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Radical prostatectomy is a standard surgical strategy for prostate cancer though with a few postoperative complications such as urinary incontinence, erectile dysfunction and vesicle urethral anastomotic stricture. Post-prostatectomy incontinence, as a common complication seriously affecting the patient's quality of life, is mainly diagnosed according to the clinical symptoms and the results of urodynamic and imaging examinations. Patients with post-prostatectomy incontinence may undergo corresponding anatomic and functional changes, which can be clearly and directly observed in imaging examination. This review focuses on the advances in the imaging studies of post-prostatectomy urinary incontinence from the perspectives of MRI, ultrasound and cystourethrography.

To evaluate the efficacy of Huang'e Capsules in the treatment of BPH of the qi-deficiency blood-stasis and damp-heat stagnation type under conditions of extensive use.Totally, 605 male patients with BPH of the qi-deficiency blood-stasis and damp-heat stagnation type received oral Huang'e Capsules, tid, 4 capsules per time, for 42 days. We recorded the IPSS, maximum urinary flow rate (Qmax), mean urinary flow rate (Qave), quality of life (QOL) score, and prostate volume of the patients before and after medication.A total of 503 patients completed the whole trial. Compared with the baseline, the patients showed significant decreases after treatment in the IPSS (20.1 ± 5.5 vs 12.6 ± 5.0, P0.05), QOL score (4.19 ± 0.90 vs 2.50 ± 0.89, P0.05) and prostate volume (［36.6 ± 15.8］ vs ［34.0 ± 17.6］ ml, P0.05), but remarkable increases in Qmax (［12.2 ± 5.8］ vs ［14.2 ± 6.5］ ml/s, P0.05) and Qave (［5.91 ± 3.12］ vs ［6.95 ± 3.45］ ml/s, P0.05).Huang'e Capsules had a good therapeutic effect on BPH of the qi-deficiency blood-stasis and damp-heat stagnation type.

Objectives The present work evaluated preventive effect of curcumin on cisplatin-induced bladder cystopathy. Methods Fifteen female rats were divided into (i) Control group administered with physiological saline solution for 5 days; (ii) Cis-P group injected with cisplatin (6 mg/kg); and (iii) Cis-Cur group given cisplatin (6 mg/kg) with curcumin for 5 consecutive days. The function of bladder was measured by means of urodynamic analysis. Furthermore, hematoxylin-eosin staining and Masson trichrome staining were performed for morphological analysis. The cell apoptosis was evaluated through terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP-biotin nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay and flow cytometry. The expression of nerve growth factor (NGF), NF-E2-related factor 2, and hemeoxygenase-1 (HO-1) levels were measured through Western blotting. Results Urodynamic assay and histopathological manifestations revealed that curcumin ameliorated the bladder dysfunction induced by cisplatin. The level of cisplatin-induced apoptosis in the bladder decreased following curcumin treatment. Also, the increased protein expression of NGF indicated that the curcumin could offer neuroprotection for bladder against cisplatin. Curcumin also activated NRF2, and elevated the expression of HO-1, but curcumin could not rescue cisplatin-induced apoptosis in the cell lines with knockdown of NRF2. Conclusions Taken together, the results of this paper showed that curcumin could ameliorate cisplatin-induced cystopathy and inhibit the apoptosis of bladder cell in cisplatin-treated rats. This may be attributed to curcumin's broad biological functions, particularly antioxidant effect, and to its ability to activate the NRF2 protein.

To assess the clinical efficacy of the saw palmetto fruit extract (SPFE) in the treatment of lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) in patients with type ⅢA prostatitis.This retrospective study included 54 cases of type ⅢA prostatitis treated in the Outpatient Department of our hospital from January to December 2015. The patients were aged 35.06 ± 5.85 years, with a mean disease course of 3.8 ± 2.1 years, and all received oral medication of SPFE Capsules at the dose of 320 mg qd for 12 weeks. We assessed the therapeutic effects by comparing the NIH-chronic prostatitis symptom indexes (NIH-CPSI), voiding diary, International Prostate Symptom Scores (IPSS), and results of urodynamic examination before and after treatment.Compared with the baseline, both NIH-CPSI and IPSS were significantly decreased after medication (27.61 ± 3.76 vs 18.6 ± 5.34, P0.01; 20.44 ± 4.51 vs 10.96±4.62, P0.01), and urodynamic examination and voiding diary showed dramatic post-medication improvement in the average urinary flow rate (［8.05±1.42］ vs ［12.05±2.60］ ml/s, P0.01 ), maximum urinary flow rate (［14.22±1.74］ vs ［21.32±4.51］ ml/s, P0.01), residual urine volume (［46.15±16.57］ vs ［14.55±10.21］ ml, P0.01), maximum urethral closure pressure (［76.52±3.53］ vs ［65.32±4.75］ cm H2O, P0.01), mean urinary volume (［124.63±40.55］ vs ［285.93±58.68］ ml, P0.01), urination frequency (16.96±4.17 vs 8.96±2.50, P0.01), and nocturia frequency (8.94±3.23 vs 3.15±1.90, P0.01). No apparent adverse reactions were observed in any of the patients.SPFE Capsules can safely and effectively improve LUTS and thus the quality of life of patients with type ⅢA prostatitis.目的： 探讨锯叶棕果实提取物对以下尿路症状（LUTS）为主要症状的ⅢA型前列腺炎治疗的临床疗效。方法： 对2015年1月至12月就诊的54例ⅢA型前列腺炎患者予以锯叶棕果实提取物软胶囊口服320 mg/次，1次/d，12周后评价疗效。使用慢性前列腺炎症状指数（NIH-CPSI）评分、排尿日记及国际前列腺症状（IPSS）评分评估治疗前后症状，并行尿动力学检查，比较患者治疗前后变化。结果： 治疗12周后，患者的NIH-CPSI评分（18.6±5.34）较治疗前（27.61±3.76）明显下降（P0.01）、IPSS评分（10.96±4.62）较治疗前（20.44±4.51）有明显下降（P0.01）。尿动力学检查指标反应治疗前平均尿流率［AFR(8.05±1.42) ml/s］、最大尿流率［MFR(14.22±1.74) ml/s］、残余尿［RU(46.15±16.57) ml］、尿道最大闭合压［MCP(76.52±3.53) cmH2O］，治疗后指标［AFR(12.05±2.60) ml/s、MFR(21.32±4.51) ml/s、RU(14.55±10.21) ml、MCP(65.32±4.75) cmH2O］均明显改善（P0.01）。排尿日记显示治疗后平均排尿量［（285.93±58.68) ml］、排尿次数（8.96±2.50）及夜尿次数（3.15±1.90）次均较治疗前［（124.63±40.55) ml、16.96±4.17、8.94±3.23］明显改善（P0.01）。治疗期间所有患者均未诉不良反应。结论： 锯叶棕果实提取物可有效地改善ⅢA型前列腺炎患者出现的LUTS，提高患者生活质量，且安全性高，可作为临床治疗方案之一。.

To assess the efficacy and safety of Saw Palmetto Extract Capsules in the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH).We conducted a multi-centered open clinical study on 165 BPH patients treated with Saw Palmetto Extract Capsules at a dose of 160 mg qd for 12 weeks. At the baseline and after 6 and 12 weeks of medication, we compared the International Prostate Symptom Scores (IPSS), prostate volume, postvoid residual urine volume, urinary flow rate, quality of life scores (QOL), and adverse events between the two groups of patients.Compared with the baseline, both IPSS and QOL were improved after 6 weeks of medication, and at 12 weeks, significant improvement was found in IPSS, QOL, urinary flow rate, and postvoid residual urine. Mild stomachache occurred in 1 case, which necessitated no treatment.Saw Palmetto Extract Capsules were safe and effective for the treatment of BPH.

Aim: To explore the effects and mechanisms of caffeine and coffee on bladder dysfunction in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Methods: Sprague-Dawley male rats were divided randomly into 4 groups: control, diabetes mellitus (DM), DM with coffee treatment, and DM with caffeine treatment. The diabetic rat was induced by intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (60 mg/kg). After 7 weeks of treatment with coffee and caffeine, cystometrogram, contractile responses to electrical field stimulation (EFS) and acetylcholine (ACh), and cyclic AMP (cAMP) concentration of the bladder body and base were measured. Results: The bladder weight, volume threshold for micturition and post-void residual volume (PVR) in the diabetic rats were significantly higher compared to those in the control animals. Coffee or caffeine treatment significantly reduced the bladder weight, bladder capacity and PVR in the diabetic rats. DM caused significant decreases in cAMP concentration of the bladder and coffee and caffeine caused upregulation of c AMP content in the diabetic bladder. In addition, coffee and caffeine tended to normalize the altered detrusor contractile responses to EFS and ACh in the diabetic rats. Conclusion: These results indicate that caffeine and coffee may have beneficial effects on bladder dysfunction in the early stage of diabetes by increasing cAMP content in the lower urinary tract, recovering the micturition reflex and improving the detrusor contractility.

Distributions of seven PCBs (polychlorinated biphenyls) congeners and 13 OCPs (organochlorinated pesticides) were investigated in paddy soil section in Hongfeng reservoir area. The results showed that DDTs and its metabolized compounds, isomer of HCHs, Endrin, heptachlor, PCB 28 and PCB 52 were detected in all soil samples. Compared to the polluted area, the concentrations of PCBs were lower in study area, while the compositions of organic pollutants in soil samples were similar. The dominant compositions of PCBs and OCPs were tri-, tetra-, and penta-chlorinated PCB congeners and DDTs respectively. The proportion of tri-, tetra-and penta-CB was 89 percent. The contents of DDTs were between 4.7 ng/g and 42.6 ng/g and p, p'-DDE, p, p'-DDT were the major isomers. The ratios of DDT/ (DDD + DDE) showed that the rate of DDTs degradation and environment status were different. The range of alpha-HCH/gamma-HCH was 0.28 - 0.90, indicating that HCHs had stayed for long time in environment. By photolysis and microbial, the proportion of the HCHs isomers had changed in Hongfeng reservoir area. SigmaTEQ of PCB118 and PCB180 were 0.06 - 0.51 pg/g.

To explore the effects and mechanisms of caffeine and coffee on bladder dysfunction in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats.Sprague-Dawley male rats were divided randomly into 4 groups: control, diabetes mellitus (DM), DM with coffee treatment, and DM with caffeine treatment. The diabetic rat was induced by intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (60 mg/kg). After 7 weeks of treatment with coffee and caffeine, cystometrogram, contractile responses to electrical field stimulation (EFS) and acetylcholine (ACh), and cyclic AMP (cAMP) concentration of the bladder body and base were measured.The bladder weight, volume threshold for micturition and post-void residual volume (PVR) in the diabetic rats were significantly higher compared to those in the control animals. Coffee or caffeine treatment significantly reduced the bladder weight, bladder capacity and PVR in the diabetic rats. DM caused significant decreases in cAMP concentration of the bladder and coffee and caffeine caused upregulation of cAMP content in the diabetic bladder. In addition, coffee and caffeine tended to normalize the altered detrusor contractile responses to EFS and ACh in the diabetic rats.These results indicate that caffeine and coffee may have beneficial effects on bladder dysfunction in the early stage of diabetes by increasing cAMP content in the lower urinary tract, recovering the micturition reflex and improving the detrusor contractility.

To investigate the level of AIDS knowledge among people concerned in Nanjing city in order to provide scientific evidence and constructive suggestions for the government to formulate relevant policies for AIDS control.Three sets of questionnaires on AIDS knowledge were designed, the scores calculated, and the results evaluated.Of the 2,500 questionnaires issued to 4 different groups of people, 2,436 were collected back with effective answers, 991 from medical and health-related workers with the mean score of 58, 473 from college students with the mean score of 39.9, 524 from common city residents with the mean score of 42.3, and 448 from those working in high risk environment with the mean score of 47.The level of AIDS knowledge among people concerned in Nanjing city was far below the requirement of the nation, especially among medical and health-related workers. Efforts must be made to raise the level of AIDS knowledge of people concerned so as to enhance the prevention and treatment of the disease.

The results of cascade Knoevenagel–Michael reactions of tetronic acid and various aldehydes induced by electrochemically-generated base are described. It has been observed that electrochemical method at 0 °C gave higher yields of the corresponding methylenebistetronic acids. Also, a wide spectra of products could generate from electrolysis at room temperature, including seven-membered cyclic acetals, dehydrodimer of tetronic acid and the desired methylenebistetronic acids. The electrochemical results were also evaluated and compared with those obtained by using a conventional chemical method.