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Ecosystem carbon use efficiency (CUE) is a key parameter in the carbon cycling of terrestrial ecosystems. The magnitude of CUE reflects the ecosystem's potential for CO2 sequestration. China's grasslands play an important role in the carbon cycle. Here, we aimed to investigate the comparation of CUE and its environmental regulation among different grassland in Northern China based on eddy covariance carbon fluxes measurements of 31 grassland sites. The results showed that the average CUE of grassland in Northern China was 0.05 ± 0.22, with a range from −0.42 to 0.66. It was demonstrated that there were significant differences in CUE among different grassland types, and CUE values were ranked by type as follows: alpine grassland > temperate meadow steppe > temperate typical steppe > temperate desert steppe, driven by a combination of climatic, soil, and biological factors, with net ecosystem productivity (NEP) having the greatest impact on them. Except for meadow steppes, moisture had a greater impact on grassland CUE in Northern China than temperature. While temperate desert grassland CUE decreased with increasing soil water content (SWC), the CUE of other grassland types increased with higher precipitation and SWC. These findings will advance our ability to predict future grassland ecosystem carbon cycle scenarios. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]