish the governing equation of motion of a CLD covered beam, and the assumed modes method is employed in solving the equation to obtain the modal loss factors which are used as the objective of optimal layout. A genetic algorithm of big mutation is employed to search for the optimum of the patch’s location, the thicknesses of both the constraining layer (CL) and the viscoelastic layer (VL) and the shear modulus of the viscoelastic material with the restriction of added volume of the total CLD treatment. Numerical results show that the optima of the design variables are highly relevant to each other. The thinner constraining layer requires a softer viscoelastic material for an optimal damping treatment. The variation of the CL thickness decreases slowly and that of the VL thickness increases with the increase of the thickness of the CLD treatment. One end of optimal damping treatment locates closely one end of base beam.

Acording to the fact that the finite element model of electromagnetic vibration shaker for virtual experiment is not accurate enough to complete accurately spacecraft test, made a correlation analysis of the finite element output frequency response function and the measured frequency response function by their correlation coefficients. Analyzed the sensitivity of the materials for FRF and screened the parameters to update, made the correlation coefficient error of electromagnetic vibration shaker finite element model frequency response function and the measured as the optimization objective, the optimization and modification of shaker finite element model parameters were completed by iteration method. The frequency response function of the modified finite element model approximately agreed with the experimental frequency response function. It met the virtual experiments of electromagnetic vibration shaker.

Biological water saving is one of the major fields of water saving agriculture in the future and has an enormous potential in agricultural production. In this paper, the necessity and urgency of developing high water use efficiency in plant biology were dissertated firstly, and the research progresses at home and abroad were reviewed as following aspects: mechanisms of drought resistance and high water use efficiency, criterions for identifying and evaluating drought resistance and water use efficiency, genetic improvement for drought resistance and water use efficiency, water saving irrigation technology based on the physiological regulation and control in crop plants. Major problems in the research field at present were put forward, and development tendency of water use efficiency in plant biology in the future were also discussed.

The biofilm-based expanded granular sludge bed (EGSB) reactor was developed to treat starch-containing wastewater and simultaneously recovery hydrogen by mixed microbial culture. Granular activated carbon (GAC) was used as the support media. Operating at the temperature of 30 °C for over 400 days (data not shown), the EGSB reactor presented high efficiency in hydrogen production and COD removal ability. The maximum hydrogen production rate (HPR) was found to be 1.64 L/L.d under the organic loading rate (OLR) of 1.0 g-starch/L.d, pH of 4.42 and HRT of 4 h. The hydrogen yield (HY) peaked at 0.11 L/g-COD, under the OLR of 0.5 g-starch/L.d, pH of 3.95 and HRT of 8 h. Hydrogen volume content was estimated to be 35–65% of the total biogas. The average COD removal rate was 31.1% under the OLR of 0.125 g-starch/L.d and HRT of 24 h. The main dissolved fermentation products were ethanol, acetate and butyrate. The average attached biofilm concentration was estimated to be 8.26 g/L, which favored hydrogen production and COD removal. It is speculated that the low pH operation in the present system would contribute significantly to lower the cost of alkaline amount required for pH control in the continuous operation, especially in the scale-up biohydrogen producing system. A model, built on the back propagation neural network (BPNN) theory and linear regression techniques, was developed for the simulation of EGSB system performance in the biodegradation of starch synthesis-based wastewater and simultaneous hydrogen production. The model well fitted the laboratory data, and could well simulate the removal of COD and the production of hydrogen in the EGSB reactor.

2 ALMBRs were developed to treat high-strength 7-ACA pharmaceutical wastewater. � During the operating time, three Ms 2 ALMBRs all showed good performances on COD and 7-ACA removals. 2 ALMBR) Synthetic high-strength 7-ACA pharmaceutical wastewater Sludge characteristics Microorganism drug-resistances Mathematical statistical model abstract In this study, three novel multi-sparger multi-stage airlift loop membrane bioreactors (Ms 2 ALMBRs) were set up in parallel for treating synthetic high-strength 7-ACA pharmaceutical wastewater under different HRTs, temperatures and pHs, respectively. During the 200-day operating time, average COD removal effi- ciencies were 94.96%, 96.05% and 93.9%. While average 7-ACA removal efficiencies were 66.44%, 59.04% and 59.60%, respectively. The optimal conditions were 10 h, 15-35 C and 7-9 for HRT, temperature and pH, respectively. Moreover, the sludge characteristics and microorganism drug-resistances were explored. Results showed that different temperatures and pHs influenced contaminant removals by affecting MLSS concentration and b-lactamase activity significantly. In addition, mathematical statistical models, built on the polynomial and linear regression techniques, were developed for exploring the inner relationships between HRT, temperature and pH changes and MLSS concentrations, b-lactamase activities and contaminant removals of the Ms 2 ALMBR system.

The power flow active control and vibration energy propagation of crossing-shaped plate with simply support boundary conditions using piezoelectric patch as actuators are studied. The combination of modal method and traveling wave method is employed to obtain the accurate analytical solution. The feedforward filtered-X least mean square (LMS) algorithm is used to obtain the optimal control moment for minimizing the power flow propagation in the plate structures. The results have shown that the vibration energy and power flow can be well controlled by the piezoelectric actuators. The different locations of piezoelectric actuators can introduce obvious fluctuation on the control results in the lower frequency range, and the fluctuation becomes more obvious in the higher frequency range.Copyright © 2013 by ASME

The method of reverberation ray matrix is extended to investigate the transient wave propagation and early short time transient responses of the ring stiffened laminated composite cylindrical shells subjected to impact loads. The ring stiffened laminated cylindrical shells are modeled as the continuous coupling systems between the vibration of the un-stiffened laminated cylindrical shell and the motion of the curved beams. The dynamic models of the laminated cylindrical shell and curved beams in the Laplace phase space are established on the basis of the first order shear deformation theory. The reverberation ray matrix can be determined by the boundary and continuous conditions of the ring stiffened laminated cylindrical shell. Using the fast Fourier transform algorithm, the dynamic responses of the ring stiffened laminated cylindrical shells can be computed. Through the numerical simulations, it can be seen that the early short time transient accelerations of the ring stiffened laminated cylindrical shells under impact loads are very large, while the early short time transient shear strains and displacements are very small. Furthermore, the influences of the ring stiffener number and impact load types on the early short time transient responses of the ring stiffened laminated cylindrical shells are also investigated.

The aim of this study was to implement central-composite design (CCD) and response surface methodology (RSM) to optimize the operational parameters for hybrid anaerobic baffled microbial reactor (HABMR) remedying mixed printing and dyeing wastewater (MPDW). The individual and interactive effects of three variables, hydraulic retention time (HRT), pH, sludge loading rate (SLR) on the COD and color removal rates were evaluated. In the area of HRT: 12.5–13.9 h, pH: 9.0–9.5 and SLR: 0.27–0.33 kgCOD/(kgMLVSS d), COD and color removal rates of HABMR exceeded 40% and 60%, simultaneously. The check experiment revealed that the amount of COD and color in the effluent could be decreased by 9.97% and 10.12% compared to the usual operating conditions, respectively. The results verified that the RSM was useful for optimizing the operational parameters of HABMR in treating MPDW.

The passive constrained layer damping (CLD) treatments have been used widely for vibration suppression of various flexible structures. Fully covered CLD treatment is extensively used to depress the vibration over a wide frequency range in engineering applications. In most of these treatments it is required that the CLD treatment should not significantly increase the weight or volume. This paper focuses on damping optimization of fully coating beam with a constrained viscoelastic layer. The governing equation of motion of a CLD covered beam is derived using an energy approach and Lagrange’s method. The assumed modes method is employed in solving the equation to obtain the modal loss factors which are used as the objective of optimal layout. A genetic algorithm with large-scale mutation method is employed to search for the optima of the thicknesses of both the constraining layer (CL) and the viscoelastic layer (VL) and the shear modulus of the viscoelastic material (VEM) with the restriction of added volume of the total CLD treatment. Numerical results show that the optima of three design variables, the thicknesses of the CL and the VL and the shear modulus of its viscoelastic material, are highly relevant to each other. The softer or thinner constraining layer requires a softer viscoelastic material for an optimal damping treatment, and high value of the elastic modulus of the base beam matches high shear modulus of the viscoelastic material. The variation of the CL thickness decreases slowly and that of the VL thickness increases with the increase of the thickness of the CLD treatment. Stiffer constraining layer assure greater modal loss factors.Copyright © 2010 by ASME

A new residual signal spectrum analysis and statistics analysis method is proposed after wavelet packet de-noising. Firstly, decompose the original vibration signal by wavelet packet theory. Secondly, extract the residual signal between the de-noised vibration signal and the original vibration signal. Finally, get the trait frequency of fault signal by residual signal spectrum analysis, judge the machine run state by residual signal statistics analysis.

A navel two-phase anaerobic-aerobic treatment technology was developed to treat high concentration and refractory organic wastewater discharge from Harbin Second Traditional Chinese Medicine Factory. The function of two-phase anaerobic process in the whole bio-treatment system was analyzed. Now the status in bio-technique of treating wastewater from traditional Chinese medicine production was that all the influent COD concentration was under 5 000 mg/L and its quality was easy to be bio-treated. The full-scale experiment has changed this status. Full-scale experiment results showed that when influent COD concentration was at 7 000 - 40 000 mg/L and its BOD5 /COD was lower than 0.2, the volume-loading rate and COD removal rate of acidogenic phase, a continuous-flow stirred tank reactor, could reach 20- 30 kg/(m3 x d) and 47.1% respectively. At the same time, it only took the mathanogenic phase 27 days to set-up. The volume-loading rate and COD removal rate of mathanogenic phase, an up-flow anaerobic sludge blanket-anaerobic filter reactor, could reach 6.0 - 7.0 kg/(m3 d) and 94.06% respectively. It was also demonstrated the COD removal rate of two-phase anaerobic process was over than 93.0%, which offer endurance for the effluent from the whole treatment system reaching relative standard performed in China.

This article has been retracted: please see Elsevier Policy on ArticleWithdrawal (http://www.elsevier.com/locate/withdrawal policy). This article has been retracted at the request of the Editorin-Chief. This article has been retracted because it has been using a previous published paper as template without making reference to this previous work. The original work can be consulted at, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0043-1354(01)00402-X.