Search

In the extended phase space, we investigate the rainbow gravity-corrected thermodynamic phenomena and phase structure of the Schwarzschild black hole surrounded by a spherical cavity. The results show that rainbow gravity has a very significant effect on the thermodynamic phenomena and phase structure of the black hole. It prevents the black hole from total evaporation and leads to a remnant with a limited temperature but no mass. Additionally, we restore the $P-V$ criticality and obtaine the critical quantities of the canonical ensemble. When the temperature or pressure is smaller than the critical quantities, the system undergoes two Hawking-Page-like phase transitions and one first-order phase transition, which never occurs in the original case. Remarkably, our findings demonstrate that the thermodynamic behavior and phase transition of the rainbow SC black hole surrounded by a cavity in the extended phase space are analogous to those of the Reissner-Nordstr\"{o}m anti-de Sitter black hole. Therefore, rainbow gravity activates the effect of electric charge and cutoff factor in the evolution of the black hole., Comment: 9 pages, 7 figures

Isovitexin (IVT) has been shown to have a potential therapeutic effect on acute liver injury (ALI), but its underlying mechanisms especially the targets remain unclear, which was investigated in the present study. Briefly, the targets of IVT were predicted by bioinformatics and then were verified by multiple examinations using molecular docking, cellular thermal shift assay (CETSA), and Lipopolysaccharide/D-Galactosamine (LPS/D-GalN)-induced ALI animal model. The bioinformatic analysis predicted that the target genes of IVT against ALI were enriched into the PI3K/Akt and ERS-related pathways, in which, molecular docking and CETSA examination verified that the binding sites of IVT likely were PTEN, PI3K and BiP. Furthermore, the possible targets were also verified by animal experiments. The results revealed that IVT significantly ameliorated the hepatic injury, as evidenced by the attenuation of histopathological changes and the reduction in serum aminotransferase and total bilirubin activities. In addition, IVT treatment led to the reduction of PTEN, BiP and ERS-related targets expressions, as well as the elevation of PI3K, Akt and mTOR expressions. Notably, IVT significantly decreased total hepatic m6A level and m6A enrichment of PTEN and BiP, suggesting IVT regulated PTEN and BiP by modulating m6A modification. To sum up, the results indicate that IVT significantly ameliorates ALI, which is attributed to its ability to regulate the PI3K/Akt pathway and ERS by targeting PTEN, PI3K and BiP via modification of m6A. Our finding demonstrates that IVT may be a promising natural medicine for the treatment of ALI.

Background The predictive values of preoperative prognostic nutritional index (PNI) and systemic immune-inflammation index (SII) for long-term recurrence-free survival (RFS) in high-risk non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) have not been fully elucidated. Hence, this study aimed to examine the associations between PNI and SII as well as RFS in patients with high-risk NMIBC who received intravesical instillation of Bacillus Calmette–Guerin (BCG) after transurethral resection of bladder tumour (TURBT).Methods We retrospectively collected data on 387 high-risk NMIBC patients between January 2004 and December 2014. Preoperative PNI was calculated as albumin concentration (g/L)+5×total lymphocyte count (109/L), while preoperative SII was defined as neutrophil count (109/L)×platelet count (109/L)/lymphocyte count (109/L). The optimal cut-off values of PNI and SII were determined via a receiver operating characteristic analysis. RFS was evaluated via a Kaplan–Meier analysis. Between-group differences were compared using the log-rank test. Univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses were performed to assess the predictive values of PNI and SII for RFS.Results Patients were divided into two groups according to the cut-off values of PNI ( Furthermore, based on univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses, PNI and SII were independent predictive factors of RFS in patients with high-risk NMIBC.Conclusion Preoperative PNI and SII are simple, noninvasive, inexpensive and useful tools for predicting long-term RFS among patients with high-risk NMIBC who received intravesical instillation of BCG after TURBT.

We derive the Hamilton-Jacobi equation from the Dirac equation, then, with the help of the Hamilton-Jacobi equation, the the tunneling radiation behavior of the non-stationary spherical symmetry de Sitter black hole is discussed, at last, we obtained the tunneling rate and Hawking temperature. Our results showed that the Hamilton-Jacobi equation is a fundamental dynamic equation, it can widely be derived from the dynamic equations which describe the particles with any spin. Therefore, people can easy calculate the tunneling behavior from the black holes.

The present study aimed to investigate the protective effects and mechanisms of Didymin from Mentha spicata on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) induced by dexamethasone and high-fat diet (DEX/HFD) in C57BL/6J mice. Briefly, mice were acclimated for 5 days and then subjected to DEX/HFD from days 5 to 28; meanwhile, the animals were treated with Didymin or Silibinin from days 12 to 28. Key indicators of NAFLD were then detected, including the pathological changes of liver tissues, serum biochemical indicators, inflammation, oxidative stress, apoptosis and lipid metabolism. Besides, the expressions of pivotal genes and proteins of the TLR4/NF-κB and PI3K/Akt pathways were examined to further elucidate the mechanisms of Didymin. The results demonstrated that Didymin significantly extenuated hepatocyte damage and lipid disorder. Moreover, Didymin markedly decreased hepatocyte apoptosis by regulating the expressions of B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2) family and the expressions of the caspase family. Further study elucidated that Didymin decreased the expressions of toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), as well as the phosphorylation of inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa-B (IκB) and nuclear factor kappa-B p65 (NF-κB p65), suggesting the inhibition of Didymin on the TLR4/NF-κB pathway. Similarly, the PI3K/Akt pathway was also inhibited by Didymin, as evidenced by the decrease in the phosphorylation levels of PI3K and Akt. In summary, this study indicates that Didymin mitigates NAFLD by alleviating lipidosis and suppressing the TLR4/NF-κB and PI3K/Akt pathways, which may be a potential natural medicine for the treatment of NAFLD.

In this paper, we derive the deformed Hamilton-Jacobi equations from the generalized Klein-Gordon equation and generalized Dirac equation. Then, we study the tunneling rate, Hawking temperature and entropy of the higher-dimensional Reissner-Nordstrom de Sitter black hole via the deformed Hamilton-Jacobi equation. Our results show that the deformed Hamilton-Jacobi equations for charged scalar particles and charged fermions have the same expressions. Besides, the modified Hawking temperatures and entropy are related to the mass and charge of the black hole, the cosmology constant, the quantum number of emitted particles, and the term of GUP effects β.

Endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS), mutual crosstalk between autophagy and apoptosis-related signaling pathway, plays an important role in the process of acute liver injury (ALI). The present study was to investigate the effects and underlying mechanisms of Asiatic acid from Potentilla chinensis (AAPC) on ALI. The model of ALI in mice was induced by administration with Lipopolysaccharide/D-Galactosamine (LPS/D-GalN). The effects of AAPC on hepatic pathology and hepatocyte apoptosis were observed by hematoxylin-eosin (H&E) staining and TUNEL staining. Serum transaminases activities were measured using an automated biochemical analyzer. Moreover, ERS and autophagy were induced in LO2 cells, respectively. Cell cycle and apoptosis were analyzed using flow cytometry. In addition, ERS and autophagy-related pathways were detected in vivo and in vitro. The results showed that AAPC significantly ameliorated LPS/D-GalN-induced ALI in mice, as evidenced by the improvement of liver pathology and the decrease in serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate transaminase (AST) activities. Moreover, AAPC pre-treatment markedly inhibited thapsigargin-induced cell apoptosis, accompanied by cell cycle arrest at S/G1 phase in LO2 cells. AAPC notably inhibited the activation of the PERK/ATF6 and IRE1 pathway, alleviating the extent of ERS. Additionally, AAPC significantly promoted autophagy, as evidenced by the increase in the formation of autophagic vacuoles and the number of autophagosomes as well as the increased expressions of LC3II/I, Beclin-1, Atg5 and Atg7. In summary, our results indicate that AAPC significantly ameliorates ALI by inhibiting the ERS pathway and promoting hepatocyte autophagy.

Endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) is induced by accumulation of misfolded proteins, playing a pivotal role during the processes of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). The present study was to investigate the effect of Asiatic acid from Potentilla chinensis (AAPC) on liver cell lipid metabolism, exploring the underlying mechanism of AAPC against NAFLD. In vivo, the animal NAFLD model was induced by feeding rats with high fat diet (HFD) for 18 weeks, and meanwhile the rats were treated with AAPC from weeks 8 to 18; In vitro experiment, the effect of AAPC on dyslipidemia induced by oleic acid (OA) in hepatic cells (HepG2) was evaluated. The results showed that AAPC significantly decreased lipidosis in rats and in HepG2 cells; it notably alleviated hepatocyte damage and lipid disturbance in rats. Moreover, the cell experiments showed that AAPC strongly inhibited HepG2 cell proliferation. It markedly decreased hepatocyte lipogenesis by regulating the key lipid metabolism-related factors, such as sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1c (SREBP-1c), encoding carboxylase, liver X Receptor Rα (LXRα), fatty acid synthase (FAS), and AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK). The further study elucidated that AAPC treatment significantly alleviated inflammatory response by inhibiting the nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kB) pathway. Moreover, AAPC significantly alleviated hepatocyte apoptosis and lipid metabolism disorder through reducing the extent of ERS. In conclusion, our study demonstrates that AAPC significantly ameliorates NAFLD by inhibiting the ERS pathway and lipid deposition, which may be a potential natural medicine for the treatment of NAFLD.

In this paper, using the generalized Dirac equation which is modified by GUP, we study the fermion tunneling from 2 + 1 dimensional black string. Our results show that the Hawking temperature is not only depended on the event horizon of black string but also related to the quantum number of emitted fermion (energy and mass). Meanwhile, we find the GUP can slow down the Hawking temperature increase and lead to the remnants. It implies that the GUP can avoid the evaporation of black holes.

Using the WKB approximation method, the massless scalar quasinormal modes are studied in Reissner-Nordstrom-de Sitter quintessence spacetime. We analyze the effective potential and QNMs frequencies by varying angular harmonic index l, mass M, charge Q, quintessence energy b and cosmological constant L 2. The results show the effective potential and QNMs frequency are related to l, M, Q, b and L 2. Moreover, the b and L 2 can make the effective potential and QNMs frequency reduces.

Adopting the strong field limit approach, we investigated the strong gravitational lensing in a Brane-World black hole, which means that the strong field limit coefficients and the deflection angle in this gravitational field are obtained. With this result, it can be said with certainly that the strong gravitational lensing is related to the metric of gravitational fields closely, the cosmology parameter {\alpha} and the dark matter parameter \b{eta} come from the Brane-World black hole exerts a great influence on it. Comparing with the Schwarzschild-AdS spacetime and the Schwarzschild-XCMD spacetime, the parameters {\alpha}, \b{eta} of black holes have the similar effects on the gravitational lensing. In some way, we infer that the real gravitational fields in our universe can be described by this metric, so the results of the strong gravitational lensing in this spacetime will be more reasonable for us to observe. Finally, it has to be noticed that the influence which the parameters {\alpha}, \b{eta} exerted on the main observable quantities of this gravitational field is discussed., Comment: 12 pages. Accepted by International Journal of Theoretical Physics

In the paper, we use the generalized Dirac equation to study the Hawking temperature and entropy of a spherically symmetric spacetime with the dark matter. The results show that the dark matter can influence the thermodynamic properties of the black hole. Meanwhile, we find the GUP corrected temperature and entropy are not only determined by the nature of black but also related to the properties of tunneling particles. Besides, the GUP can slow down the increase of Hawking temperature and causes the remnants.

Two scaled-model tests were carried out to investigate the pile–soil–pile interaction during a lateral loading process. Two instrumented piles, termed the active pile and the passive pile, were installed into loose sand. The active pile head was subjected to lateral loads, and the passive pile was set at twice pile width away from the active pile center. To study the effect of the direction of lateral loading on the pile–soil–pile interaction, the passive pile was set in front of and behind the active pile in Tests 1 and 2, respectively. Experimental results showed that the leading passive pile produced much stronger effects on surrounding ground deformation and on response of active pile as compared with the trailing passive pile. The intermediate soil between the active and passive piles was the most susceptible to be affected by the leading passive pile. Within this zone, the larger magnitude of ground heave (by up to 50 %) was caused by the leading passive pile. The leading passive pile also enhanced the lateral resistance of the active pile by up to 70 %. The underlying reason is that the leading passive pile was located in the passive influence zone of the active pile and hence restrained the intermediate soil between the two piles. As a result, the relative stiffness ratio between soil and pile increased, leading to a stronger soil resistance.

In this paper, we combine the Hamilton-Jacobi equation with a new general tortoise coordinate transformation to study quantum tunneling of scalar particles and fermions from the non-stationary higher dimensional Vaidya-de Sitter black hole. The results show that Hamilton-Jacobi equation is a semi-classical foundation equation which can easily derived from the particles’ dynamic equations, it can helps us understand the origin of Hawking radiation. Besides, based on the dimensional analysis, we believed that the new general tortoise coordinate transformation is more reasonable than old ones.

In this letter, we show that the dimensionless parameter in the generalized uncertainty principle (GUP) can be constrained by the gravitational wave event GW150914, which was discovered by the LIGO Scientific and Virgo Collaborations. Firstly, according to the Heisenberg uncertainty principle (HUP) and the data of gravitational wave event GW150914, we derive the standard energy-momentum dispersion relation and calculate the difference between the propagation speed of gravitons and the speed of light, i.e., $\Delta \upsilon$. Next, using two proposals regarding the GUP, we also generalize our study to the quantum gravity case and obtain the modified speed of gravitons. Finally, based on the modified speed of gravitons and $\Delta \upsilon$, the improved upper bounds on the GUP parameters are obtained. The results show that the upper limits of the GUP parameters $\beta_0$ and $\alpha_0$ are $2.3 \times 10^ {60}$ and $1.8 \times 10^{20}$., Comment: 8 pages, 2 Tables

Using Proca equation and WKB approximation, we investigate Hawking radiation of vector particles via tunneling from 4-dimensional Kerr-de Sitter black hole and 5-dimensional Schwarzschild-Tangherlini black hole. The results show that the tunneling rates and Hawking temperatures are depended on the properties of spacetime (event horizon, mass and angular momentum). Besides, our results are the same as scalars and fermions tunneling from 4-dimensional Kerr-de Sitter black hole and 5-dimensional Schwarzschild-Tangherlini black hole., Comment: 9 pages

Adopting the strong field limit approach, we investigate the strong gravitational lensing of a spherically symmetric spacetime in the Einstein-Proca theory. With the strong field limit coefficient, three observable quantities are obtained, which are the innermost relativistic image, the deflection angle and the ratio of the flux. Comparing the observable value and the theoretical value of the strong gravitational lensing, we can verify the effectiveness of the strong gravitational lensing model., 11 pages. arXiv admin note: substantial text overlap with arXiv:1506.08410

Copyright © 2015 Bingxiang Yuan et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited., Two scale-model tests were separately conducted in standard Toyoura sand with relative density of 50% and 80%. The effect of sand relative density on pile-soil interaction was investigated through the response of a laterally loaded pile and the sand movement around the pile. At a displacement of 3.6 mm of the loading point, the applied loads in loose and dense sand were 4.775 N and 21.025 N, respectively, and the maximum moment and soil resistance of the pile in dense sand were over 4 times those in loose sand. However, the deflection of the pile in dense sand was less than that in loose sand; additionally, the depth of zero deflection in dense sand was also less than that in loose sand. At the same time, the maximum displacements of loose sand in the vertical profile and ground surface were over 1.5 times those of dense sand. These characteristics occurred because the relative stiffness ratio of soil and pile increased as the relative density increased, which caused the behavior of the pile in dense sand to be elastic rather than rigid. In addition, the compacted sand particles did not move as easily as the loose sand particles.

Using a series of model tests, this study investigated the effect of a passive pile on 3D ground deformation around a laterally loaded pile and on that laterally loaded pile’s response in sand. The active pile head was subjected to lateral loads, and the passive pile was arranged in front of the active pile. In the model tests, the distance between the two pile centers was set to zero (i.e., a single pile test), 2.5, 4, and 6 times the pile width (B). The 3D ground surface deformations around the active and passive piles were obtained using a newly developed Stereo-PIV technique. The experimental results showed that the ground surface movements were restrained by the passive pile when the pile spacing was less than 6B. The response of the active pile was affected by the passive pile when the pile spacing was less than 4B. This study combined the response of the active pile and surrounding 3D ground deformation to investigate the effect of the passive pile, which is useful to further understand the pile-soil-pile interactions and to enhance pile foundation design in engineering practice.

In this erratum, we correct and clarify some of statements in our published paper. A few equations given in our paper were actually obtained and published many years ago by Virbhadra’s research group of strong field gravitational lensing. We clarify that those equations were neither obtained by us nor by others cited in our paper. (A) In section.2 on page number 1247 of our paper, we correct our statement: According to the geometric principle, the relationship between the image and the source angular positions is described by the famous Virbhadra-Ellis lens equation [1]. This equation is written in our paper as Eq. (7). tan θ − tan β = DLS / [tan θ + tan(α − α)]×DOS. (1)

Incorporating the generalized uncertainty principle (GUP) into the tunneling mechanism, we have studied the tunneling radiation of the scalar particles and fermions from the five-dimensional Schwarzschild–Tangherlini black hole. The results showed that the GUP corrected temperatures do not only depend on the mass of ST black hole, but are also affected by the gravity effects correction [Formula: see text]. Besides, the [Formula: see text] slows down the Hawking temperature increasing and causes the existence of remnants in black hole evaporation.

Adopting the Hamilton–Jacobi method, we investigated the tunneling radiation of a deform Hořava–Lifshitz black hole, and the original tunneling rate and Hawking temperature are obtained. Based on the generalized uncertainty principle, recent researches imply that the quantum gravity corrected the Dirac equation exactly. Hence, the corrected Dirac equation can express the tunneling behavior of fermions may be more suitable, and meanwhile, the corrected Hawking temperature of the Hořava–Lifshitz black hole is obtained. Comparing with previous results, we find that the Hawking temperature is not only related to the mass of black hole, but also related to the mass and energy of outgoing fermions. Finally, we inferred that the Hawking radiation would stop by the reason of the quantum gravity, and the remnant of the black hole exists naturally, also the singularity of the black hole is avoided.

According to the effects of quantum gravity, we investigated the fermion tunneling from the Reissner–Nordström–de Sitter quintessence (RN–dSQ) black hole. The corrected temperature is not only determined by the mass and charge of the black hole, but also depended on the quantum number of the emitted fermion and β, which is a small value representing the effects of quantum gravity. The effects of quantum gravity slowed down the increase of the temperature and led to the remnants of the black hole. We think it is a method to avoid the information loss paradox of black holes.