Search

Inflammation as well as oxygen metabolite play important roles in renal injury during pathogenesis of rhabdomyolysis induced myoglobinuric acute renal failure (ARF). The aim of this study was to investigate the protective effects of donepezil on immune responses in rats with glycerol-induced ARF.Sixty male rats were randomly divided into six groups, the rats were given normal saline (10 ml/kg, i.m.), glycerol (50%, 10 ml/kg, i.m.), glycerol plus dexamethasone (0.1 mg/kg, i.g.), and glycerol plus donepezil (1, 5 and 10 mg/kg, i.g.) respectively. After two weeks of glycerol injections, the kidney tissues and blood samples were harvested for future biochemical and pathology analysis. The levels of creatinine (Cr) and urea nitrogen (BUN) in plasma, the content of malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione (GSH), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, total nitric oxide synthase (TNOS), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), endothelial NO synthase (eNOS) were evaluated in renal tissues. In addition, interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factors-α (TNF-α) in renal tissues were also determined.Donepezil treatment protected rats from renal dysfunction in a dose-dependent manner and through the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway. Additionally, donepezil significantly reduced tubular damages, prevented neutrophil infiltration and decreased productions of the IL-6, TNF-α, nitric oxide content and oxidative damage.These data indicate that donepezil exerts a protective anti-inflammatory effect during ARF through the cholinergic pathway and Nitric oxide pathway. In addition, this study could provide an opportunity to overcome the effect of surgical cholinergic denervation during kidney transplantation and other injury.

In vast areas of rich frozen soil, the intense heat exchange between the hot oil pipeline and surrounding soil results in the continuous melting of permafrost under the pipeline and the continuous sinking of the pipeline. Moreover, the settlement rate and depth of the pipeline are also different due to the influence of ice content and the thickness of rich frozen soil layer. Therefore, in this paper, based on the field measured data, by adopting the method of numerical simulation, the temperature rise process of the soil around the pipeline under the condition of different subsidence rate and different thickness of rich frozen soil layer is studied. The results show that with the increase of the thickness of the frozen soil layer, the degradation depth of the upper limit of the artificial frozen soil in the lower part of the pipeline increases gradually. Under the same thickness of the frozen soil layer, the influence of the settlement rate of the pipeline on the upper limit of the artificial frozen soil in the lower part of the pipeline mainly concentrates on the initial operation stage of the pipeline; with the increase of the thickness of rich frozen soil layer, the upper limit difference of artificial frozen soil under different settlement rates of pipelines at the same time increases gradually. Of different sedimentation rate and the rich soil layer under the condition of ice -6 m depth of geothermal heating process monitoring, the geothermal heating process can be divided into three stages: melting stage (I), rapid heating stage (II), slow heating stage(III). With the increase of the settling depth, the duration of the phase I and II is significantly reduced, the heating rate is significantly promoted, the duration of phase III is increased significantly and the heating rate is gradually reduced.