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Rationale: The flower of Citrus aurantium L. var. amara Engl. (FCAVA), an edible tea and herbal medicine with anti‐obesity effect, has attracted great attention in China. The structural elucidation of chemical components in FCAVA has been realized in our previous work. It is well known that metabolic profiling provided a structural basis to discover potential anti‐obesity ingredients in FCAVA. Nevertheless, there are no reports about in vivo metabolic profiles of FCAVA. Therefore, it is necessary to comprehensively identify in vivo substances of FCAVA. Methods: The identification of in vivo substances of FCAVA remains a challenge due to the strong interference of complex chemical components, biological matrices and metabolite isomers. In this work, ultra‐high‐performance liquid chromatography coupled to quadrupole time‐of‐flight tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC‐QTOF‐MS/MS) analysis with a data mining strategy was established and applied for the metabolic profiling of FCAVA in rats. The data mining strategy, including diagnostic product ions and neutral loss filtering, improved structural elucidation of xenobiotics in rats after oral administration of FCAVA. Results: A total of 228 xenobiotics, including 80 prototypes (10 unambiguous confirmed with reference standards) and 148 metabolites, were tentatively characterized in rat plasma, urine and fecal samples. Among them, 35 xenobiotics were found in plasma, 124 in urine and 156 in feces. The main biotransformation pathway of FCAVA metabolism was deglycosylation, methylation, glucuronidation and sulfation. The main compounds absorbed into the blood were neohesperidin and naringin, which have been reported to show significant anti‐obesity effect. Conclusions: Collectively, this present study would be conducive to the discovery of active ingredients of FCAVA for the treatment of obesity and the development of quality control of FCAVA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The spread of bacteriophage-borne antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) poses a realistic threat to human health. Nanomaterials, as important emerging pollutants, have potential impacts on ARGs dissemination in aquatic environments. However, little is known about its role in transductive transfer of ARGs mediated by bacteriophage in the presence of microplastics. Therefore, this study comprehensively investigated the influence of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) on the transfer of bacteriophage-encoded ARGs in planktonic Escherichia coli and microplastic-attached biofilm. AgNPs exposure facilitated the phage transduction in planktonic and microplastic-attached bacteria at ambient concentration of 0.1 mg/L. Biological binding mediated by phage-specific recognition, rather than physical aggregation conducted by hydrophilicity and ζ-potential, dominated the bacterial adhesion of AgNPs. The aggregated AgNPs in turn resulted in elevated oxidative stress and membrane destabilization, which promoted the bacteriophage infection to planktonic bacteria. AgNPs exposure could disrupt colanic acid biosynthesis and then reduce the thickness of biofilm on microplastics, contributing to the transfer of phage-encoded ARGs. Moreover, the roughness of microplastics also affected the performance of AgNPs on the transductive transfer of ARGs in biofilms. This study reveals the compound risks of nanomaterials and microplastics in phage-borne ARGs dissemination and highlights the complexity in various environmental scenarios. [Display omitted] • Coexistence of AgNPs and microplastic boosted the transductive transfer of ARGs. • AgNPs boosted ARGs transfer in planktonic bacteria mediated by phage infection. • Biological binding enhanced AgNPs adhesion to bacteria, promoting transduction. • Microplastic biofilm thinned by AgNPs facilitated the transfer of phage-born ARGs. • Microplastic roughness influences AgNPs' role in ARGs transfer within biofilms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Environmental factors affected the spread of phage-borne ARGs mediated by nTiO 2. • HA impaired the membrane stability and induced the formation of biogenesis OMVs. • nTiO 2 mitigated HA-boosted ARGs transfer by inhibiting membrane instability in dark. • Photoexcited HA-nTiO 2 generated massive O 2 −, exacerbating ARGs transduction. • Environmental factors play vital role in nanomaterials' impact on ARGs spread. Bacteriophages are key reservoirs of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) and are pivotal for their acquisition, maintenance, and dissemination. As extensively distributed contaminants, nanomaterials can interfere with the horizontal transfer of phage-borne ARGs. However, the effects of environmental factors on this process remain unclear. Therefore, the effect of nanoscale titanium dioxide (nTiO 2) on the dissemination of ARGs via bacteriophage transduction under humic acid (HA) and Ultraviolet A illumination was investigated in this study. In the dark, 20 mg/L nTiO 2 did not promote the propagation of ARGs and attenuated the positive effect of HA on the transductive transfer of ARGs. Further evidence revealed that nTiO 2 can absorb HA on its surface and decrease the free HA content, thereby mitigating the instability of the outer membrane and leading to diminished transductant formation. Conversely, coexposure to HA and nTiO 2 synergistically promoted transduction under Ultraviolet A illumination. Massive superoxide radicals produced by photoexcitation of the HA-nTiO 2 complex elevated the membrane permeability and boosted intracellular oxidative stress, resulting in the enhanced dissemination of ARGs through phage transduction. The results of this study provide insights into the roles of environmental factors in transductive ARGs dissemination mediated by nTiO 2 and are beneficial for the risk assessment of nanomaterials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Timely identification of elderly patients who are at risk of developing intraoperative hypothermia (IH) is imperative to enable appropriate interventions. This study aimed to develop a nomogram for predicting the risk of IH in elderly patients undergoing resection of craniocerebral tumor, and to validate its effectiveness. Elderly patients who underwent craniocerebral tumor resection at a large tertiary hospital in eastern China between January 2019 and December 2022 were included (n = 988). The study population was divided into a training set and a validation set by time period. Risk factors identified through the Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator method and logistic regression analysis were used to establish the nomogram. The model was validated internally by Bootstrap method and externally by validation set through receiver operating characteristic curve analysis, Hosmer-Lemeshow test, and decision curve analysis. A total of 273 (27.6%) patients developed IH. Duration of anesthesia (P < 0.001), blood loss (P < 0.001), preoperative temperature (P < 0.001), tumor location (P < 0.001), age (P < 0.05), and mean arterial pressure (P < 0.05) were identified as independent risk factors for IH. A nomogram integrating these 6 factors was constructed. The area under the curve was 0.773 (95% confidence interval: 0.735–0.811) (70.5% specificity and 75.0% sensitivity), indicating good predictive performance. The decision curve analysis demonstrated the clinical benefit of using the nomogram. Our model showed good performance in identifying elderly patients who are at high risk of developing IH during craniocerebral tumor resection. The nomogram can help inform timely preventive interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The consequences of antibiotic tolerance directly affect human health and result in socioeconomic loss. Nanomaterials as antimicrobial agents are considered a promising alternative to antibiotics and have been blended with various medical applications. However, with increasing evidence that metal-based nanomaterials may induce antibiotic tolerance, there is an urgent need to scrutinize how nanomaterial-induced microbial adaption affects the evolution and spread of antibiotic tolerance. Accordingly, within this investigation, we summarized the principal factors influencing the resistance development exposed to metal-based nanomaterials, including physicochemical properties, exposure scenario, as well as bacterial response. Furthermore, the mechanisms of metal-based nanomaterial-induced antibiotic resistance development were comprehensively elucidated from acquired resistance by horizontal transfer of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), intrinsic resistance by genetic mutation or upregulated resistance-related gene expression, and adaptive resistance by global evolution. Overall, our review raises concerns about the safety of nanomaterials as antimicrobial agents, which will facilitate assistance in the safe development of antibiotic-free antibacterial strategies. [Display omitted] • Metal-based nanomaterials can accelerate the evolution of antibiotic resistance. • Development of bacterial resistance depends on the properties of nanomaterials. • Co-selection drives the resistance development to nanomaterials and antibiotics. • Improved antibiotic resistance by nanomaterials is achieved in multiple approaches. • Risks of nanomaterials as an alternative to antibiotics should be of concern. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Developing cost-effective and high-efficient air purification materials for enhancing the indoor air quality has been an ongoing concern. Herein, MnO 2 /Co–C catalyst layers were wrapped on SiO 2 nanofiber by a combination of thermal pyrolysis and redox reaction method to prepare catalytic membranes (MCCS-x) for the efficient purification of indoor PM and HCHO. The core-dual-shell structure maintains the pore structure of the membrane, providing high gas permeability of 670 m3·m−2·h−1·kPa−1. Owing to the introduction of MnO 2 /Co–C enhanced the capture of PM, the optimized MCCS-2 exhibits high filtration efficiency of PM 0.3 and PM 2.5 (99.60% and 99.99%) with a low pressure drop (<80 Pa). In addition, MCCS-2 achieves 100% HCHO removal efficiency at room temperature due to its large specific surface area, high redox property and abundant Mn4+ and oxygen species. The appropriate proportion of Mn/Co bimetallic sites synergy inhibits the formation of formate and carbonate intermediate species, thus MCCS-2 possesses excellent long-term catalytic stability than contrast sample (MCCS-3 and MS). This work demonstrates a new approach for the fabrication of high-performance catalytic membrane materials for indoor air purification. [Display omitted] • Bimetallic sites catalytic membrane was prepared by pyrolysis-redox method. • The core-dual-shell structure ensures remarkably low filtration resistance. • Bimetallic sites synergistic effect improves the stability of HCHO removal. • The membrane exhibits excellent HCHO (100%) and PM (99.99%) removal performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • An in-situ growth–pyrolysis–oxidation method to prepare NH 3 -SCR catalytic membrane. • Carbonization of ZIF-67 to form high-efficient Co 3 O 4 nano-catalyst on SiO 2 NFMs. • The Co 3 O 4 -C 300 @SiO 2 NFMs exhibits good NO x catalytic and PM removal performance. The strategy of constructing catalytic membrane has a significant influence on its structure and performance. In this work, Co 3 O 4 -C x @SiO 2 nanofiber membranes (NFMs) were fabricated by an in-situ growth–pyrolysis–oxidation strategy. The Co 3 O 4 -C x catalyst derived from ZIF-67 was wrapped around nanofibers, which helps to maintain a stable membrane structure, then suppressing the reduction of gas permeability. Among the Co 3 O 4 -C x catalyst, the carbon skeleton can prevent the agglomeration of Co 3 O 4 nanoparticles, obtaining an ultra-fine Co 3 O 4 nanoparticles with high dispersibility, redox property and surface area. The obtained Co 3 O 4 -C 300 @SiO 2 NFM exhibits outstanding ammonia selective catalytic reduction (NH 3 -SCR) denitrification activity (T 90 = 225 °C at a GHSV of 77,000 h−1). The effect of catalyst loading on PM 2.5 filtration performance of SiO 2 NFM was also tested. Co 3 O 4 -C 300 @SiO 2 NFM has higher filtration efficiency (99.99%) than SiO 2 NFM at a lower pressure drop of 58 Pa, which suggests that catalyst loading via our method can improve the filtration performance of SiO 2 NFM. This work might provide a universal strategy for the design and preparation of highly efficient catalytic membrane. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Radioactive pollutants are in places a serious environmental pollution problem. By virtue of their structural diversity and tunability, two-dimensional (2D) zeolitic imidazolate frameworks-L (ZIF-L) have shown a promising ability for pollutant removal by adsorption. For the first time, we propose a 2D ZIF-L assembled on and in a microporous ceramic membrane for efficient removal of iodine via seed-assisted in situ growth. It is challenging to customize inner pore channels of ceramic membrane due to its irregular structure. This work provides new insights into the crystallographic growth of ZIF-L on the inner irregular pore channels and a homogenous ZIF-L layer on porous silicon carbide (SiC) membranes. The resulting hybrid membrane contains highly loaded ZIF-L nanoflakes on the surface and pore channels of the SiC membrane. These multilayers structure and ZIF-L@SiC synergistic features provide more active sites and improve the mass transfer of molecular iodine dissolved in cyclohexane, thereby enhancing removal efficiency. The removal efficiency of iodine using the hierarchically nanostructured ZIF-L@SiC hybrid membrane is near 100% and 96% at a flux of 9.37 × 103 L m−2 h−1 with iodine/cyclohexane concentrations of 5 mg L−1 and 50 mg L−1, respectively. This porous adsorption membrane, with excellent separation and adsorption capacities for iodine, opens a new way for radionuclide adsorption. A facile and energy-efficient way is provided to manufacture ZIF-L composited porous SiC membrane for highly efficient iodine removal. Image 1 • A hierarchically nanostructured functional ZIF-L@SiC membrane was prepared via seed-assisted in situ growth. • The pore structure was modified by ZIF-L nanoflakes and a homogenous ZIF-L layer formed on SiC membrane. • It is the first time that ZIF-L has been demonstrated to be a promising candidate for iodine removal. • The multilayers structure membrane exhibited high flux and synergistic features for iodine adsorption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Graphene has attracted widespread attention in dynamic optoelectronic devices due to its tunable electrical and optical properties. But different modulation capabilities of the graphene-based designs at different frequencies are less studied. We study the electrical tunability of transmissive metalenses based on graphene when working at three frequencies 0.3, 1.25, and 2 THz, respectively. The constitutive meta-atoms are composed of graphene patches and metallic gratings for efficient phase shift in the orthogonal polarization. Although the conductivity of graphene is tunable at all the frequencies, responses of meta-atoms show weak and strong dependence on the Fermi level at the low and high frequencies, respectively. Therefore, the focal length of the metalens is not electrically tunable at 0.3 THz. In contrast, the metalenses designed at 1.25 and 2 THz show electrically adjustable focal lengths, and the tuning range of the focal length increases with frequency. The research here provides clear guidance for the design of graphene metalenses with different electrical tunabilities for a variety of application scenarios. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In China, the status of Hipposideros armiger subspecies remains controversial. To elucidate the H. armiger taxonomy, we conducted a series of surveys of bats in different areas of China between 2011 and 2014. Bats were characterized by 16 external measurements, 25 skull measurements and the sequence analysis of two mitochondrial genes (cytochrome- b and D-loop). Our research indicated that the external and cranial measurements were similar in the samples from the six geographic regions. No obvious differences were detected in H. armiger morphology. Additionally, no significant cytochrome-b sequence divergence existed between the samples within a region (0-0.9%) and among the six regions (0-1.8%). The results obtained for the D-loop were similar, with 0-3.4% divergence within a region and 0-4.5% among the six regions. Moreover, no significant geographic differentiation was observed in the phylogenetic trees. Based on these morphological and molecular results, H. armiger is represented in China by only one subspecies, H. a. armiger. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Effect of the reduction pathway of GO on ARGs dissemination was investigated. • GO underwent environmental reduction when exposed to illumination and Fe2+. • Graphene radicals generated by light-reduced GO exacerbated ARGs transfer. • Physical wrapping of Fe2+-reduced GO aggregates weakened ARGs dissemination. Antimicrobial resistance in the environment has become a critical issue and its dissemination mediated by nanomaterials is receiving increasing attention. However, current studies overlook the contribution of the environmental transformation of nanomaterials to the horizontal transfer of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs). Herein, graphene oxide (GO) was transformed by simulated illumination or ferrous iron (Fe2+) to mimic the naturally occurring GO reduction, and for the first time, the distinct effects of reduced GO (rGO) on ARGs horizontal transfer were observed. Compared with pristine GO, the transfer of plasmid-borne ARGs was dramatically enhanced by light-reduced GO. The remarkable production of stabilized graphene radical excited by ultraviolet irradiation triggered bacterial oxidative stress and contributed to membrane permeability. However, when reduced by Fe2+, the facilitation of ARGs transfer mediated by GO was attenuated, which was attributed to the physical wrapping of large rGO aggregates that hindered plasmid transfer between bacteria. Furthermore, the generated transconjugant strain via GO-mediated conjunction showed stronger macrophage infection than the original Escherichia coli under antibiotic treatment. These findings emphasize that nanomaterial-mediated ARGs transfer depends on its transformation pathways in a realistic environment, which is helpful for the understanding of the dissemination of antimicrobial resistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rehmanniae Radix Praeparata (RRP), a staple in traditional Chinese medicine, is derived from Rehmannia glutinosa Libosch and is renowned for its wound-healing properties. Despite its clinical prevalence, the molecular mechanisms underlying RRP's wound-healing effects have not been fully elucidated. This research endeavored to delineate the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying the beneficial effects of RRP on wound healing, utilizing a zebrafish model. Zebrafish larvae at 3 days post-fertilization were amputated at the fin and subsequently treated with RRP. The pro-wound healing and regenerative effects of RRP were evaluated through morphological analysis, assessment of cell proliferation and apoptosis, Additionally, mechanistic insights were gained through a comprehensive approach encompassing network pharmacology analysis, cell tracing, RNA-sequencing, CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing, and pharmacological inhibition. Our findings demonstrate that RRP significantly accelerates caudal fin regeneration in zebrafish following injury by suppressing cell apoptosis, promoting cell proliferation, and upregulating the expression of regenerative-related genes. Furthermore, RRP triggers autophagy signals during the regenerative process, which is attenuated by the autophagy inhibitor chloroquine (CQ). Notably, the administration of RRP enhances the expression of ahr1 and ahr2 in the regenerating fin. Genetic knockout of ahr1a , ahr1b , or ahr2 using CRISPR/Cas9, or pharmacological blockade of AHR signals with the antagonist CH-223191, diminishes the regenerative potential of RRP. Remarkably, zebrafish lacking ahr2 completely lose their fin regeneration ability. Additionally, inhibition of AHR signaling suppresses autophagy signaling during fin regeneration. This study uncovers that RRP stimulates fin regeneration in zebrafish by inducing AHR signals and, at least partially, activating the autophagy process. These findings provide novel insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying the wound-healing effects of RRP and may pave the way for the development of novel therapeutic strategies. [Display omitted] • Radix Rehmanniae Praeparata promoted zebrafish fin regeneration after amputation. • Radix Rehmanniae Praeparata stimulated the autophagy pathway. • Radix Rehmanniae Praeparata induced AHR signals. • Blockage AHR inhibited autophagy and fin regeneration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Indoor air pollution, including atmospheric particular matter 2.5 (PM2.5) and chemical gaseous pollutants (HCHO), has been an ongoing concern. Seeking a practical strategy for protection of the indoor air quality (IAQ) remains a challenge. Herein, we demonstrated a hierarchical porous membrane consisting of the birnessite-type MnO 2 that was filled in the polystyrene porous nanofibers (MnO 2 /PS HPNM) fabricated by a versatile electrospinning method. The effective air cleaning of both PM2.5 and HCHO at remarkably low resistance was achieved by dominating the hierarchical porous structure. The HCHO gas could easily permeate through the mesopores of the PS nanofibers and contact MnO 2 , thereby resulting in an excellent HCHO removal efficiency of 88.2% after the initial run and 74% after five cycles. In addition, the pore-filling MnO 2 with the layered structure increased the nanofiber membrane surface area, thus enhancing its PM capture performance (99.77%). Moreover, the macropores from the interwoven nanofibers ensured clean air penetration leading to a low airflow resistance of 82 Pa. The hierarchical multifunction porous structure membrane provided a new approach for the IAQ protection. Image 1 • A MnO 2 filled hierarchical porous membrane was prepared by electrospinning. • The membrane exhibits excellent removal of both PM (99.77%) and HCHO (88.2%). • The membrane shows good stability of HCHO cleaning at room temperature. • The hierarchical porous structure ensures remarkably low pressure drop (82 Pa). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Particulate matters (PMs) emissions from energy consumption contribute the vast majority of PM pollution, which are typically associated with high temperatures (>300 °C) and are difficult to remove directly at high temperatures. Electrospinning nanofiber membranes have irreplaceable advantages of high removal efficiency and low pressure drop for PMs filtration, however, the efficient filtration of PMs at high temperature is challenging for polymer-based nanofiber membranes because of the poor heat resistance and inflammability. Herein, we design a thermally-oxidized polyacrylonitrile/polyvinylpyrrolidone/SnO 2 (OPAN/PVP/SnO 2) nanofiber membrane by performing the thermally induced cyclization and oxidation reaction of PAN/PVP/SnCl 2 nanofiber membrane at 350 °C in air. During the thermal oxidization process, Sn2+ acted as a catalyst and activation, preventing the melting and fusion of PAN nanofibers. The addition of PVP greatly increased the mechanical properties of OPAN/SnO 2 nanofiber membrane. The prepared OPAN/PVP/SnO 2 nanofiber membrane possesses superior PMs filtration performance at room temperature, with the PM 0.3 and PM 2.5 filtration efficiency of 99.53% and 99.98%, respectively. The OPAN/PVP/SnO 2 nanofiber membrane exhibits high temperature tolerance up to 350 °C and wide pH tolerance of 1–14, it remains a high PMs removal efficiency of 98.51% at 350 °C and 98.67% at 300 °C. Moreover, the OPAN/PVP/SnO 2 nanofiber membrane shows excellent fire retarding and self-extinguishing property not shown in pristine PAN nanofiber membrane. This work provides a novel approach for clean use of energy via a cost-effective, heat-resistant, and flame-retardant nanofiber membrane. [Display omitted] • A cost-effective and heat-resistant polymer nanofiber membrane is facilely prepared. • Thermally-oxidized PAN nanofiber membrane was firstly explored for PMs filtration. • The prepared nanofiber membrane showed high PMs removal efficiency of 98.51% at 350 °C. • The prepared nanofiber membrane exhibited flame retardancy and self-extinguishment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was conducted to understand the distribution and roost characteristics of cave-dwelling bats and to identify those sites that are important for the conservation of bat species in China. A total of 129 roosts in four zoogeographic regions in China, 56 of which had not been previously surveyed, were investigated in this 3-year study (2010-2013). Approximately 95,000 bats representing 32 species were recorded, and the results will provide a reference for future bat research. The bat species of central China are the most abundant because a total of 21 species were found in that region. Southwest China had the largest average number of bat species in each roost, whereas southern China had the largest average number of bats in each roost. Natural caves accommodated >57,000 individuals representing 29 bat species, and the average number of bats in each natural cave was 723.1. The general trend in the number of bat species was decreasing with an increase in altitude. At present, few caves have adequate protection, and some bat populations are under serious threat. The data will help local governments develop suitable strategies to promote local tourism while protecting important habitats of animal species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]