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Marine anti-fouling coatings represent an efficient approach to prevent and control the marine biofouling. However, a significant amount of antifouling agent is added to improve the static antifouling performance of the coatings, which leads to an issue whereby static antifouling performance conflicts with eco-friendly traits. Herein, this work reports an in situ reduction synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) within polymers to produce composite coatings, aiming to solve the aforementioned issue. Firstly, urushiol-based benzoxazine monomers were synthesized by the Mannich reaction, using an eco-friendly natural product urushiol and n-octylamine and paraformaldehyde as the reactants. Additionally, AgNPs were obtained through the employment of free radicals formed by phenolic hydroxyl groups in the urushiol-based benzoxazine monomers, achieved by the in situ reduction of silver nitrate in benzoxazine. Then, the urushiol-based benzoxazine/AgNPs composite coatings were prepared by the thermosetting method. AgNPs exhibit broad-spectrum and highly efficient antimicrobial properties, with a low risk to human health and a minimal environmental impact. The composite coating containing a small amount of AgNPs (≤1 wt%) exhibits effective inhibition against various types of bacteria and marine microalgae in static immersion, thereby displaying outstanding antifouling properties. This organic polymer and inorganic nanoparticle composite marine antifouling coating, with its simple preparation method and eco-friendliness, presents an effective solution to the conflict between static antifouling effectiveness and environmental sustainability in marine antifouling coatings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

C36H33NO10, monoclinic, P21/c (no. 14), a = 14.113(7) Å, b = 17.883(9) Å, c = 12.724(7) Å, β = 108.218(9)°, V = 3050(3) Å3, Z = 4, Rgt(F) = 0.0788, wRref(F2) = 0.1967, T = 293 K.

An efficient protocol for the synthesis of cycloalkyl carboxylates and alcohols from cyclic olefins is described. The cyclic olefins were converted to corresponding target molecules under solvent-free conditions catalyzed by two novel multi-SO3H functionalized multi heteropolyanion-based ionic hybrids through one-pot consecutive addition esterification and hydrolysis reactions. This approach has several advantages, including high yield, simple workup and simple purification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Exosomes have been perceived as promising biomarkers for noninvasive cancer diagnosis and treatment monitoring. However, the sensitive and accurate quantification and phenotyping of exosomes remains challenging. Herein, a versatile electrochemiluminescence (ECL) aptasensor was proposed for the sensitive analysis of tumorous exosomes. Specifically, a ternary nanohybrid (Ru-HAuTiO 2 ), by covalently linking ECL luminophore Ru(dcbpy) 3 2+ with gold nanoparticles (AuNPs)-decorated hollow urchin-like TiO 2 (HTiO 2 ), was ingeniously designed as a highly luminescent and self-enhanced ECL nanoemitter. Notably, the porous HTiO 2 played an "all-rounder" role, including the carrier for ECL luminophores and AuNPs, coreaction accelerator, and specific exosome capturing scaffold through Ti-phosphate coordination interaction. On the other hand, a polydopamine modified covalent organic framework (PDA@COF) was employed as a quencher to remarkably attenuate the ECL of Ru-HAuTiO 2 through a dual-quenching mechanism, and further labeled with a specific aptamer (Apt) of exosomal surface protein. Based on forming a Ru-HAuTiO 2 /exosome/Apt-PDA@COF sandwich structure on the electrode, a "signal on-off" ECL platform for tumorous exosomes was constructed, realizing sensitive detection within the range of 3.1 × 10 3 particles/mL to 1 × 10 8 particles/mL and a low limit of detection of 1.41 × 10 3 particles/mL, achieving phenotypic profiling of surface proteins on different tumorous exosomes. This work provides a promising alternative method for the detection and analysis of exosomes.