Search

Background: Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) has been extensively used as a treatment in tissue healing in tendinopathy, muscle injury, and osteoarthritis. However, there is variation in methods of extraction, and this produces different types of PRP. Purpose: To determine the composition of PRP obtained from 4 commercial separation kits, which would allow assessment of current classification systems used in cross-study comparisons. Study Design: Controlled laboratory study. Methods: Three normal adults each donated 181 mL of whole blood, some of which served as a control and the remainder of which was processed through 4 PRP separation kits: GPS III (Biomet Biologics), Smart-Prep2 (Harvest Terumo), Magellan (Arteriocyte Medical Systems), and ACP (Device Technologies). The resultant PRP was tested for platelet count, red blood cell count, and white blood cell count, including differential in a commercial pathology laboratory. Glucose and pH measurements were obtained from a blood gas autoanalyzer machine. Results: Three kits taking samples from the “buffy coat layer” were found to have greater concentrations of platelets (3-6 times baseline), while 1 kit taking samples from plasma was found to have platelet concentrations of only 1.5 times baseline. The same 3 kits produced an increased concentration of white blood cells (3-6 times baseline); these consisted of neutrophils, leukocytes, and monocytes. This represents high concentrations of platelets and white blood cells. A small drop in pH was thought to relate to the citrate used in the sample preparation. Interestingly, an unexpected increase in glucose concentrations, with 3 to 6 times greater than baseline levels, was found in all samples. Conclusion: This study reveals the variation of blood components, including platelets, red blood cells, leukocytes, pH, and glucose in PRP extractions. The high concentrations of cells are important, as the white blood cell count in PRP samples has frequently been ignored, being considered insignificant. The lack of standardization of PRP preparation for clinical use has contributed at least in part to the varying clinical efficacy in PRP use. Clinical Relevance: The variation of platelet and other blood component concentrations between commercial PRP kits may affect clinical treatment outcomes. There is a need for standardization of PRP for clinical use.

Hydro(solvo)thermal treatment of Cu(II) and pyrimidine-2-thione (pymtH) in the presence of halide/pseudohalide has generated four phosphorescent cuprous pyrimidine-2-thiolate complexes, namely Cu2(pymt)Cl (1) and Cu3(pymt)2(SCN) (2), Cu3(pymt)2I (3) and Cu11(pymt)4I7 (4). Complex 1 has a layered structure constructed by a [Cu2SCl]∞ staircase chain; 2 contains helical chains [Cu3(pymt)2]nn+ that are further linked by μ3-1,2κS:3κN SCN into a 2-D layer, in which two adjacent helical chains are heterochiral; 3 is structurally related to 2 because it also contains a helical chain [Cu3(pymt)2]nn+. Differently the helical chain in 3 is attached by iodides to form a neutral two-fold screw chain; 4 consists of linear, trigonal and tetrahedral copper(I) sites, some of which are half occupied and has a complicated layered structure. Two unprecedented coordination modes of μ4-1κS:2,3κS:4κN′ and μ5-1,κN:2,3,4,κS:5,κN′ of pymt are observed. The presence of helical [Cu3(pymt)2]nn+ chains in both 2 and 3 leads us to guess that the [Cu3(pymt)2]nn+ chain is possibly an elementary structural species in solution. In the solid state and at ambient temperature, 1–4 all show interesting phosphorescent emissions: a strong red emission and a weak higher energy blue emission band. The weak higher energy blue emissions are tentatively assigned as originating from the halides/pseudohalides to aromatic pyrimidine π* charge transfer while the low-energy red emissions are tentatively assigned as from ligand-to-metal charge transfer (LMCT) and/or metal-to-ligand charge-transfer (MLCT) characters, mixed with metal-centered (ds/dp) states modified by Cu–Cu interactions.

Solvothermal treatment of copper halides and 3-amino-5-mercapto-1,2,4-triazole (H2amtz) produced three isostructural complexes [Cu31X4(H1.55amtz)24](SO4)8·xDMF [X = Cl, Br and I, x ∼ 32], which show 3-D networks with bor topology constructed by Cu-centered CuCu4 tetrahedra and CuCu3 triangles with an acentric cubic superlarge cell.

Hydrothermal reaction of Cu(MeCO2)2, (4-pyridylthio)acetic acid and NH4SCN resulted in a twelve-connected face-centered cubic topological metal-organic framework [Cu3(pdt)2(CN)] (pdt = pyridinethiolate) in which Cu6S4 clusters act as twelve-connected nodes and pyridine rings and cyanides act as connectors. As an extension, an unprecedented fourteen-connected body-centered cubic coordination polymer [Cu19I4(pdt)12(SH)3] has been synthesized by three methods, in which nanosized chiral Cu19I4S12 clusters act as fourteen-connected nodes and triple pyridine rings and hydrosulfides act as connectors. The in situ S-C(sp(3)), S-C(sp(2)), and S-C(sp) cleavage reactions have been observed in the work.

Three phosphorescent acentric cuprous halide coordination polymers, namely, [Cu2(pyt)Cl] (1), [Cu2(pyt)Br] (2), and [Cu5(pytH)3Cl5] (3) have been synthesized through the treatment of copper halides with achiral ligand pyridine-4-thiol (pyHt) by the hydro(solvo)thermal method. Complexes 1 and 2 are isostructural and exhibit three-dimensional (3-D) pillar-layered structures constructed by [Cu2SCl]∞/[Cu2SBr]∞ layers and pyridine pillars. The [Cu2SCl]∞ layer can be viewed as a fusion of zigzag [CuS]∞ and [CuCl]∞ chains. Alternately, the [Cu2SCl]∞ layers can be viewed as a fusion of six-membered Cu3S2Cl and Cu3Cl2S rings. Complex 3 shows a [Cu5S3Cl]∞ chain decorated by terminal chlorides and pyridine rings, in which the six Cu(I) atoms are linked by three μ3-S atoms and one μ3-Cl into a Cu6S3Cl cage, and a fusion of Cu6S3Cl cages via sharing Cu sites results in a one-dimensional [Cu5S3Cl]∞ chain. At ambient temperature, 1, 2, and 3 show a strong yellow or red emission assigned from ligand-to-metal charge trans...

Hydrothermal reaction of copper(II) chloride with 2-hydroxypyrimidine generated double salt of [Cu2Cl(μ4-pymo)] (1) (Hpymo = hydroxylpyrimidine) while hydrothermal treatment of CuCl2, NaN3 and acetonitrile resulted in double salt of [Cu2(mtta)Cl] (2) (Hmtta = 5-methyltetrazole) in which in situ [2 + 3] cycloaddition reactions of acetonitrile with azide formed mtta ligand. X-ray single crystal structural analyses revealed that 1 shows a two-dimensional layer formed by fusion of one-dimensional [ Cu 2 ( opym ) ] n n + and [ Cu 2 Cl ] n n + structural motifs. The two-dimensional layers in 1 are held together by C–H⋯Cl hydrogen bonds to form three-dimensional supramolecular array. Compound 2 has a three-dimensional framework constructed from [ Cu 2 ( mtta ) ] n n + ribbons and [Cu8Cl4]4+ units. Uncommon coordination modes of μ4-1,2κO:3κN:4κN′ pymo and μ4-Cl (Cl at the apex of a Cu4Cl square pyramid) in 1 and μ4-η1:η1:η1:η1 mtta in 2 were also observed. The short Cu(I)⋯Cu(I) distances were found in 1 and 2, indicating the existence of Cu(I)⋯Cu(I) interactions.

Reactions of CuCl2, 4-pyridylthiol, and NH4SCN in mixed acetonitrile and water solutions at 140 °C and 96 h led to two polymorphs of CuSCN coordination polymers with stoichiometry [Cu2(SCN)2(dps)]∞ (dps = 4,4‘-dipyridyl sulfide). The dps ligand is generated in situ via desulfation coupling of 4-pyridinethiol during the hydrothermal treatment. Polymorph 1 is a two-dimensional (2D) tubular sheet constructed by an unprecedented [CuSCN]∞ column and dps ligand. The [CuSCN]∞ column can be described as two zigzag chains arranged with approximate C2v symmetry, one chain being connected to the other by Cu−S contacts. An alternative description of the [CuSCN]∞ column is the stacking of [CuSCN]2 dimers, alternately rotated by 90° and linked by Cu−N contacts. Polymorph 2 is a 2D planar sheet constructed by [Cu(SCN)]∞ staircase chains and dps ligands. The [CuSCN]∞ staircase can be viewed as an alternating fusion of four-membered Cu−S−Cu−S rings and eight-membered Cu−S−C−N−Cu−S−C−N rings. The two polymorphs are very ra...