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Photocatalytic organic reactions, harvesting solar energy to produce high value-added organic chemicals, have attracted increasing attention as a sustainable approach to address the global energy crisis and environmental issues. Reticular framework materials, including metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) and covalent organic frameworks (COFs), are widely considered as promising candidates for photocatalysis owing to their high crystallinity, tailorable pore environment and extensive structural diversity. Although the design and synthesis of MOFs and COFs have been intensively developed in the last 20 years, their applications in photocatalytic organic transformations are still in the preliminary stage, making their systematic summary necessary. Thus, this review aims to provide a comprehensive understanding and useful guidelines for the exploration of suitable MOF and COF photocatalysts towards appropriate photocatalytic organic reactions. The commonly used reactions are categorized to facilitate the identification of suitable reaction types. From a practical viewpoint, the fundamentals of experimental design, including active species, performance evaluation and external reaction conditions, are discussed in detail for easy experimentation. Furthermore, the latest advances in photocatalytic organic reactions of MOFs and COFs, including their composites, are comprehensively summarized according to the actual active sites, together with the discussion of their structure–property relationship. We believe that this study will be helpful for researchers to design novel reticular framework photocatalysts for various organic synthetic applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • An overview of MOF-derived materials for electrocatalytic and photocatalytic CO 2 reduction is presented. • The relationship between the morphology, electronic structure of MOF-derived materials and their performances of electrocatalytic and photocatalytic CO 2 reduction are explored. • The challenges and opportunities of MOF-derived materials for electrocatalytic and photocatalytic CO 2 reduction are outlined. The extensive combustion of fossil fuels along with uncontrolled release of carbon dioxide (CO 2) has led to severe environmental contamination and global greenhouse effects. Carbon neutrality and low-carbon development are urgent demands for the enduring progress of human society. The utilization of electrocatalytic and photocatalytic reduction reaction to convert CO 2 into valuable chemicals is viewed as a hopeful approach for addressing environmental issues and energy crises. Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are discovered to have extensive applications in the areas of electrocatalysis and photocatalysis because of their high porosity, versatile compositions and structural tunability. With the help of designed MOF structures and specific synthesis methods, it is convenient and targeted to regulate the morphologies and electronic structures of MOF-derived materials with higher stability, further affecting their catalytic performance towards CO 2 reduction. In order to enhance catalytic performance to meet application requirements, it is essential to investigate the relationship between the morphologies, electronic structures of MOF-derived materials and their performances. In this review, to reveal the reaction mechanisms and provide theoretical support for catalyst design, the fundamentals of CO 2 reduction through electrocatalytic and photocatalytic pathways are discussed. Subsequently, an overview of the developments in MOF-derived materials for electrocatalytic and photocatalytic CO 2 reduction is presented, focusing on different optimization strategies such as morphology control and electronic modification. Finally, we outline the difficulties and opportunities for advancing MOF-derived materials in electrocatalytic and photocatalytic CO 2 reduction, along with the strategies for developing electrocatalysts and photocatalysts with excellent performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Quantitative real time PCR (qRT-PCR) has emerged as a reliable and reproducible technique for studying gene expression analysis. For accurate results, the normalization of data with reference genes is particularly essential. Once the transcriptome sequencing of Frankliniella occidentalis was completed, numerous unigenes were identified and annotated. Unfortunately, there are no studies on the stability of reference genes used in F. occidentalis. In this work, seven candidate reference genes, including actin, 18S rRNA, H3, tubulin, GAPDH, EF-1 and RPL32, were evaluated for their suitability as normalization genes under different experimental conditions using the statistical software programs BestKeeper, geNorm, Normfinder and the comparative ΔCt method. Because the rankings of the reference genes provided by each of the four programs were different, we chose a user-friendly web-based comprehensive tool RefFinder to get the final ranking. The result demonstrated that EF-1 and RPL32 displayed the most stable expression in different developmental stages; RPL32 and GAPDH showed the most stable expression at high temperatures, while 18S and EF-1 exhibited the most stable expression at low temperatures. In this study, we validated the suitable reference genes in F. occidentalis for gene expression profiling under different experimental conditions. The choice of internal standard is very important in the normalization of the target gene expression levels, thus validating and selecting the best genes will help improve the quality of gene expression data of F. occidentalis. What is more, these validated reference genes could serve as the basis for the selection of candidate reference genes in other insects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights: [•] Combined effects of temperature and avermectins on Frankliniella occidentalis were examined. [•] Results indicated that combined treatment reduced life history of F.occidentalis. [•] Activities of four antioxidant enzymes were changed differently. [•] Expression level of five Hsp genes were significantly up-regulated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Considering that CO2 reduction is mostly a multielectron reaction, it is necessary for the photocatalysts to integrate multiple catalytic sites and cooperate synergistically to achieve efficient photocatalytic CO2 reduction to various products, such as C2 hydrocarbons. Herein, through crystal engineering, we designed and constructed a metal–organic framework‐derived Zr/Ti bimetallic oxide solid solution support, which was confirmed by X‐ray diffraction, electron microscopy and X‐ray absorption spectroscopy. After anchoring Au nanoparticles, the composite photocatalyst exhibited excellent performances toward photocatalytic CO2 reduction to syngas (H2 and CO production rates of 271.6 and 260.6 μmol g−1 h−1) and even C2 hydrocarbons (C2H4 and C2H6 production rates of 6.80 and 4.05 μmol g−1 h−1). According to the control experiments and theoretical calculations, the strong interaction between bimetallic oxide solid solution support and Au nanoparticles was found to be beneficial for binding intermediates and reducing CO2 reduction, highlighting the synergy effect of the catalytic system with multiple active sites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Considering that CO2 reduction is mostly a multielectron reaction, it is necessary for the photocatalysts to integrate multiple catalytic sites and cooperate synergistically to achieve efficient photocatalytic CO2 reduction to various products, such as C2 hydrocarbons. Herein, through crystal engineering, we designed and constructed a metal–organic framework‐derived Zr/Ti bimetallic oxide solid solution support, which was confirmed by X‐ray diffraction, electron microscopy and X‐ray absorption spectroscopy. After anchoring Au nanoparticles, the composite photocatalyst exhibited excellent performances toward photocatalytic CO2 reduction to syngas (H2 and CO production rates of 271.6 and 260.6 μmol g−1 h−1) and even C2 hydrocarbons (C2H4 and C2H6 production rates of 6.80 and 4.05 μmol g−1 h−1). According to the control experiments and theoretical calculations, the strong interaction between bimetallic oxide solid solution support and Au nanoparticles was found to be beneficial for binding intermediates and reducing CO2 reduction, highlighting the synergy effect of the catalytic system with multiple active sites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Twenty-eight simple 6-chloro-4-(4-substituted piperazinyl)quinazoline derivatives were constructed. • Most of the title molecules showed significant antibacterial activities. • Compound 5g exerted the strongest activity against Ralstonia solanacearum with EC 50 of 2.72 µg/mL. • A good predictive 3D-QSAR model was established to direct the future structural modification. In this letter, a variety of simple 6-chloro-4-(4-substituted piperazinyl)quinazoline derivatives was prepared. Preliminary bioassays revealed that these compounds showed good antibacterial activities toward phytopathogens Ralstonia solanacearum and Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo). Among these derivatives, compounds 5a , 5d , 5e , 5f , 5p , 5q , 6b , and 6d exhibited potent inhibition effects against R. solanacearum with EC 50 within 4.60–9.94 µg/mL, especially, compound 5g exerted the strongest activity with EC 50 of 2.72 µg/mL; compound 6b possessed the best inhibitory activity toward Xoo with EC 50 of 8.46 µg/mL. Subsequently, a good predictive three-dimensional quantitative structure–activity relationship (3D-QSAR) model was constructed via CoMFA to direct the future structural modification and optimization. Furthermore, the pathogens' topological studies were performed to explore the possible antibacterial mechanism. Given their simple frameworks and facile synthesis, title compounds can serve as the potential antibacterial leads. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In a recent article published in Angewandte Chemie, researchers Lei Li, Qiang Xu, and their team discuss their findings on achieving efficient photocatalytic CO2 reduction. The researchers utilized crystal engineering and derivation techniques to create a metal-organic framework-derived Zr/Ti bimetallic oxide solid solution anchored with Au nanoparticles. This innovative approach resulted in the successful reduction of CO2 to syngas and C2 hydrocarbons under simulated solar light irradiation. The study highlights the importance of integrating multiple catalytic sites and cooperation between them for effective CO2 reduction. [Extracted from the article]

A Journal of the German Chemical Society AngewandteChemie www. angewandte. org International Edition 2024– 63/ 21 I. ntegrating multiple catalytic sites … … and cooperating synergistically are the keys to achieve efficient photocatalytic CO2 reduction. In their Research Article ( e202319177), Lei Li, Qiang Xu et al. report a metal- organic framework- derived Zr/ Ti bimetallic oxide solid solution anchored with Au nanoparticles through crystal engineering and derivation, achieving photocatalytic CO2 reduction to syngas and eventually C2 hydrocarbons under simulated solar light irradiation. [Extracted from the article]

The western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis , is an important invasive pest with a strong tolerance for extreme temperatures; however, the molecular mechanisms that regulate thermotolerance in this insect remain unclear. In this study, four heat shock protein genes were cloned from F. occidentalis and named Fohsp90 , Fohsc701 , Fohsc702 and Fohsp60 . These four Hsps exhibited typical characteristics of heat shock proteins. Subcellular localization signals and phylogenetic analysis indicated that FoHsp90 and FoHsc701 localize to the cytosol, whereas FoHsc702 and FoHsp60 were located in the endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria, respectively. Analysis of genomic sequences revealed the presence of introns in the four genes (three, four, seven, and five introns for Fohsp90 , Fohsc701 , Fohsc702 and Fohsp60 , respectively). Both the number and position of introns in these four genes were quite different from analogous genes in other species. qRT-PCR indicated that the four Fohsps were detected in second-stage larvae, one-day-old pupae, and one-day-old adults, and mRNA expression levels were lowest in larvae and highest in pupae. Fohsc701 and Fohsc702 possessed similar expression patterns and were not induced by cold or heat stress. Expression of Fohsp60 was significantly elevated by heat, and Fohsp90 was rapidly up-regulated after exposure to both cold and heat stress. Exposure to −8 °C had no effect on expression of the four Fohsps ; however, expression of Fohsp90 and Fohsp60 was highest after a 2-h incubation at 39 °C. Furthermore, cold and heat hardening led to significant up-regulation of the four Fohsps compared to their respective controls. Collectively, our results indicate that the four FoHsps contribute to insect development and also function in rapid cold or heat hardening; furthermore, FoHsp90 and FoHsp60 contribute to thermotolerance in F. occidentalis . [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]