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The genetic basis of soybean root system architecture (RSA) and the genetic relationship between shoot and RSA were revealed by integrating data from recombinant inbred population grafting and QTL mapping. Variations in root system architecture (RSA) affect the functions of roots and thus play vital roles in plant adaptations and agricultural productivity. The aim of this study was to unravel the genetic relationship between RSA traits and shoot-related traits in soybean. This study characterized RSA variability at seedling stage in a recombinant inbred population, derived from a cross between cultivated soybean C08 and wild soybean W05, and performed high-resolution quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping. In total, 34 and 41 QTLs were detected for RSA-related and shoot-related traits, respectively, constituting eight QTL clusters. Significant QTL correspondence was found between shoot biomass and RSA-related traits, consistent with significant correlations between these phenotypes. RSA-related QTLs also overlapped with selection regions in the genome, suggesting the cultivar RSA could be a partial consequence of domestication. Using reciprocal grafting, we confirmed that shoot-derived signals affected root development and the effects were controlled by multiple loci. Meanwhile, RSA-related QTLs were found to co-localize with four soybean flowering-time loci. Consistent with the phenotypes of the parental lines of our RI population, diminishing the function of flowering controlling E1 family through RNA interference (RNAi) led to reduced root growth. This implies that the flowering time-related genes within the RSA-related QTLs are actually contributing to RSA. To conclude, this study identified the QTLs that determine RSA through controlling root growth indirectly via regulating shoot functions, and discovered superior alleles from wild soybean that could be used to improve the root structure in existing soybean cultivars.

The Wildsoydb DataHub is an integrated interface for biologists and breeders to access soybean genomic resources easily, allowing them to fully utilize the results of genomic research.

Transcription factors (TFs) help plants respond to environmental stresses by regulating gene expression. Up till now, studies on the MYB family of TFs have mainly focused on the highly abundant R2R3-subtype. While the less well-known 1R-subtype has been generally shown to enhance abscisic acid (ABA) sensitivity by acting as transcriptional activators, the mechanisms of their functions are unclear. Here we identified an ABA sensitivity-associated gene from soybean, ABA-Sensitive 1 (GmABAS1), of the 1R-subtype of MYB. Using the GFP-GmABAS1 fusion protein, we demonstrated that GmABAS1 is localized in the nucleus, and with yeast reporter systems, we showed that it is a transcriptional repressor. We then identified the target gene of GmABAS1 to be Glyma.01G060300, an annotated ABI five-binding protein 3 and showed that GmABAS1 binds to the promoter of Glyma.01G060300 both in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, Glyma.01G060300 and GmABAS1 exhibited reciprocal expression patterns under osmotic stress, inferring that GmABAS1 is a transcriptional repressor of Glyma.01G060300. As a further confirmation, AtAFP2, an orthologue of Glyma.01G060300, was down-regulated in GmABAS1-transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana, enhancing the plant’s sensitivity to ABA. This is the first time a 1R-subtype of MYB from soybean has been reported to enhance ABA sensitivity by acting as a transcriptional repressor., ABAS1 negatively regulates the expression of a soybean AFP3 homologue and enhances ABA sensitivity. This is the first report on the transcriptional repressor activity of a 1R-subtype MYB from soybean.

High chromium cast iron (HCCI) has been widely used as wear-resistant material in the industry. Alloying is an effective way to improve the microstructure and mechanical properties of HCCI. This paper added multi-component V-Fe-Ti-Nb-C-Zr-B alloy (VFC) to HCCI, showing a significant synergistic solution-strengthening effect. The results show that the added V-Ti-Nb-B are dissolved in M7C3 carbide to form the (Cr, Fe, V, Ti, Nb)7(C, B)3 alloy carbide, and a small amount of V and all Zr are dissolved in austenite and martensite. Adding VFC into HCCI improved the hardenability of HCCI, decreased the residual austenite content from 6.0 wt% to 0.9 wt%, increased the martensite content from 70.7 wt% to 82.5 wt%, and changed the structure and content of M7C3 carbide. These changes increased the hardness of as-cast and heat-tread HCCI by 1.4% and 4.1%, increased the hardness of austenite and martensite by 7.9% and 7.0%, increased the impact toughness by 16.9%, and decreased the friction coefficient and wear loss by 2.3 % and 7.0 %, respectively. Thus, the hardness, toughness, wear resistance, and friction resistance of HCCI alloy are improved simultaneously.

Efficient crop improvement depends on the application of accurate genetic information contained in diverse germplasm resources. Here we report a reference-grade genome of wild soybean accession W05, with a final assembled genome size of 1013.2 Mb and a contig N50 of 3.3 Mb. The analytical power of the W05 genome is demonstrated by several examples. First, we identify an inversion at the locus determining seed coat color during domestication. Second, a translocation event between chromosomes 11 and 13 of some genotypes is shown to interfere with the assignment of QTLs. Third, we find a region containing copy number variations of the Kunitz trypsin inhibitor (KTI) genes. Such findings illustrate the power of this assembly in the analysis of large structural variations in soybean germplasm collections. The wild soybean genome assembly has wide applications in comparative genomic and evolutionary studies, as well as in crop breeding and improvement programs., Wild relatives of crop plants are invaluable germplasm for genetic improvement. Here, Xie et al. report a reference-grade wild soybean genome and show that it can be used to identify structural variation and refine quantitative trait loci.

Accessible chromatin regions (ACRs) are tightly associated with gene expressions in the genome. Conserved non-coding cis-regulatory elements, such as transcription factor binding motifs, are usually found in ACRs, indicating an essential regulatory role of ACRs in the plant genome architecture. However, there have been few studies on soybean ACRs, especially those focusing on specific tissues. Hence, in this study, with the convenient ATAC-seq, we identified the ACRs in six soybean tissues, including root, leaf bud, flower, flower bud, developing seed, and pod. In total, the ACRs occupied about 3.3% of the entire soybean genome. By integrating the results from RNA-seq and transcription factor (TF) ChIP-seq, ACRs were found to be tightly associated with gene expressions and TF binding capacities in soybean. Together, these data provide a comprehensive understanding of the genomic features of ACRs in soybean. As a collection of essential genomic resources, these processed data are made available at datahub.wildsoydb.org.

Salinity is a major environmental factor that constrains soybean yield and grain quality. Given our past observations using the salt-sensitive soybean (Glycine max [L.] Merr.) accession C08 on its early responses to salinity and salt-induced transcriptomic modifications, the aim of this study was to assess the lipid profile changes in this cultivar before and after short-term salt stress, and to explore the adaptive mechanisms underpinning lipid homeostasis. To this end, lipid profiling and proteomic analyses were performed on the leaves of soybean seedlings subjected to salt treatment for 0, 0.5, 1, and 2 h. Our results revealed that short-term salt stress caused dynamic lipid alterations resulting in recycling for both galactolipids and phospholipids. A comprehensive understanding of membrane lipid adaption following salt treatment was achieved by combining time-dependent lipidomic and proteomic data. Proteins involved in phosphoinositide synthesis and turnover were upregulated at the onset of salt treatment. Salinity-induced lipid recycling was shown to enhance jasmonic acid and phosphatidylinositol biosyntheses. Our study demonstrated that salt stress resulted in a remodeling of membrane lipid composition and an alteration in membrane lipids associated with lipid signaling and metabolism in C08 leaves.

ChIP-seq is widely used for mapping the transcription factor (TF) binding sites throughout the genome in vivo. In this study, we adopted and modified ChIPmentation, a fast, robust, low-input requirement ChIP-seq method, to a transient expression system using soybean protoplasts to expedite the exploration of TF binding sites. To test this new protocol, we expressed a tagged version of a C2H2-type zinc finger TF, JAGGED1 (GmJAG1), in soybean protoplasts and successfully identified its binding sites in the soybean genome. Furthermore, valuable genomic features such as a novel GmJAG1-binding motif, and the epigenetic characteristics as well as an enhancer-like function of GmJBSs were also found via coupling ATAC-seq and H3K27me3 ChIP-seq data. The application of the modified ChIPmentation protocol in this study using soybean protoplasts provided a new approach for rapid elucidation of how a TF binds to the various target genes in the soybean genome, as illustrated here using GmJAG1.

Flavonoids are a class of polyphenolic compounds that naturally occur in plants. Sub-groups of flavonoids include flavone, flavonol, flavanone, flavanonol, anthocyanidin, flavanol and isoflavone. The various modifications on flavonoid molecules further increase the diversity of flavonoids. Certain crops are famous for being enriched in specific flavonoids. For example, anthocyanins, which give rise to a purplish color, are the characteristic compounds in berries; flavanols are enriched in teas; and isoflavones are uniquely found in several legumes. It is widely accepted that the antioxidative properties of flavonoids are beneficial for human health. In this review, we summarize the classification of the different sub-groups of flavonoids based on their molecular structures. The health benefits of flavonoids are addressed from the perspective of their molecular structures. The flavonoid biosynthesis pathways are compared among different crops to highlight the mechanisms that lead to the differential accumulation of different sub-groups of flavonoids. In addition, the mechanisms and genes involved in the transport and accumulation of flavonoids in crops are discussed. We hope the understanding of flavonoid accumulation in crops will guide the proper balance in their consumption to improve human health.

To obtain a comprehensive understanding of transcriptomic reprogramming under salt stress, we performed whole-transcriptome sequencing on the leaf and root of soybean seedlings subjected to salt treatment in a time-course experiment (0h, 1h, 2h, 4 h, 24h and 48h). This time series dataset enabled us to identify important hubs and connections of gene expressions. We highlighted the analysis on phytohormone signaling pathways and their possible cross-talks. Differential expressions were also found among those genes involved in carbon and nitrogen metabolism. In general, the salt-treated seedlings slowed down their photosynthetic functions and ramped up sugar catabolism to provide extra energy for survival. Primary nitrogen assimilation was shut down while nitrogen resources were redistributed. Overall, the results from the transcriptomic analyses indicate that the plant uses a multi-pronged approach to overcome salt stress, with both fast-acting, immediate physiological responses and longer-term reactions that may involve metabolic adjustment.

Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been shown to play important roles in various organisms, including plant species. Several tools and pipelines have emerged for lncRNA identification, including reference-based transcriptome assembly pipelines and various coding potential calculating tools. In this protocol, we have integrated some of the most updated computational tools and described the procedures step-by-step for identifying lncRNAs from plant strand-specific RNA-sequencing datasets. We will start from clean RNA-sequencing reads, followed by reference-based transcriptome assembly, filtering of known genes, and lncRNA prediction. At the end point, users will obtain a set of predicted lncRNAs for downstream use.

Ti-45Al-7Nb alloys are produced by liquid-metal-cooling (LMC) directional solidification (DS) furnace with different temperature gradients (G) at a range of 40–80 K/cm. The growth directions of primary β phases and the deflection angles relative to the 〈100〉β direction were investigated. The solidification pathway of alloy is: Liq. → Liq. + β → β → β + α → α + γ → lamella (α2 + γ) + B2. Primary dendrite arm spacing λ reduced from 611.4 µm to 508.7 µm when G increased from 40 K cm−1 to 80 K cm−1. Grains with lamellar orientation aligned at the angles of 12–15° and 55° to growth direction were favored for various G. The orientations of the γ lamellas in steady-state regions were identified by the electron backscattered diffraction analysis (EBSD). The results indicated that the growth directions of primary bcc-β dendrites were 〈211〉β and 〈110〉β at 40 K/cm, 〈210〉β and 〈211〉β at 50 K/cm and 〈211〉β at 80 K/cm, the deflection angle of 〈211〉β relative to 〈100〉β direction is 35.3°.

Maize (Zea mays L.), one of the most important cereal crops in the world, is salt-sensitive. It is critical to study the genes associated with salt tolerance, the differential gene expression pattern between salt-tolerant and salt-sensitive lines, and the mechanism of salt tolerance in maize. Two maize inbred lines with different salt sensitivity, NC286 and Huangzao4, were used to reveal early responsive genes under high salinity condition. Suppression subtractive hybridization (SSH) assay was conducted to identify potential genes involved in the early stage of maize seedlings in responses to 200mM NaCl. A custom μparaflo™ microfluidic array (LC science USA) containing Release version 10.1 plant miRNA probes (http://microrna.sanger.ac.uk/) was used to discover salt stress responsive miRNAs using the differences in miRNAs expression between these two maize lines. Cis-elemnet analysis was performed in the promoter regions of these two kinds of salt stress responsive transcriptions. The expression of a total of 141 unique genes was significantly changed under 200mM NaCl salt shock within 24 hours. These genes were involved in a broad spectrum of biochemical, cellular, and physiological processes. They were assigned to 14 categories based on their biological functions. Some of them were previously reported to be associated with biotic and abiotic stresses, and several novel genes detected. A gene model was proposed which showed how these genes could sense and response to the high salinity environment. The promoter regions of these 141 salt responsive genes were analyzed, and salt responsive key cis-elements uncovered. The cis-elements usage bias of the salt responsive mRNAs and non-coding RNAs were of the same. The different expression profiles of the genes, especially the ones involved in salt signal cascades and phytohormones responding, could explain the different salt stress response in the two maize inbred lines. The similar cis-elements usage bias of two kinds of salt responsive transcriptions suggests they may be regulated by the same trans-factors.

The microstructure evolution of Ti-47Al-2Cr-2Nb alloy was investigated on liquid metal cooling type directional solidified apparatus at high temperature gradient. The analysis shows that it is solidified with primary β cells/dendrites, and then α phase is formed through peritectic reaction. Once the columnar grains grow into the steady state, the lamellar orientation inclined with the angle of 45° to the withdrawal direction is more favored than that with parallel to the withdrawal direction. In addition, α phase grain nucleates from β-interdendrite regions, and grows up to the dendritic trunk. If no other α grain hinders its growth, it would occupy the whole dendrite, or it would stop at the dendritic trunk for the weakened motivating drive in the β dendritic core.

The F-box family is one of the largest gene families in plants that regulate diverse life processes, including salt responses. However, the knowledge of the soybean F-box genes and their roles in salt tolerance remains limited. Here, we conducted a genome-wide survey of the soybean F-box family, and their expression analysis in response to salinity via in silico analysis of online RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) data and quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) to predict their potential functions. A total of 725 potential F-box proteins encoded by 509 genes were identified and classified into 9 subfamilies. The gene structures, conserved domains and chromosomal distributions were characterized. There are 76 pairs of duplicate genes identified, including genome-wide segmental and tandem duplication events, which lead to the expansion of the number of F-box genes. The in silico expression analysis showed that these genes would be involved in diverse developmental functions and play an important role in salt response. Our qRT-PCR analysis confirmed 12 salt-responding F-box genes. Overall, our results provide useful information on soybean F-box genes, especially their potential roles in salt tolerance.

Using a whole-genome-sequencing approach to explore germplasm resources can serve as an important strategy for crop improvement, especially in investigating wild accessions that may contain useful genetic resources that have been lost during the domestication process. Here we sequence and assemble a draft genome of wild soybean and construct a recombinant inbred population for genotyping-by-sequencing and phenotypic analyses to identify multiple QTLs relevant to traits of interest in agriculture. We use a combination of de novo sequencing data from this work and our previous germplasm re-sequencing data to identify a novel ion transporter gene, GmCHX1, and relate its sequence alterations to salt tolerance. Rapid gain-of-function tests show the protective effects of GmCHX1 towards salt stress. This combination of whole-genome de novo sequencing, high-density-marker QTL mapping by re-sequencing and functional analyses can serve as an effective strategy to unveil novel genomic information in wild soybean to facilitate crop improvement., The identification of genes that control economically important traits is an essential step towards crop improvement. Here the authors sequence the genome of the wild soybean and, through a combined genetic and functional approach, identify a new gene affecting salt tolerance in soybean.