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Using fresh core samples, we have determined the origin and formation process of Eocene lacustrine dolomites in the Tibetan Plateau through petrological, mineralogical, and geochemical analyses. Dolomitic rocks were collected from the upper member of the Eocene Niubao Formation in the Lunpola Basin, consisting of dolomitic mudstone, argillaceous dolomite, dolomite-bearing mudstone, and mud-bearing dolomite. These dolomites are dominated by aphanotopic and microcrystalline dolomites, with minor amounts of euhedral or subhedral powder- and fine-crystalline dolomites. Carbon and oxygen stable isotopes, combined with ubiquitous gypsum in study area, indicate a semisaline continental lake under strong evaporative conditions. The revealed relatively high temperature of the dolomitization (33.8°C–119.1°C), combined with hydrothermal minerals such as cerous phosphate and barite, reflect the participation of dolomite from hot fluids. Moreover, the inferred dolomitization temperatures decrease gradually toward the center of the lake basin, suggesting the resurgence of hydrothermal fluids along a fault zone on the lake margin. This proves that frequent thermal events occurred at the boundary fault of the Lunpola Basin margin during early Himalayan orogenesis. In addition, Jurassic carbonates interacting with hydrothermal fluids, as well as strong evaporation conditions, likely provided favorable conditions for the formation of primary lime sediments. A rich source of [Formula: see text] brought by volcanic ash, hydrothermal fluids, and the Jurassic carbonates then created conditions for dolomitization during the depositional period. Strong evaporation under a relatively hot climate enhanced penecontemporaneous dolomitization, thus forming dolomite. Tibetan Plateau was under arid to semiarid climate conditions, and there was a widespread distribution of dolostones in western, central, and northern China during the Eocene period. The hydrothermal dolomites of the upper Niubao Formation testify for active hot springs, whereas lacustrine dolomite imply arid or semiarid climates during the Eocene, in the early stages of Himalayan orogenesis.

The Eocene Niubao Formation is the primary research target of oil exploration in the Lunpola Basin. Crude oil was extracted from Well Z1 on the northern margin of the basin in 1993. In this study, an integrated evaluation of the source rock, geothermal, and maturity histories and the fluid inclusion and fluid potential distributions was performed to aid in predicting areas of hydrocarbon accumulation. Due to the abundance of organic matter, the kerogen types, maturity, and oil-sources correlate with the geochemical data. The middle submember of the second member of the Niubao Formation (E2n2-2) is the most favorable source rock based on the amount of oil produced from the E2n2-3 and E2n3-1 reservoirs. One- and two-dimensional basin modeling, using BasinMod software, shows that the E2n2-2 source rock started to generate hydrocarbon at 35-30 Ma, reached a maturity of R0=0.7% at 25-20 Ma, and at present, it has reached the peak oil generation stage with a thermal maturity of R0=0.8% to less than R0=1.0%. By using fluid inclusion petrography, fluorescence spectroscopy, and microthermometry, two major periods of oil charging have been revealed at 26.1-17.5 and 32.4-24.6 Ma. The oil accumulation modeling results, conducted by using the Trinity software, show a good fit of the oil shows in the wells and predict that the structural highs and lithologic transitions within the Jiangriaco and Paco sags are potential oil traps.

The Eocene Niubao Formation of the Lunpola Basin, a large Cenozoic intermontane basin in central Tibet, is an important potential hydrocarbon source and reservoir unit. It represents ∼20 Myr of lacustrine sedimentation in a half-graben with a sharply fault-bounded northern margin and a low-angle flexural southern margin, resulting in a highly asymmetric distribution of depositional facies and sediment thicknesses along the N-S axis of the basin. An integrated investigation of well-logs, seismic data, cores and outcrops revealed three third-order sequences (SQ1 to SQ3), each representing a cycle of rising and falling lake levels yielding lowstand, transgressive, and highstand systems tracts. Lowstand systems tracts (LST) include delta and fan delta facies spread widely along the gentle southern margin and concentrated narrowly along the steep northern margin of the basin, with sublacustrine fan sand bodies extending into the basin center. Highstand systems tracts (HST) include expanded areas of basin-center shale deposition, with sublacustrine fans, deltas and fan deltas locally developed along the basin margins. Sequence development may reflect episodes of tectonic uplift and base-level changes. The southern margin of the basin exhibits two different structural styles that locally influenced sequence development, i.e., a multi-step fault belt in the south-central sector and a flexure belt in the southeastern sector. The sedimentary model and sequence stratigraphic framework developed in this study demonstrate that N2 (the middle member of Niubao Formation) exhibits superior hydrocarbon potential, characterized by thicker source rocks and a wider distribution of sand-body reservoirs, although N3 (the upper member of Niubao Formation) also has good potential. Fault-controlled lithologic traps are plentiful along the basin margins, representing attractive targets for future exploratory drilling for hydrocarbons.

Luteolin (LUT) is a flavone, which is universally present as a constituent of traditional Chinese herbs, and certain vegetables and spices, and has been demonstrated to exhibit potent radical scavenging and cytoprotective properties. Although LUT has various beneficial effects on health, the effects of LUT on the protection of skin remain to be fully elucidated. The present study investigated whether LUT can protect human skin fibroblasts (HSFs) from ultraviolet (UV) A irradiation. It was found that, following exposure to different doses of UVA irradiation, the HSFs exhibited autophagy, as observed by fluorescence and transmission electron microscopy, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) bursts, analyzed by flow cytometry, to differing degrees. Following incubation with micromolar concentrations of LUT, ROS production decreased and autophagy gradually declined. In addition, the expression of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α and the classical autophagy-associated proteins, LC3 and Beclin 1 were observed by western blotting. Western blot analysis showed that the expression levels of HIF-1α, LC3-II and Beclin 1 gradually decreased in the UVA-irradiated HSFs following treatment with LUT. These data indicated that UVA-induced autophagy was mediated by ROS, suggesting the possibility of resistance against UV by certain natural antioxidants, including LUT.

The Qixiang Co area is located in the South Qiangtang Depression Zone. Jurassic shales and mudstones with large thicknesses are widely developed in this area. The Jurassic was a potential exploration horizon in the Qiangtang Basin; however, few detailed analyses have been conducted on the geochemical characteristics of mudstones and shales in this area. In this paper, the hydrocarbon generation potential and sedimentary environment of shales and mudstones are analyzed using organic geochemical data. The results show that the abundance of organic matter is low, as indicated by the low TOC value (averaging 0.70%) and hydrocarbon potential (S1+S2) (0.13 mg/g). The main macerals of kerogen are exinites with an average value of 82%, and they are mainly type II2 kerogen. A summary of the results is presented: the thermal maturity of organic matter is high; the average Ro value is more than 1.2%; n-alkanes are dominated by a high carbon number and have no obvious odd-even advantage; the average value of Pr/Ph is 0.74; the distribution of C23 triterpenoids satisfies C20

Varicella-zoster virus (VZV) causes chronic pain and serious complications, including zoster paresis. However, the mechanism of VZV replication, a critical part of VZV pathogenesis, remains largely unknown and was investigated in the present study. The upregulation of microRNA-21 (miR-21) was identified following VZV infection in vitro by quantitative polymerase chain reaction. The hypothesis that the overexpression of miR-21 activates the signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) signaling pathway was validated by measuring the mRNA expression levels of STAT3 and the anti-apoptotic protein survivin in human malignant melanoma (MeWo) and human embryonic lung fibroblast (HELF) cell lines transfected with miR-21-mimic and comparing them with those in cells transfected with miR-control. To further study the interaction of miR-21, STAT3 and VZV replication, the effects of miR-21 overexpression and STAT3 knockdown were evaluated. Higher virus titers were detected when miR-21 was upregulated in vitro. Moreover, it was identified that significantly lower virus titers were present in MeWo cells in which STAT3 was knocked down. In addition, the overexpression of miR-21 did not stimulate VZV replication in the MeWo cell line when the STAT3 gene was silenced. Therefore, the observations of the present study indicate that the enforced expression of miR-21 promotes the replication of VZV by activating STAT3 in vitro.

Herbal preparations can affect the expression of many genes involved in the ischemic process. These genes have been providing insights into the molecular basis of brain plasticity in stroke rehabilitation. However, the extent of plasticity has not been investigated using a chemogenomic approach. A herbal preparation (270 mg/kg) used to treat ischemic mice for 45 days after global ischemia resulted in a significant decrease in infarct volume and neurological score compared with that of vehicle. This effect was characterized by investigating chemical genomic profiles of the mouse hippocampus with a cDNA microarray containing 1176 known genes. Treatment with the herbal preparation reversed the expression of 46 genes out of 100 genes altered in untreated ischemic mouse hippocampus. These data indicated that more genes were upregulated (60.78%) than downregulated (30.61%), and only 46 genes (46%) appear to be prime targets for therapeutic intervention in ischemia. The altered genes can be classified into seven groups, including signal transduction (12 genes, 27%), oncogene (8 genes, 17%), and transcriptional regulation (7 genes, 15%). Such multiple plasticity of expression could be considered as the beneficial role of this herbal preparation in stroke rehabilitation. Changes in gene expression of nuclear factor of activated T cells, 14-3-3eta, and β-arrestin suggest a potential role for the immune system in this plasticity. Brain plasticity originates from a balance of up and downregulated genes (Yin and Yang), and reversal of gene expression in multiple pathways indicates that a complex signaling network may be constructed and investigated further.

Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) depletion occurs frequently in many diseases including cancer. The present study was designed in order to examine the hypothesis that mtDNA‑depleted cells are resistant to apoptosis and to explore the possible mechanisms responsible for this effect. Parental human osteosarcoma 143B cells and mtDNA‑deficient (Rho˚ or ρ˚) 206 cells (derived from 143B cells) were exposed to different doses of solar-simulated ultraviolet (UV) radiation. The effects of solar irradiation on cell morphology were observed under both light and fluorescence microscopes. Furthermore, apoptosis, mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) disruption and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production were detected and measured by flow cytometry. In both cell lines, apoptosis and ROS production were clearly increased, whereas MMP was slightly decreased. However, apoptosis and ROS production were reduced in the Rho˚206 cells compared with the 143B cells. We also performed western blot analysis and demonstrated the increased release of cytosolic Cyt c from mitochondria in the 143B cells compared with that in the Rho˚206 cells. Thus, we concluded that Rho˚206 cells exhibit more resistance to solar‑simulated UV radiation‑induced apoptosis at certain doses than 143B cells and this is possibly due to decreased ROS production.

In order to reveal the mechanism of herbal glycoside recipes retrieving deficient ability of spatial learning memory in mice suffering from cerebral ischemia/reperfusion, a microarray system was used to analyze gene expression in those groups with increasing ability of spatial learning memory who were different from ischemic mice. In this work, we reported a comprehensive characterization of gene expression profiles of mouse hippocampus by the use of cDNA microarray system containing 1176 known genes in middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) ischemic mice after treating with different dosage recipes of glycoside herbs (30, 90, and 270 mg/kg). The ability of spatial learning memory in ischemic mice was found to be decreased. The pathological process in ischemic mouse brain showed that a complex related to 100 genes' expression yielded 1.8-fold. Dose-dependent effects showed an improvement in the deficient ability and reduction in infarct volume when treated with glycoside recipes. Many genes (38-46) in expression were found greater than 1.8-fold in those effective recipes groups, including genes in cell cycle regulation, signal transduction, nerve system transcription factors, DNA binding protein, etc. Nine genes related to retrieving deficient ability of spatial learning memory treated with glycoside recipes were also found in this study. These results suggest that microarray analysis of gene expression might be useful for elucidating the mechanisms of pharmacological function of recipes.

Two new triterpene saponins, mandshunosides A and B (1 and 2), were isolated from the roots and rhizomes of Clematis mandshurica. Their structures were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic evidence and hydrolysis products. Compounds 1 and 2 showed inhibitory activities against two colorectal human cancer cells HCT 116 (IC50 2.1 μM for 1 and 2.5 μM for 2) and HT-29 (IC50 3.7 μM for 1 and 3.3 μM for 2).

This paper provides an introduction to the NGMN (r)evolution from an operator perspective. The highly challenging performance targets that future mobile radio systems need to satisfy are introduced and explained. It is shown which means future technologies such as LTE-A provide and how these means are beneficial in achieving the overall target of persistent customer satisfaction. Exemplarily, coordinated multipoint operation (CoMP), relays and carrier aggregation are discussed showing their potential but also the complexity coming along with these features. Dealing with exponential traffic growth however, can only be overcome by a combination of new features for increased performance to be applied in combination with new deployment concepts.

The dissipation mechanism of excessive energy of umbilical orange under phosphorus deficiency and strong light stress was studied with solution culture method. The results showed that under phosphorus deficiency and strong light stress, the photosynthetic pigment content, net photosynthetic rate (Pn), photorespiration rate (Pr), maximum fluorescence (Fm), photochemical efficiency (Fv/Fm) and electron transmit rate (ETR) of umbilical orange were all declined, while original fluorescence (Fo) and Pr/Pn ratio were raised. The fast-phase (qNf) of non-photochemical quenching of chlorophyll fluorescence was decreased, while the middle-phase (qNm) and slow-phase (qNs) were increased. After treated with DTT, Fo turned higher, but qNm and qNs were much lower than the control (H2O), while qNf did not have any significant change. Phosphorus deficiency and strong light stress aggravated photoinhibition of photosynthesis, which in turn started up several dissipation mechanisms in umbilical orange leaf.

Mild and efficient procedures have been developed for synthesis of 1,8‐naphthalide and 1,8‐naphthalenedimethanol. In an ice‐water bath, 1,8‐naphthalide was prepared from 1,8‐naphthlic anhydride using LiAlH4 as reducing agent. 1,8‐Naphthalenedimethanol was obtained with good yield from reduction of 1,8‐naphthalic anhydride by LiAlH4 and Lewis acids at room temperature. The effects of various factors on the reduction of 1,8‐naphthalic anhydride with LiAlH4 were investigated.

In order to reveal the mechanism of herbal glycoside recipes retrieving deficient ability of spatial learning memory in mice suffering from cerebral ischemia/reperfusion, a microarray system was used to analyze gene expression in those groups with increasing ability of spatial learning memory who were different from ischemic mice. In this work, we reported a comprehensive characterization of gene expression profiles of mouse hippocampus by the use of cDNA microarray system containing 1176 known genes in middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) ischemic mice after treating with different dosage recipes of glycoside herbs (30, 90, and 270 mg/kg). The ability of spatial learning memory in ischemic mice was found to be decreased. The pathological process in ischemic mouse brain showed that a complex related to 100 genes' expression yielded 1.8-fold. Dose-dependent effects showed an improvement in the deficient ability and reduction in infarct volume when treated with glycoside recipes. Many genes (38-46) in expression were found greater than 1.8-fold in those effective recipes groups, including genes in cell cycle regulation, signal transduction, nerve system transcription factors, DNA binding protein, etc. Nine genes related to retrieving deficient ability of spatial learning memory treated with glycoside recipes were also found in this study. These results suggest that microarray analysis of gene expression might be useful for elucidating the mechanisms of pharmacological function of recipes.

This paper deals with the modelling of the microcellular radio wave propagation from the point of view of the radio network planning. Two propagation models, a so-called 3D-model based on the UTD and a ray-launching method, and the COST-Walfish-Ikegami-model, were implemented and some results of comparing the predicted and measured field strength (at 2 GHz) are presented. Both propagation models require 3D building data. Several methods for gaining these data are reported and their feasibility is discussed.

To investigate the relationships between skin photoaging and point mutations in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) control region for replication of dermal fibroblast.Cultured dermal fibroblasts were treated by 8-methoxypsora len /ultraviolet A (8-MOP/UVA). mtDNA was extracted by one-step-method and th e PCR products of D-loop and adjacent transcription promoter (DLP(6)) fragment of mtDNA control region for replication were detected by polymerase chain reaction-single strain conformation polymorphism and direct sequencing.After treated by 8-MOP/UVA, point mutations of 414 T--G of DLP(6) fragment of mtDNA control region for replication largely accumulated.Accumulation of point mutations of DLP(6) fragment of mtDNA control region for replication may be closely associated with skin photoaging.

In the moment-method solution for microstrip antennas, mutual impedances between basis functions must be calulated. A space-domain method for the calculation of mutual impedances is introduced. The method proved to be accurate and computational effective. Numerical results are presented in graphical form