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ObjectiveTo describe the epidemiological characteristics of PLHIV, and to assess age and spatial distribution of HIV prevalence over the last decade in Nanjing.MethodsWe downloaded information of the reported PLHIV from Chinese HIV/AIDS comprehensive prevention system, and we performed descriptive, one-way ANOVA, autocorrelation analysis, spatial scanning and mapping of spatial distribution.Results5269 PLHIV that fulfilled the inclusion and exclusion criteria were included to our study. The HIV prevalence for each year rose from 1.09/10000 in 2011 to 5.70/10000 in 2020. The dominate transmission was sexual route. Homosexual transmission showed an upward trend from 61.5–74.5%, and decreased slowly to 62.9%, the proportion of drug injection transmission decreased from 10.6–0.2%. The characteristics of transmission routes, disease stage and the diagnosis way were different among three age groups, and the difference were statistically significant with all PConclusionThe steadily increasing HIV prevalence rate, the late diagnosis of Elderly, the expansion of the clustering districts among Youth, and the key clustering districts like Qinhuai and Gulou where risk factors exist all posed challenges to the prevention and control of HIV in Nanjing. Societal and medical resources should be deployed to deal with HIV epidemic under the consideration of the variation of age and geographic regions.

Linear programming problem is a common problem, and to solve the linear model is more plagued. The paper generating algorithm is based on mathematical theory and composition. The design of feasible solution algorithm illustrates key linear programming model, then we can find a better way to solve the linear programming model solutions.

Based on a large data base from 15 ionosonde stations and 36 GPS stations combining with TEC data measured from the Oceanic satellite Jason-1, a case study is made on the ionospheric responses at Western Pacific area to the magnetic storm triggered by coronal hole high-speed streams during 13~17 April 2006. The results show that the ionospheric storm has a clear latitudinal dependence. foF2 and TEC increased dramatically in the region where the magnetic latitude is between ±30°- and ±40°- and lasted more than 12 hours. Negative phase was confined at middle-high latitude during the storm main phase and started to pervade to middle-low latitudes as the earth rotated to the nightside. TIMED satellite shows that the Σ[O/N2] decreased substantially at high-middle latitude area and increased significantly at middle-low latitudes. Through the analysis on the hmF2 variation, we observed the magnetospheric electric fields penetrating to the low-middle latitude ionosphere with long-duration, 1~3 hours, during the storm main phase when IMF Bz remained southward. Therefore, the strong positive phase at this area might be caused by additional eastward electric fields, equatorward neutral winds as well as composition changes. Further study is needed to elucidate the effects of various physical and chemical processes on the plasma at this Western Pacific area.

The present study was performed to examine functional and structural impairment of rat sertoli cells following dibutyl phthalate (DBP) exposure.The 6-week-old healthy male Sprague Dawley rats were randomly divided into 4 groups with 16 animals in each group. DBP dissolved in peanut oil was administered by gavage at doses of 0, 250, 500 and 1 000 mg/kg. After 2-week DBP treatment, half of the rats were sacrificed. The rest were killed following 4-week DBP exposure. Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) was analysed by radioimmunoassay. The relative expression levels of androgen binding protein (ABP) mRNA and inhibin (INH)alpha mRNA were determined by semi-quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The sertoli cell ultrastructures were observed by using transmission electron microscope (TEM).FSH levels were increased after 4-week DBP exposure with significance at doses of 250 and 1 000 mg/kg. Sperm head count and daily sperm product were decreased significantly in 500 and 1 000 mg/kg groups. The expression levels of ABP mRNA were 0.89 +/- 0.15, 0.85 +/- 0.23, 0.54 +/- 0.17, 0.52 +/- 0.16 and 0.88 +/- 0.16, 0.61 +/- 0.12, 0.48 +/- 0.15, 0.47 +/- 0.11 for 0, 250, 500 and 1 000 mg/kg after 2- and 4-week DBP treatments respectively with significance at doses of 500 and 1 000 mg/kg (P0.01), while the levels of INHalpha mRNA were 0.88 +/- 0.16, 0.61 +/- 0.12, 0.48 +/- 0.15, 0.47 +/- 0.11 and 0.75 +/- 0.19, 0.56 +/- 0.16, 0.53 +/- 0.08, 0.45 +/- 0.10 with significance at all exposure groups (P0.01 or P0.05). In sertoli cells of rats exposed to 1 000 mg/kg DBP, TEM photos showed more lysosomes in cytoplasm, proliferated and expanded endoplasmic reticulum and nuclei malformation.Sertoli cell should be one of the major toxic targets. Impairment of spermatogenesis caused by DBP should be partly due to the suppression of ABP and INHalpha biosynthesis.

To investigate the effects of mono(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate(MEHP), the primary metabolite of di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), on testosterone biosynthesis in Leydig cells cultured from the Sprague Dawley rat testis.Based on the primary Leydig cell culture model, MEHP exposure groups involved control (0 micromol/L), 62.5, 125, 250, 500 and 1000 micromol/L. We observed mitochondria activity with the MTT method, measured the testosterone level with RIA and determined steroidogenesis acute regulatory protein (StAR) mRNA expression with RT-PCR.After Leydig cells were exposed to MEHP for 24 hours, the activity of mitochondria enhanced evidently at 250 micromol/L and then declined markedly at 1000 micromol/L compared with the control group (P0.01). The testosterone level showed an increasing tendency in both basal and hCG-stimulated states with statistical significance at 250 and 500 micromol/L compared with the control group (P0.01). However, the expression of StAR mRNA appeared unchanged at 62.5, 125 or 250 micromol/L, but exhibited a decreasing tendency at 500 and 1000 micromol/L (P0.01).ME- HP directly affected the activity of mitochondria and testosterone biosynthesis of the Leydig cells in vitro. StAR, the regulator of cholesterol transport into mitochondria, might not be responsible for the increase of testosterone biosynthesis induced by MEHP.