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1. Analysis of immunoinfiltration and EndoMT based on TGF-β signaling pathway-related genes in acute myocardial infarction

Author

Jun Shen, Junqing Liang, Manzeremu Rejiepu, Zhiqin Ma, Jixian Zhao, Jia Li, Ling Zhang, Ping Yuan, Jianing Wang, and Baopeng Tang

Subjects
Medicine, Science
Abstract

Abstract Acute myocardial infarction (AMI), a critical manifestation of coronary heart disease, presents a complex and not entirely understood etiology. This study investigates the potential role of immune infiltration and endothelial-mesenchymal transition (EndoMT) in AMI pathogenesis. We conducted an analysis of the GSE24519 and MSigDB datasets to identify differentially expressed genes associated with the TGF-β signaling pathway (DE-TSRGs) and carried out a functional enrichment analysis. Additionally, we evaluated immune infiltration in AMI and its possible link to myocardial fibrosis. Key genes were identified using machine learning and LASSO logistic regression. The expression of MEOX1 in the ventricular muscles and endothelial cells of Sprague–Dawley rats was assessed through RT-qPCR, immunohistochemical and immunofluorescence assays, and the effect of MEOX1 overexpression on EndoMT was investigated. Our study identified five DE-TSRGs, among which MEOX1, SMURF1, and SPTBN1 exhibited the most significant associations with AMI. Notably, we detected substantial immune infiltration in AMI specimens, with a marked increase in neutrophils and macrophages. MEOX1 demonstrated consistent expression patterns in rat ventricular muscle tissue and endothelial cells, and its overexpression induced EndoMT. Our findings suggest that the TGF-β signaling pathway may contribute to AMI progression by activating the immune response. MEOX1, linked to the TGF-β signaling pathway, appears to facilitate myocardial fibrosis via EndoMT following AMI. These novel insights into the mechanisms of AMI pathogenesis could offer promising therapeutic targets for intervention.

Published
2024
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2. Analysis of interturn short circuit in regulating winding of power transformer based on field-circuit coupling

Author

Liangchang Fei, Zhiqin Ma, Linglong Cai, Dan Zhou, Xiang Shu, Zihao Liao, Chunyao Lin, and Xianqiang Li

Subjects
transformer, regulating winding, interturn short circuit, leakage flux, electromagnetic force, General Works
Abstract

The interturn short circuit fault is one of the common faults in power transformers. At present, research on interturn short circuit faults focuses on high, medium, and low voltage windings, while there is relatively little research on interturn short circuit in regulating windings. Specifically, there is a lack of reported studies on the transient electromagnetic processes, magnetic field distribution, and electromagnetic force characteristics of interturn short circuits in regulating windings unconnected to the circuit. This study presents an actual fault scenario involving interturn short circuits occurring in the untapped portion of the regulating windings of a specific power transformer. A field-circuit coupled model was established to analyze the transient electromagnetic processes during the fault, and the model’s effectiveness was validated by comparing its results with actual fault recording data. Additionally, the magnetic field distribution and electromagnetic force characteristics during the fault were analyzed, and discussions were carried out regarding various ratios of short-circuit turns in the regulating windings. The results indicate that even when an interturn short circuit occurs in the portion of the regulating winding that is not connected to the circuit, the current in the short-circuited turns can reach several tens of times the rated value. Additionally, the leakage magnetic field and the electromagnetic force experienced by the short-circuited ring also increase significantly. The short-circuit ratio has a significant impact on the current of the short-circuited ring, leakage magnetic field intensity, and electromagnetic force. This study contributes to a better understanding of the impact of interturn short-circuit faults in the untapped portion of the regulating windings, offering crucial technical support for fault diagnosis and prevention of power transformers.

Published
2024
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3. Relaxation time as early warning signal of avalanches in self-organizing systems

Author

Zhiqin Ma, Chunhua Zeng, and Wu-Ming Liu

Subjects
Physics, QC1-999
Abstract

Avalanches are sudden, destructive, and extremely difficult to forecast natural disasters that can result in numerous fatalities and extensive property damage. Given the immense danger posed by avalanches, there is a significant amount of attention paid to accurately predicting these events. We investigate the predictability of large avalanches in a class of self-organizing systems, which change their internal structure or function in response to external circumstances by manipulating or organizing other elements of the same system. Here, we propose a practical relaxation time to replace a traditional recovery time, and importantly, the relaxation time does not require the removal of part of the resources (perturb state variables) in the environment. This work provides examples of the forest fire model and sandpile model as self-organizing systems in which the relaxation time successfully predicts the onset of large avalanches. Furthermore, the relaxation time can show a consistent with the increasing trend in both oscillatory and nonoscillatory bifurcations, suggesting that the relaxation time is more universal than traditional indirect metrics such as the variance and the lag-1 autocorrelation function. We aim to identify early warning signals before the onset of large avalanches and provide scientific evidence and significant information for managers to formulate mitigation countermeasures and strategic decisions.

Published
2024
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4. Spatiotemporal diffusion as early warning signal for critical transitions in spatial tumor-immune system with stochasticity

Author

Zhiqin Ma, Yuhui Luo, Chunhua Zeng, and Bo Zheng

Subjects
Physics, QC1-999
Abstract

Complex dynamical systems have tipping points and exhibit nonlinear dynamics. It is difficult to predict and prevent the onset and progression of the tumors, mainly due to the complexity of interactions between tumor growth and tumor-immune cells involved. Moreover, previous models were based on the influence of the zero-dimensional systems and did not consider the spatiotemporal fluctuation in the tumor microenvironment. We here extend the previous model to a two-dimensional system and employ spatial early warning signals to study the spatially extended tumor-immune system with stochasticity. On the one hand, we obtain the stationary probability density of the system under the mean-field approximation assumption. It is found that the health state gets more and more stable than the disease state as the noise level increases when the system has a bistable state, and the system goes from health to disease state through a bistable region as the growth rate increases. On the other hand, we present a spatiotemporal diffusion coefficient indicator to predict upcoming critical transitions. It is shown that a rising spatiotemporal diffusion coefficient obtained from the spatial snapshot data can be an effective indicator for predicting upcoming critical transitions. Anticipating critical transitions in the spatial tumor-immune system with stochasticity can be greatly helpful to prevent disease onset and progression, which may intercept abrupt shifts from health to disease state.

Published
2022
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10. Relaxation time as an indicator of critical transition to a eutrophic lake state: The role of stochastic resonance

Author

Zhiqin Ma, Chunhua Zeng, and Bo Zheng

Subjects
General Physics and Astronomy
Abstract

Lake ecosystems exhibit nonlinear responses and may undergo catastrophic shifts to opposite states from which recovery is difficult. Recent theoretical and experimental developments have revealed that characterizing the resilience of ecosystems can provide a way to anticipate critical transitions. In this letter, we present a novel and practical approach that measures the resilience, i.e., the relaxation time as an indicator of a critical transition to a eutrophic lake state. Furthermore, the possible mechanisms underlying these findings are explored via stochastic resonance, namely, the signal-to-noise ratio as a function of the system parameter shows a maximum value when the noise intensity is fixed. The results show that relaxation time is an excellent indicator, and stochastic resonance occurs near a critical threshold. Our results offer a new perspective to anticipate critical transitions in ecosystems.

Published
2022

12. An Intensive Care System for Power Transformers

Author

Xian Yang, Wenxing Sun, Tianze Ji, Zhaohui Li, Xuezhi Ke, and Zhiqin Ma

Subjects
Ground, Computer science, 020209 energy, Condition monitoring, 02 engineering and technology, Fault detection and isolation, law.invention, Reliability engineering, Electric power system, Reliability (semiconductor), law, Intensive care, 0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering, Transformer
Abstract

The reliability of the power transformers is significant for the safe and stable operation of the power system. On-line condition monitoring and real-time fault detection are the practical means to protect the power transformers from the unscheduled outage of services. An Intensive Care System (ICS) is proposed and developed. It's consisted of an earthing current monitoring subsystem, a PD ultrasonic monitoring subsystem, and a PD UHF monitoring subsystem. All subsystems constitute a team. Each subsystem can not only perform its measurement and analysis tasks but also cooperate with other subsystems to complete a more comprehensive analysis. Besides, ICS can also communicate with external systems to acquire more information for the association analysis. Thus, ICS can assess the condition and diagnose the faults of power transformer more accurately.

Published
2019

14. Quantitative analysis of insulation condition of oil-paper insulation based on frequency domain spectroscopy

Author

Jiefeng Liu, Jian Hao, Ke Wang, Lijun Yang, Jun Gao, Ruijin Liao, Yandong Lv, and Zhiqin Ma

Subjects
Materials science, Moisture, Frequency domain spectroscopy, Analytical chemistry, Temperature measurement, Exponential function, law.invention, law, Frequency domain, Dissipation factor, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Composite material, Transformer, Water content
Abstract

In order to distinguish the influences of moisture and aging on the frequency domain dielectric response of oil-paper insulation and better apply frequency domain spectroscopy (FDS) to assess the insulation condition of power transformers, the oil-paper insulation samples with different moisture contents and different aging states were prepared in the laboratory. The FDS of the samples were tested and a group of characteristic parameters were extracted from dissipation factor (tanδ) curves which could be used to assess the moisture content and aging states of oil-paper insulation respectively. The quantitative relationship among characteristic parameters, degree of polymerization (DP) and moisture contents (Km.c) was accurately established. The observations show that the proposed characteristic parameters are sensitive to the moisture in 10-3-102Hz, while the aging states influence the characteristic parameters in 10-3-10-1Hz. Meanwhile, an exponential relationship equation which could be used to assess the oil-paper insulation condition was established among the characteristic parameters, DP and the moisture content. Finally, the evaluation technique proposed in this paper was used to diagnose the insulation condition of several field transformers in this way, and its validity was preliminary and reasonably verified.

Published
2015

15. Investigation of characteristic parameters for condition evaluation of transformer oil-paper insulation using frequency domain spectroscopy

Author

Ruijin Liao, Zhiqin Ma, Youyuan Wang, Jun Gao, Yiyi Zhang, Jian Hao, and Jiefeng Liu

Subjects
Materials science, Transformer oil, Frequency domain spectroscopy, Energy Engineering and Power Technology, Relative permittivity, Dielectric, Exponential function, law.invention, law, Modeling and Simulation, Frequency domain, Electronic engineering, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Composite material, Transformer, Water content
Abstract

SUMMARY Frequency domain spectroscopy (FDS) is employed to evaluate the moisture content and aging state of oil-paper insulation in power transformers. Oil-paper insulation samples with different moisture content and aging states were primarily prepared in the laboratory. A method was proposed based on a study of the influence of the aging state and moisture content on the frequency domain dielectric property of oil-paper insulation. This method distinguishes the influence of moisture content and aging state on FDS through the imaginary part of complex relative permittivity (er″). Relevant characteristic parameters that characterize the moisture content and aging state of oil-impregnated pressboards were also extracted. Results reveal that the extracted characteristic parameters are sensitive to moisture content in the range of 10−1 Hz to 101 Hz and in the range of 10−3 Hz to 10−1 Hz for the aging state. An obvious exponential relationship exists between the maximum values of the characteristic parameters in the given frequency ranges and degree of polymerization and moisture content. The new method can be utilized for a non-destructive condition assessment of oil-paper insulation of transformers. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Published
2014

16. A comparative study of physicochemical, dielectric and thermal properties of pressboard insulation impregnated with natural ester and mineral oil

Author

Ruijin Liao, Zhiqin Ma, Jian Hao, George Chen, and Lijun Yang

Subjects
Pressboard, Materials science, Dielectric strength, Transformer oil, Insulation system, medicine, Relative permittivity, Thermal stability, Dielectric, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Composite material, Mineral oil, medicine.drug
Abstract

Natural ester is considered to be a substitute of mineral oil in the future. To apply natural ester in large transformers safely, natural ester impregnated solid insulation should be proved to have comparable dielectric strength and thermal stability to mineral oil impregnated solid insulation. This paper mainly focuses on a comparative study of physicochemical, ac breakdown strength and thermal stability behavior of BIOTEMP natural ester/pressboard insulation and Karamay 25# naphthenic mineral oil/pressboard insulation after long term thermal ageing. The physicochemical and dielectric parameters including moisture, acids and the ac breakdown strength of these two oil/pressboard insulation systems at different ageing status were compared. The permittivity and ac breakdown strength of these two oil/pressboard insulation systems at different temperatures were also investigated. And a comparative result of the thermal stability behavior of these two oil/pressboard insulation systems with different ageing status was provided at last. Results show that though natural ester has higher absolute humidity and acidity during the long ageing period, the lower relative humidity of natural ester helps to keep its ac breakdown strength higher than mineral oil. The pressboard aged in natural ester also has higher ac breakdown strength than that aged in mineral oil. The lower relative permittivity ratio of natural ester impregnated paper to natural ester is beneficial to its dielectric strength. Using natural ester in transformer, the resistance to thermal decomposition of the oil/pressboard insulation system could be also effectively improved.

Published
2011

18. Research on a Modeling and Control Strategy for Interleaved Boost Converters with Coupled Inductors

Author

Zhuangzhi Dai, Jilong Liu, Kefeng Li, Zhiqin Mai, and Guijing Xue

Subjects
coupled inductors, interleaved boost, small-signal model, DC–DC converters, controller design, Technology
Abstract

Interleaved DC–DC converters have significant advantages in improving the capability of power converters, and coupling the filtering inductor of the converter could further increase the power density. However, existing modeling and controller designs are complex and require multiple sensors to be involved in the control, which is not conducive to engineering implementation and reducing production costs. In view of this problem, taking a two-phase interleaved boost converter with a coupled inductor as an example, the small-signal models of the converter are derived for the resistive load and constant voltage source load using the state averaging method. The total inductor current is engaged in the control as a feedback signal, avoiding the coupling effect of the inductor on increasing the complexity of the controller. Based on this, a double closed-loop controller is designed, and a prototype of the two-phase interleaved boost converter with coupled inductor is built. Only one current sensor and one voltage sensor are required to participate in the control. The effectiveness of the analysis and design in this paper are verified by experiments.

Published
2023
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19. Influence of temperature on polarization and depolarization current of oil-paper insulation

Author

Zhiqin Ma, Lijun Yang, Xianping Zhao, Yaolong Wang, and Ruijin Liao

Subjects
Materials science, Moisture, business.industry, Inflection point, Transformer oil, Insulation system, Electrical engineering, Humidity, Depolarization, Dielectric, Composite material, business, Temperature measurement
Abstract

Temperature is one of the most crucial factors that influence the field measurement results of dielectric response methods. The distribution of moisture between oil and paper in a transformer insulation system is also highly temperature dependent. This research tests were carried out in a home-made oil/paper insulation system, which made it possible to regulate and control the temperature and humidity. Polarization and depolarization current of oil/paper samples with different moisture content are measured at different temperature. Research results show that both polarization and depolarization current increase with temperature. An inflection point appears in the depolarization current when moisture content is lower, and the time of inflection point shifts to lower with temperature increased. A master curve can be formed by shifting the polarization and depolarization current at different temperature when water content is lower, and the influence of temperature can be eliminated in this way. However, this is not feasible when moisture content is higher. Both time-shift factor and amplitude-shift factor meets the Arrhenius equation, and the activation energy of oil paper samples solved by these factors are almost the same.

Published
2012

20. Research on the temperature dielectric spectrum of vegetable oil, mineral oil and their relevant oil-impregnated papers

Author

Lijun Yang, Jian Hao, Pei Guo, Zhiqin Ma, and Ruijin Liao

Subjects
Materials science, Petroleum engineering, Relative permittivity, Dielectric, law.invention, Vegetable oil, law, Insulation system, medicine, Flash point, Dissipation factor, Mineral oil, Transformer, medicine.drug
Abstract

Features of high flash point, high degradation rate and the reproducibility make vegetable oil possible to be a new kind of insulation oil, which is expected to replace mineral oil. Temperature has a great influence on the dielectric characteristics of insulation oil and the oil-impregnated papers, so with the increasing use of vegetable oil in transformers, it is necessary to study the temperature dielectric spectrum (TDS) characteristics of the vegetable oil-paper insulation to judge whether TDS can be used to evaluate the state of the vegetable oil-paper insulation system. In this paper, TDS of vegetable oil, mineral oil and their relevant oil-impregnated papers at 50Hz were measured and analyzed by using the Concept80 broadband dielectric spectrometer. It can be concluded that: relative permittivity (e) of vegetable oil and mineral oil at 50Hz decreases when the temperature increases. However, e of their relevant oil-impregnated papers at 50Hz increases firstly and then decreases with the increase of temperature. Besides, e of vegetable oil and vegetable oil-impregnated papers is higher than that of mineral oil and mineral oil-impregnated papers respectively, which is helpful to miniaturize the transformer structure. Dissipation factor (tanδ) of both kinds of oil and their relevant oil-impregnated papers at 50Hz increases with the increase of temperature. The rising rate of tanδ of the vegetable oil is obviously greater than that of the mineral oil while tanδ of mineral oil-impregnated papers is slightly greater than that of vegetable oil-impregnated papers, which proves that vegetable oil can slow down the aging of transformer insulation. TDS of both e and tanδ at 50Hz can be expressed by the cubic function. This provides a new method for using TDS to evaluate the insulation status of the transformer oil-paper insulation system.

Published
2012

21. Extraction method for frequency domain characteristic parameters of oil impregnated insulation paper

Author

Chaoliang Qi, Jinjun Bai, Jian Hao, Wei Li, Zhiqin Ma, and Lijun Yang

Subjects
Materials science, Moisture, Transformer oil, law, Frequency domain, Acoustics, Electronic engineering, Dielectric, Transformer, Temperature measurement, Dielectric response, law.invention, Dielectric spectroscopy
Abstract

Frequency domain dielectric spectroscopy (FDS) based on dielectric response has been widely used for assessment the state of oil-paper insulation in transformers. However, domestic and foreign researches are mostly focused on qualitative analyzing the changing behavior of frequency domain spectrum curve for different insulation conditions, such as different temperature, moisture and aging status. It is difficult to find a method to extract the frequency-domain characteristic parameters that can be effectively quantified the state of oil-paper insulation. Thus no quantify analyzing the frequency-domain spectrum curve has been made at present. In this paper, firstly, the basic theory of dielectric polarization and a new Cole-Cole model with four polarization processes were introduced. Secondly, FDS measurements on oil impregnated insulation paper at different temperatures were made. Finally, new frequency-domain characteristic parameters for FDS curves were extracted using the new Cole-Cole model. In this way, the physical polarization process could be also clearly understood.

Published
2012

22. Quantitative Analysis Ageing Status of Natural Ester-paper Insulation and Mineral Oil-paper Insulation by Polarization/Depolarization Current

Author

Ruijin Liao, Zhiqin Ma, Lijun Yang, Jian Hao, and George Chen

Subjects
Materials science, Transformer oil, Depolarization, law.invention, law, Ageing, Insulation system, medicine, Forensic engineering, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Composite material, Mineral oil, Transformer, medicine.drug
Abstract

Polarization and Depolarization Current (PDC) technique is an effective tool to assess the condition of oil-paper insulation system in power transformers. So far the PDC behaviors of mineral oil-paper insulation have been widely investigated. However, with the increasing number of transformer choosing natural ester as its insulation oil, it is important to investigate the PDC characteristics of natural ester-paper insulation to see whether the PDC technique can also be used to assess the condition of new insulation system using natural ester in transformers accurately. In this research, natural esterpaper insulation sample and mineral oil-paper insulation sample were subjected to thermally accelerated ageing experiment at 110 °C for 120 days. The PDC characteristics of natural ester-paper insulation sample and mineral oil-paper insulation sample were compared over the ageing process. A new method for assessing the ageing condition of the oil-paper insulation in terms of the depolarization charge quantity was proposed. Results show that the polarization/depolarization current of natural ester-paper insulation sample is higher than that of mineral oil-paper insulation sample with the same ageing intervals. The depolarization charge quantity of both kinds of oil-paper insulation sample is very sensitive to their ageing conditions. There is an exponential relation between the stable depolarization charge quantity of both kinds of oil-paper insulation sample and the degree of polymerization (DP) of paper. The depolarization charge quantity can be used to predict the ageing condition of oil-paper insulation providing the measurement temperature is kept the same.

Published
2012

23. Influence of natural ester on frequency dielectric response of impregnated insulation pressboard

Author

Jian Hao, Zhiqin Ma, Liao Ruijin, and Lijun Yang

Subjects
Pressboard, Materials science, Waste management, Dielectric, Dielectric response, Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics, law.invention, law, Insulation system, medicine, Dielectric loss, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Composite material, Transformer, Mineral oil, Water content, medicine.drug
Abstract

It is important to investigate the dielectric behaviour of natural ester-paper insulation, as the number of transformers choosing natural ester as their insulation oil is increasing. A comparative study of the pressboard with different conditions immersed in natural ester and mineral oil was conducted. X–Y model simulation was used to indicate the difference between the frequency-domain spectroscopy characteristics of transformer main insulation system using natural ester-pressboard insulation (NEPI) system and mineral oil-pressboard insulation (MOPI) system, which have the same moisture content or experience the same ageing period. Compared with the MOPI with low moisture content, the NEPI with the same low moisture content has higher ɛ′r and tanδ values in the lower frequency region at various temperatures; although no significant differences exist in the ɛ′r and tanδ curves of these two kinds of oil-impregnated pressboard, when its moisture content is high. The X–Y model simulation results also show that the dielectric loss difference between the NEPI system and the MOPI system with low moisture content is more obvious at higher temperature. Besides, the pressboard aged in natural ester has higher ɛ′r and tanδ values than that aged in mineral oil after ageing for the same time. X–Y model simulation results show that the tanδ values in the lower and middle frequency regions could be used as the ‘fingerprint’ of the ageing condition of the NEPI system and the mineral-oil pressboard insulation system.

Published
2012

24. Research on the temperature dielectric spectrum of vegetable oil, mineral oil and their relevant oil-impregnated papers.

Author

Pei Guo, Liao, Ruijin, Jian Hao, Zhiqin Ma, and Lijun Yang

Abstract

Features of high flash point, high degradation rate and the reproducibility make vegetable oil possible to be a new kind of insulation oil, which is expected to replace mineral oil. Temperature has a great influence on the dielectric characteristics of insulation oil and the oil-impregnated papers, so with the increasing use of vegetable oil in transformers, it is necessary to study the temperature dielectric spectrum (TDS) characteristics of the vegetable oil-paper insulation to judge whether TDS can be used to evaluate the state of the vegetable oil-paper insulation system. In this paper, TDS of vegetable oil, mineral oil and their relevant oil-impregnated papers at 50Hz were measured and analyzed by using the Concept80 broadband dielectric spectrometer. It can be concluded that: relative permittivity (ε) of vegetable oil and mineral oil at 50Hz decreases when the temperature increases. However, ε of their relevant oil-impregnated papers at 50Hz increases firstly and then decreases with the increase of temperature. Besides, ε of vegetable oil and vegetable oil-impregnated papers is higher than that of mineral oil and mineral oil-impregnated papers respectively, which is helpful to miniaturize the transformer structure. Dissipation factor (tanδ) of both kinds of oil and their relevant oil-impregnated papers at 50Hz increases with the increase of temperature. The rising rate of tanδ of the vegetable oil is obviously greater than that of the mineral oil while tanδ of mineral oil-impregnated papers is slightly greater than that of vegetable oil-impregnated papers, which proves that vegetable oil can slow down the aging of transformer insulation. TDS of both ε and tanδ at 50Hz can be expressed by the cubic function. This provides a new method for using TDS to evaluate the insulation status of the transformer oil-paper insulation system. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Published
2012
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25. A double-blinded randomized trial on growth and feeding tolerance with Saccharomyces boulardii CNCM I-745 in formula-fed preterm infants

Author

Lingfen Xu, Yun Wang, Yang Wang, Jianhua Fu, Mei Sun, Zhiqin Mao, and Yvan Vandenplas

Subjects
(In)Tolerância de alimentação, Crescimento, Enterocolite necrosante, Neonato prematuro, Probiótico, Sepse, Pediatrics, RJ1-570
Abstract

Abstract Objective: The use of probiotics is increasingly popular in preterm neonates, as they may prevent necrotizing enterocolitis sepsis and improve growth and feeding tolerance. There is only limited literature on Saccharomyces boulardii CNCM I-745 (S. boulardii) in preterm infants. Method: A prospective, randomized, case-controlled trial with the probiotic S. boulardii (50 mg/kg twice daily) was conducted in newborns with a gestational age of 30-37 weeks and a birth weight between 1500 and 2500 g. Results: 125 neonates were enrolled; 63 in the treatment and 62 in the control group. Weight gain (16.14 ± 1.96 vs. 10.73 ± 1.77 g/kg/day, p < 0.05) and formula intake at maximal enteral feeding (128.4 ± 6.7 vs. 112.3 ± 7.2 mL/kg/day, p < 0.05) were significantly higher in the intervention group. Once enteral feeding was started, the time needed to reach full enteral feeding was significantly shorter in the probiotic group (0.4 ± 0.1 vs. 1.7 ± 0.5 days, p < 0.05). There was no significant difference in sepsis. Necrotizing enterocolitis did not occur. No adverse effects related to S. boulardii were observed. Conclusion: Prophylactic supplementation of S. boulardii at a dose of 50 mg/kg twice a day improved weight gain, improved feeding tolerance, and had no adverse effects in preterm infants >30 weeks old.

Published
2016
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