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A novel method of spatial separation of electrons with different initial energies in the helical electron beams of gyro-traveling wave tube (gyro-TWT), configured by two orthogonal external transverse magnetic fields, is presented. To demonstrate the method, an advanced asymmetric two-stage depressed collector has been designed. The structure of the collector and the electronic classification method are analyzed in detail in this article. The simulation shows that the application of this method can realize electronic classification effectively. The overall efficiency of the gyro-TWT improved from 32.6% to 55.7% and increased by 70.8%. The maximum power dissipation and the maximum thermal loading on the electrode were 2.12 kW/cm2 and 299 °C, respectively. The secondary electron analysis shows that the rectangular groove on the electrode surface can effectively suppress the influence of secondary electrons on the collector's efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bone marrow stem cells (BMSCs) are recognized for their robust proliferative capabilities and multidirectional differentiation potential. Ectopic endochondral ossification of BMSC-generated cartilage in subcutaneous environments is a concern associated with vascularization. Hence, devising a reliable strategy to inhibit vascularization is crucial. In this study, an anti-angiogenic drug, curcumin (Cur), was encapsulated into gelatin to create a porous Cur/Gelatin scaffold, with the aim of inhibiting vascular invasion and preventing endochondral ossification of BMSC-regenerated cartilage. In vitro wound healing tests demonstrated that a 30 μM Cur solution could inhibit the migration and growth of human umbilical vein endothelial cells without impeding BMSCs migration and growth. Compared to the gelatin scaffold, our findings verified that the Cur/Gelatin scaffold significantly inhibited vascular invasion after being subcutaneously implanted into rabbits for 12 weeks, as evidenced by gross observation and immunofluorescence CD31 staining. Moreover, both the porous gelatin and Cur/Gelatin scaffolds were populated with BMSCs and underwent in vitro chondrogenic cultivation to produce cartilage, followed by subcutaneous implantation in rabbits for 12 weeks. Histological examinations (including HE, Safranin-O/Fast Green, toluidine blue, and immunohistochemical COL II staining) revealed that the BMSC-generated cartilage in the gelatin group exhibited prominent endochondral ossification. In contrast, the BMSC-generated cartilage in the Cur/Gelatin group maintained cartilage features, such as cartilage matrix and lacunar structure. This study suggests that Cur-loaded scaffolds offer a reliable platform to inhibit endochondral ossification of BMSC-generated cartilage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Ag/h‐BN/Bi2O3 ternary composite was facilely fabricated via self‐assembly combined with in situ reduction. Characterization results showed that the as‐prepared Ag/h‐BN/Bi2O3 possessed distinct surface plasma resonance (SPR) and Mott‐Schottky heterostructure, resulting in significant enhancement of catalytic activity for RhB removal, the reaction rate constant (2.26×10−2 min−1) is 2.5 times that of h‐BN/Bi2O3 under visible‐light irradiation for 2 hours, which was mainly ascribed to the SPR and Mott‐Schottky heterostructure result in Ag/h‐BN/Bi2O3 enhanced visible‐light harvesting capacity and the effectual spatial separation of photoinduced carriers. The quenching process of reactive species indicated that h+ and ⋅O2− play dominant role in the degradation for pollutants. This work demonstrates that Ag/h‐BN/Bi2O3 is a promising stability photocatalyst for water purification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is suggested to participate in the pathogenesis and progress of some cancers via inducing low-grade systemic inflammation. However, the influence of MetS on patients with gastric cancer (GC) remains not fully determined. A systematic review and meta-analysis was therefore performed to evaluate the influence of MetS on clinical outcomes of patients with GC. A search of PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, Wanfang, and CNKI retrieved relevant cohort studies from the inception of the databases to October 11, 2022. We pooled the results using a random-effects model that incorporates heterogeneity. In the meta-analysis, 6649 patients with GC were included, and all of them received gastrectomy. A total of 1248 (18.8%) patients had MetS at baseline. Pooled results showed that MetS was associated with higher risks of postoperative complications [risk ratio (RR): 2.41, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.85 to 3.14, p<0.001; I2=55%], overall mortality (RR: 1.73, 95% CI: 1.85 to 3.14, p<0.001; I2=77%), and recurrence of GC (RR: 2.00, 95% CI: 1.10 to 3.63, p=0.02; I2=39%). Subgroup analyses showed similar results in prospective and retrospective cohort studies and in studies with MetS diagnosed with the Chinese Diabetes Society criteria and the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III criteria (p for subgroup difference all>0.05). In patients with GC after gastrectomy, MetS may be a predictor of high incidence of postoperative complications, cancer recurrence, and overall mortality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Seismic communication plays a crucial role in the behavior of subterranean rodents, particularly solitary ones. Studying the seismic communication and occupation behavior of subterranean rodents (especially solitary animals) provides a theoretical basis for understanding the adaptive evolution of communication methods in burrowing rodents and explaining their population recovery. The plateau zokor (Eospalax baileyi), a solitary subterranean rodent species endemic to the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau, will usually occupy empty neighboring tunnels in order to extend its territory. Little is known, however, about the process of territorial occupation and the function of animal communication during this process. In this study, we show that plateau zokors generate seismic signals to detect empty neighboring tunnels and then occupy the tunnels to extend their territory. There are considerable challenges involved in studying the behavior of subterranean rodents owing to the underground nature of their ecotope. Seismic communication plays a crucial role in the behavior of subterranean rodents, particularly solitary ones. The plateau zokor (Eospalax baileyi), a solitary subterranean rodent species endemic to the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau, will usually occupy empty neighboring tunnels in order to extend their territory. Little is known, however, about the process of territorial occupation or the function of animal communication when occupation is taking place. Based on previous studies of subterranean rodent communication, we hypothesized that plateau zokors use seismic signals to detect neighboring tunnels and then occupy them when it was found their neighbors were absent. To test this, we placed artificial tunnels close to active original zokor tunnels to simulate the availability of an empty neighboring tunnel, and then the seismic signals when a zokor chose to occupy the empty artificial tunnel were recorded. The results showed that the frequency of zokors occupying artificial empty tunnels within 48 h was 7/8, In all of these instances, the zokors generated seismic signals before and after occupation of the empty artificial tunnel. The number of seismic signals generated by the zokors increased significantly (p = 0.024) when they detected and occupied the artificial tunnels, compared to those generated in their original tunnels without the presence of an artificial tunnel alongside. Inside the original tunnels, the inter-pulse time interval of the seismic signals was significantly higher (p < 0.001), the peak frequency of these signals was significantly higher (p < 0.01), and the energy of the signals was significantly lower (p = 0.006), compared with those when an artificial tunnel was positioned next to the original. The results of this study suggest that plateau zokors first generate seismic signals to detect empty neighboring tunnels and that they are empty. In the absence of neighbor plateau zokors, they occupy the empty tunnels to extend their own territory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the development of modern Internet technology, the health assessment model based on computer technology has gradually become a research hotspot. In the process of studying the health level of residents, exercise status and diet nutrition are important factors affecting their health. Therefore, based on the idea of the genetic algorithm, this paper establishes a resident sports nutrition data monitoring system. In this system, the data feature selection method of the genetic algorithm, which simulates the process of biological evolution, is used in the key technology of real-time motion data processing of residents, and it is improved to interfere with the data cross process of the genetic algorithm, to seek the local optimal solution. Two different types of data sets and different data classifiers are selected to verify the system's performance. It is proved that compared with the traditional filter class feature selection method, this method can achieve more effective data feature recognition. In addition, some samples are selected to test the residents' sports nutrition data monitoring system, mainly through the analysis and quantification of the exercise process, eating habits, physique, and other data of the athletes; to evaluate the impact of their sports and eating habits on physical health; and to obtain the best sports guidance scheme, to guide the adjustment and improvement of their later sports and eating plans. Through the analysis of the existing residents' health status, the monitoring and management strategies of residents' health status are summarized, which provides a certain reference for the improvement of residents' physical health under the background of artificial intelligence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Host–virus protein interactions are critical for intracellular viral propagation. Understanding the interactions between cellular and viral proteins may help us develop new antiviral strategies. Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) is a highly contagious coronavirus that causes severe damage to the global swine industry. Here, we employed co-immunoprecipitation and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to characterize 426 unique PEDV nucleocapsid (N) protein-binding proteins in infected Vero cells. A protein–protein interaction network (PPI) was created, and gene ontology (GO) annotation and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) database analyses revealed that the PEDV N-bound proteins belong to different cellular pathways, such as nucleic acid binding, ribonucleoprotein complex binding, RNA methyltransferase, and polymerase activities. Interactions of the PEDV N protein with 11 putative proteins: tripartite motif containing 21, DEAD-box RNA helicase 24, G3BP stress granule assembly factor 1, heat shock protein family A member 8, heat shock protein 90 alpha family class B member 1, YTH domain containing 1, nucleolin, Y-box binding protein 1, vimentin, heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein A2/B1, and karyopherin subunit alpha 1, were further confirmed by in vitro co-immunoprecipitation assay. In summary, studying an interaction network can facilitate the identification of antiviral therapeutic strategies and novel targets for PEDV infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Vegetation systems aboveground and underground were investigated and analyzed. • Root mass and soil factor configurations were proposed to reveal plant-soil interactions. • The root mass of natural grassland was identified as a double-layer vertical structure. • Coal mining led to grassland degraded in varying degrees, with root mass drifting to topsoil (0–20 cm). • Coal mining led to soil factor configurations deviating from natural grassland. Coal mining has caused severe destruction to ecosystems, which affects vegetation and its below-ground habitat (BGH). Understanding the co-evolution mechanism of vegetation and BGH is the basis of land ecological restoration. Several studies have shown vegetation degradation responses to environmental changes, but the relationship of vegetation and BGH from the perspective of root distribution and soil factors configurations (SFC) is rarely known. To identify the co-evolution mechanism of vegetation and BGH, an experimental field was established in a typical semi-arid grassland coal mine region in Hulunbuir Steppe, Northeastern China. The vegetation, root mass, and soil in the 0–100 cm soil profile were surveyed and compared in natural grassland and four other sites affected by coal mine activities in 2019. The BGH of natural grassland was identified as a double-layer vertical structure, with the root mass of annual and perennial plants at 0–20 and 20–40 cm depth, respectively. The SFC occupied high organic matter, cation exchange capacity, and medium salt and water content. Overall, coal mining has led to the grassland degraded in varying degrees, with the root mass "drifting" to topsoil (0–20 cm) and SFC deviating from that of natural grassland. Specifically, the grasslands in surface subsidence regions and around mining areas were identified as lightly moderately degraded, with the BGH maintaining a double-layer vertical structure. The grasslands in surface collapse regions were heavily degraded, with the BGH destroyed and fewer overlaps of SFC with natural grassland. Further, the reclamation recreated the vegetation-BGH, partial regions have formed a stable vegetation-BGH similar to natural grassland, while others degraded. Our results suggest that vegetation degradation is directly related to its BGH. When the vegetation–BGH stability is destroyed, the plant will degrade. These findings are significant for our understanding of the vegetation-BGH interactions and provide a method and theoretical basis for land reclamation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An extensive understanding of the interactions between host cellular and viral proteins provides clues for studying novel antiviral strategies. Porcine circovirus type 3 (PCV3) and type 4 (PCV4) have recently been identified as viruses that can potentially damage the swine industry. Herein, 401 putative PCV3 Cap-binding and 484 putative PCV4 Cap-binding proteins were characterized using co-immunoprecipitation and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Both PCV3 and PCV4 Caps shared 278 identical interacting proteins, but some putative interacting proteins (123 for PCV3 Cap and 206 for PCV4 Cap) differed. A protein–protein interaction network was constructed, and according to gene ontology (GO) annotation and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) database analyses, both PCV3 Cap- and PCV4 Cap-binding proteins participated mainly in ribosome biogenesis, nucleic acid binding, and ATP-dependent RNA helicase activities. Verification assays of eight putative interacting proteins indicated that nucleophosmin-1, nucleolin, DEAD-box RNA helicase 21, heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein A2/B1, YTH N6-methyladenosine RNA binding protein 1, and Y-box binding protein 1 bound directly to both PCV3 and PCV4 Caps, but ring finger protein 2 and signal transducer and activator of transcription 6 did not. Therefore, the interaction network provided helpful information to support further research into the underlying mechanisms of PCV3 and PCV4 infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Monitoring experiments on the water vapor field of fissured rock mass were conducted. • The water vapor partial pressure was the driving force of water vapor migration. • Water vapor migration along fissures produced water vapor saturation zones locally. • Water vapor field supplied water for the growth and development of the slope plants. Opencast mining has produced a large number of high and steep rock slopes, leading to serious safety and environmental challenges. Extreme water scarcity conditions severely impede the survival and development of natural and artificial vegetation when carrying out ecological restoration work. The water vapor field within rocks is a significant but often neglected component of the terrestrial hydrologic cycle and can provide a hidden but critical source of water for plants. However, there is a lack of understanding of the distribution characteristics of the water vapor field within rocks and the pattern of liquid water formation as well as whether it is quantitatively significant and ecologically relevant. This study conducted monitoring experiments on the water vapor field of fissured rock mass and studied the distribution and transformation characteristics of water vapor field in the fissured rock mass and its ecological significance. The results showed temperature and absolute humidity gradually decreased with horizontal depth in spring and summer, and the opposite in autumn and winter. Relative humidity increased rapidly and stabilized with horizontal depth in the spring and summer, and increased rapidly in the autumn and winter, before decreasing slightly. The driving force of water vapor migration is the water vapor partial pressure gradient. In spring and summer, water vapor migrated from air along the fissures to the deep part of the rock mass, while the opposite was true in autumn and winter. While the water vapor migrated through the fissured rock mass, water vapor saturation zones would be produced locally, where potential condensate is generated. The fissure network functioned as a sustained system of water supply pipelines, and the plant roots that grew into the fissures could absorb the condensate, continuously supplying the growth and development of the rock slope plants. This study provides a comprehensive understanding of the rock water vapor field and its effects on ecosystems in arid and semi-arid areas, which can guide the restoration of ecosystems on rock slopes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To realize the high-efficiency plasmonic hot-electron injection in photocatalytic pollutant elimination, Ag/g-C3N4 heterostructure photocatalyst was synthesized through a novel in situ photochemical solid-phase reduction approach. Transmission electron microscope images of the obtained samples showed that Ag atom was uniformly dispersed on the surface of g-C3N4 sheet, thus can fully utilize the local surface plasmon resonance of metallic Ag and then improve the photocatalytic performance of Ag/g-C3N4. It is reported that Ag/g-C3N4 heterojunction presented significantly enhanced sunlight absorption and inhibited the recombination of photoinduced carriers, and further reinforced the photocatalytic performance of g-C3N4 substrate. The 3 wt%-Ag/g-C3N4 exhibited the best catalytic activity toward rhodamine B (RhB) and phenol degradation under visible light irradiation, with apparent rate constants of 0.016 and 0.018 min−1, which was 8 and 10 times that of pure g-C3N4, respectively. This work supplied an advanced approach for constructing efficient solar light-driven photocatalysts, which would be making a certain contribution to the control of water pollution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: This trial aimed to evaluate the effects of a protective ventilation strategy on oxygenation/pulmonary indexes in patients undergoing robot-assisted radical prostatectomy (RARP) in the steep Trendelenburg position.Methods: In phase 1, the most optimal positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) was determined in 25 patients at 11 cmH2O. In phase 2, 64 patients were randomized to the traditional ventilation group with tidal volume (VT) of 9 ml/kg of predicted body weight (PBW) and the protective ventilation group with VT of 7 ml/kg of PBW with optimal PEEP and recruitment maneuvers (RMs). The primary endpoint was the intraoperative and postoperative PaO2/FiO2. The secondary endpoints were the PaCO2, SpO2, modified clinical pulmonary infection score (mCPIS), and the rate of complications in the postoperative period.Results: Compared with controls, PaO2/FiO2 in the protective group increased after the second RM (P=0.018), and the difference remained until postoperative day 3 (P=0.043). PaCO2 showed transient accumulation in the protective group after the first RM (T2), but this phenomenon disappeared with time. SpO2 in the protective group was significantly higher during the first three postoperative days. Lung compliance was significantly improved after the second RM in the protective group (P=0.025). The mCPIS was lower in the protective group on postoperative day 3 (0.59 (1.09) vs. 1.46 (1.27), P=0.010).Conclusion: A protective ventilation strategy with lower VT combined with optimal PEEP and RMs could improve oxygenation and reduce mCPIS in patients undergoing RARP.Trial Registration: ChiCTR ChiCTR1800015626 . Registered on 12 April 2018. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, a multifunctional Ba 2 GdF 7 :Yb3+, Er3+/Ag 2 S NCs was synthesized, which could realize temperature measurement and photothermal conversion. The temperature sensing properties of Ba 2 GdF 7 :Yb3+, Er3+/Ag 2 S NCs based on FIR technology were investigated in the range of 300K–360K. The results indicate that the maximum values of S a and S r are 0.073 K−1@360K and 1.406%K−1@300K, respectively. Next, the photothermal effect of the content of Ba 2 GdF 7 : Yb3+, Er3+ on Ag 2 S in the composites was evaluated. Appropriate amount of Ba 2 GdF 7 : Yb3+, Er3+ can enhance the photothermal efficiency of Ag 2 S, which is attributed to Ag 2 S absorbing visible light emitted from the up-conversion process of Ba 2 GdF 7 :Yb3+, Er3+ and releasing heat. Then, in egg white, Ba 2 GdF 7 :Yb3+, Er3+ based on FIR technology can monitor temperature of Ag 2 S photothermal therapy. Ultimately, the cytotoxicity test on HeLa cells using methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium (MTT) assay showed good biocompatibility of the Ba 2 GdF 7 :Yb3+, Er3+/Ag 2 S NCs. • The S a of Ba 2 GdF 7 :Yb3+, Er3+/Ag 2 S NCs is superior to others. • Ba 2 GdF 7 : Yb3+, Er3+ can promote the PTT of Ag 2 S. • Ba 2 GdF 7 NPs can monitor temperature in the process of Ag 2 S PTT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fat‐tailed Altay sheep are indigenous to the Altay prefecture and well adapted to severe cold and sparse pasture of poor quality. Hu sheep were introduced to this region in the 1970s and are raised mainly in feedlots. We hypothesized that the dietary energy utilization would differ between breeds and predicted that Altay sheep would be more efficient than Hu sheep, in particular at a low air temperature. To test this prediction, we examined growth performance, apparent digestibilities, rumen fermentation and serum metabolites in Altay (32 ± 2.6 kg) and Hu sheep (31 ± 2.7 kg) at air temperatures of −5 and 20°C. Average daily gain (ADG), feed and metabolizable energy intakes were greater in Altay than in Hu sheep (p <.01), and all were greater at −5°C than 20°C (p <.01). Body mass gain‐to‐feed intake ratio was higher in Altay than in Hu sheep (p <.001), but was not affected by air temperature (p >.10). Rumen total volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentration was greater in Hu than in Altay sheep (p <.05) and was greater at 20°C than at −5°C (p <.05), while rumen microbial protein concentration was greater in Altay than in Hu sheep (p <.05). Rectal temperature was higher at −5°C than 20°C (p <.05) and was similar between breeds (p >.05). Serum glucose, non‐esterified fatty acid (NEFA) and urea‐N concentrations were higher in Hu than in Altay sheep (p <.05). It was concluded that Altay sheep are better able to cope with poor quality diets as they had higher digestibility of nutrients, ADG and body mass gain‐to‐feed intake ratio than Hu sheep. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The oxygen‐deficient WO3 nanosheets (WO3 NS) with pore structure were synthesized by a facile solvothermal approach and their microstructure and oxygen vacancy (Vo) were regulated via heat treating atmosphere. The mean thickness of WO3 NS is about 1.2 nm, which is equivalent to the thickness of single atom or molecule layer. The quantitative analyses on the ultrathin WO3 NS of catalytic dynamic and Vo concentrations have been done. The appropriate Vo concentration can play a critical role in the transfer/separation of surface photogenerated carriers. Using phenol as the target compound and hydrogen peroxide as the accelerant, under visible‐light irradiation, the apparent rate constant of WO3‐Ar NS is about 2.0 times and 1.8 times than that of WO3 nanoparticles and WO3‐air NS, respectively. These unique photocatalytic properties were attributed to the contribution of atomic layers, suitable crystal phase and porous surface and appropriate Vo content, which increases the specific surface areas and regulates the electrical properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) signaling pathway, a key player in immune checkpoint regulation, has become a focal point in cancer immunotherapy. In the context of cancer, upregulated PD-L1 on tumor cells can result in T cell exhaustion and immune evasion, fostering tumor progression. The advent of PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitor has demonstrated clinical success by unleashing T cells from exhaustion. Nevertheless, challenges such as resistance and adverse effects have spurred the exploration of innovative strategies, with bispecific antibodies (BsAbs) emerging as a promising frontier. BsAbs offer a multifaceted approach to cancer immunotherapy by simultaneously targeting PD-L1 and other immune regulatory molecules. We focus on recent advancements in PD-1/PD-L1 therapy with a particular emphasis on the development and potential of BsAbs, especially in the context of solid tumors. Various BsAb products targeting PD-1 signaling are discussed, highlighting their unique mechanisms of action and therapeutic potential. Noteworthy examples include anti-TGFβ × PD-L1, anti-CD47 × PD-L1, anti-VEGF × PD-L1, anti-4-1BB × PD-L1, anti-LAG-3 × PD-L1, and anti-PD-1 × CTLA-4 BsAbs. Besides, we summarize ongoing clinical studies evaluating the efficacy and safety of these innovative BsAb agents. By unraveling the intricacies of the tumor microenvironment and harnessing the synergistic effects of anti-PD-1/PD-L1 BsAbs, there exists the potential to elevate the precision and efficacy of cancer immunotherapy, ultimately enabling the development of personalized treatment strategies tailored to individual patient profiles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A two‐grid finite element method with nonuniform L1 scheme is developed for solving the time‐fractional nonlinear Schrödinger equation. The finite element solution in the Lp$$ {L}^p $$‐norm and L∞$$ {L}^{\infty } $$‐norm are proved bounded without any time‐step size conditions (dependent on spatial‐step size). Then, the optimal order error estimations of the two‐grid solution in the Lp$$ {L}^p $$‐norm are proved without any time‐step size conditions. Finally, the theoretical results are verified by numerical experiments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study focused on biofilm characteristics of Bacillus licheniformis and Bacillus cereus which were the residual dominant strains in milk powder production system. The effects of different carbon sources (glucose, maltose, lactose and skimmed milk) and temperatures (37 and 55 °C) on biofilm formation and metabolic activity were investigated by crystal violet staining and CCK-8 method. The results showed that the biofilm formation enhanced with the increase of the concentration of carbon source in nutrient broth. The images of the scan electron microscope and light microscope showed that glucose and maltose could significantly increase（ p < 0.05） the biomass and metabolic activity of biofilm. Skimmed milk can significantly improve（ p < 0.05） the biomass of Bacillus licheniformis and Bacillus cereus biofilm and the metabolic activity of Bacillus licheniformis biofilm. While lactose can only significantly improve （ p < 0.05） the metabolic activity of Bacillus licheniformis biofilm, which meant that lactose was not the main component in skimmed milk that affected the biofilm forming ability of Bacillus licheniformis and Bacillus cereus. This study estimated the effect of carbon source and temperature on the formation characteristics of biofilms, and was conductive to the prevention and control of Bacillus pollution in food industry. • Carbon sources with suitable concentration promoted the biofilm formation. • High carbon source concentration promoted the production of EPS and bacterial aggregation. • Maltose and skim milk were effective carbon and nitrogen sources for enhancing the EPS production. • Biofilm formation ability did not demonstrate correlation with cell metabolic activity in biofilm state. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• This study focused on the molecular regulatory mechanisms of spores under non-thermal processing. • Data-independent-acquisition method was used to quantify the protein responses to stress. • Spores down-regulated key proteins in energy metabolic and transportation pathways under stress. • Spores obtained stress resistance under the external stress. Ultrasound is a green nonthermal technology with promising applications in microbial inactivation. Electrolyzed water has been investigated and found to have a synergistic inactivation effect of ultrasound on spores. This study used a data-independent-acquisition method to analyze the stress response of Bacillus cereus spores following ultrasound combined with electrolyzed water treatment. We identified 197 differentially expressed proteins under ultrasound combined with an electrolyzed water treatment for which the ratio in the metabolic pathway was the highest. Spores downregulated key proteins in energy metabolic and transportation pathways, in particular in phosphotransferase systems and ATP synthase under ultrasound, electrolyzed water, and combined stress. The results of this study revealed that the key proteins in intracellular metabolism decreased after ultrasound treatment, and the expression of small acid-soluble spore protein and cell wall biosynthesis protein increased. Meanwhile, DNA integration, recombination, and inversion protein and small acid-soluble spore protein were upregulated after electrolyzed water treatment. In general, the spores exhibited stress resistance under external stress. The inactivation of spores by further stress was reduced, which we called "cross-protection." [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tibetan sheep are indigenous to the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau, graze the grassland all year round without supplementation and are well‐adapted to the harsh conditions. Small‐tailed Han sheep were introduced to the plateau and are raised mainly in feedlots. Based on their different backgrounds, we hypothesized that the ability to cope with poor diets would be better in Tibetan than in Han sheep. To test our prediction, we examined the effect of dietary energy on apparent digestibilities, rumen fermentation, urinary purine derivatives and serum metabolites by using a 4 × 4 Latin square design in each sheep breed. Four diets were formulated to be low in crude protein (~7%) but to differ in metabolizable energy concentration. Average daily gain was greater in Tibetan than in Han sheep (p < 0.01) and increased linearly with an increase in energy intake (p < 0.001). The digestibilities of dry matter, organic matter, gross energy, and neutral and acid detergent fibres were greater in Tibetan than in Han sheep (p < 0.05). Ruminal pH was lower (p < 0.05), while volatile fatty acids (VFAs), urea‐N, ammonia‐N and soluble protein‐N concentrations were higher (p < 0.05) in Tibetan than in Han sheep. As a molar proportion of total VFA, acetate decreased (p < 0.001) with an increase in dietary energy whereas propionate and butyrate increased (p < 0.05). Urinary purine derivative excretion was greater in Tibetan than in Han sheep (p < 0.01), as was microbial nitrogen production; both parameters increased with dietary energy (p < 0.01). Serum concentrations of glucose, insulin and insulin‐like growth factor‐1 increased (p < 0.05) as energy level increased, while non‐esterified fatty acids and growth hormone decreased (p < 0.05). It was concluded that Tibetan sheep were better able to cope with low‐protein, low‐energy diets and, consequently, our prediction was supported. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) peristaltic flow of the fractional Jeffrey fluid through porous medium in a nonuniform channel is presented. The fractional calculus is considered in Darcy’s law and the constitutive relationship which included the relaxation and retardation behavior. Under the assumptions of long wavelength and low Reynolds number, the analysis solutions of velocity distribution, pressure gradient, and pressure rise are investigated. The effects of fractional viscoelastic parameters of the generalized Jeffrey fluid on the peristaltic flow and the influence of magnetic field, porous medium, and geometric parameter of the nonuniform channel are presented through graphical illustration. The results of the analogous flow for the generalized second grade fluid, the fractional Maxwell fluid, are also deduced as special cases. The comparison among them is presented graphically. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) represent a novel type of noncoding RNAs of over 200 nucleotides, characterized by no or limited protein-coding potential. Although the function of lncRNAs attracts increasing attention recently, the relationship between lncRNA and colorectal cancer (CRC) remains further investigation. In our study, we found that lncRNA HAND2-AS1 was markedly downregulated in CRC tissues. And its expression level was negatively correlated with metastasis and advanced stage in CRC patients. Furthermore, we showed that HAND2-AS1 low expression predicted poor prognosis. Functionally, we found that overexpression of HAND2-AS1 obviously attenuated the proliferation and invasion of CRC cells. Ectopic expression of HAND2-AS1 also inhibited tumor propagation in vivo . In mechanism, HAND2-AS1 served as a sponge of miR-1275 which targeted KLF14. Through facilitating KLF14 expression, HAND2-AS1 suppressed CRC progression. In conclusion, our study demonstrated that HAND2-AS1 exerts a suppressive role in CRC by sponging miR-1275 and modulating KLF14 expression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Presents a study which focuses on the aspect associated with the electromagnetic fields which involves both electrical and magnetic anisotropy. Reference to the use of a theoretical model for measuring magnetic field change; How electromagnetic fields are often governed; Alteration of material properties of the fibers.

Mid-infrared detection technology is widely used in military and civilian applications with its unique advantages. The filter is the core component of the mid-infrared detection system, realizing controllable modulation of its dual-band transmission peak is an important prerequisite for optimizing detector performance. In this paper, a cross-shaped microcavity structure metamaterial based on gold material is designed to achieve mid-infrared dual-band transmission. By changing the width of the microcavity and the width of the gap, the controllable modulation of the dual-band transmission peaks is achieved, corresponding to the dual-band ranges of 3.23 ~ 3.46 μm and 4.06 ~ 4.60 μm. The maximum transmission of the resonant transmission peaks λI and λII can reach 94.5% and 92.6%, respectively. The corresponding FOM is up to 17.70. This study provides a theoretical basis for the preparation of dual-band transmission filters in the mid-infrared band. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we develop a two-grid virtual element method for nonlinear variable-order time-fractional diffusion equation on polygonal meshes. The L1 graded mesh scheme is considered in the time direction, and the VEM is used to approximate spatial direction. The two-grid virtual element algorithm reduces the solution of the nonlinear time fractional problem on a fine grid to one linear equation on the same fine grid and an original nonlinear problem on a much coarser grid. As a result, our algorithm not only saves total computational cost, but also maintains the optimal accuracy. Optimal L 2 error estimates are analysed in detail for both the VEM scheme and the corresponding two-grid VEM scheme. Finally, numerical experiments presented confirm the theoretical findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Hongshan-Zhaili coal mine was extensively mined for several decades, lies in Zibo city, Shandong province. After closed in 1994, the coal strata water level raised above the Ordovician limestone water level, then led to the cross strata pollution, which greatly affected the normal use of local people. The Ordovician limestone aquifer is the important drinking water aquifer for local community which covered under the coal strata. Thirty-two domestic water wells near the former coal mine were sampled for water chemistry and stable-isotope analysis of water and dissolved SO 4 2− . Groundwater plots close to the Global Meteoric Water Line and reveals evidence of recharging from atmospheric precipitation. The analysis of sensitive components NO 3 − , SO 4 2− , 34 S in groundwater shows an oxidation environment, promoting the pyrite oxidation. The result of 34 S isotopes indicates that the Ordovician limestone water SO 4 2− mainly derived from the atmospheric precipitation SO 4 2− , and the contamination of the Ordovician limestone water from coal strata water has occurred locally in the study area, the Ordovician limestone water is enriched in SO 4 2− and depleted 34 S in sulfate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Antimony (Sb) is a metalloid element with potential toxicity and carcinogenicity, and is ubiquitous in our living environment. Sb pollution has become a serious global problem, which has been induced by combustion of fossil fuel and Sb-containing waste as well as mining activities. However, Sb geochemical cycle in environment systems and its inherent hazards to human and ecosystem health are poorly known. Sb isotope technology provides a novel method to counter this challenge. Sb isotopic ratio could not be measured precisely until the introduction of the multiple-collector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (MC-ICP-MS) at the beginning of the 20th century. This paper systematically reviewed the analytical methods of Sb isotopes, including pre-concentration and separation methods of thiol cotton fiber (TCF) and ion-exchange chromatography, measurement techniques of MC-ICP-MS with hydride generation (HG) and metal doping. Additionally, the Sb isotope fractionation mechanism was summarized in biological, reduction, adsorption, evaporation, precipitation and mixing processes. The Sb isotope application research status is also reviewed, such as illustrating Sb sources and its characteristics of migration and transformation in hydrologic system. Finally, future prospects for Sb isotopes in environmental systems have been proposed, which will promote the advances in the study of Sb pollution and its prevention significantly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on the generalized Jacobi polynomials with indices ( − 1 , − 1 ) , a new upper bound for a posteriori error estimates is proposed, investigated and implemented for generalized Jacobi–Galerkin spectral element approximations. To simplify discussion for the error estimates, the second-order partial differential equation with homogeneous Dirichlet boundary conditions is considered on a unit interval. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) represents one potential and ideal anti-tumor drug, because it kills cancer cells specifically without targeting normal cells. However, acquired drug resistance to TRAIL usually impedes the clinical use of TRAIL on cancer patients. In the present study, we established in vitro TRAIL-resistant cervical cancer cell lines through long-term exposure to TRAIL. Interestingly, we observed significant upregulation of c-FLIP in TRAIL-resistant Hela and SiHa cells (Hela-TR and SiHa-TR) compared to their parental Hela and SiHa cells. Although Hela-TR and SiHa-TR cells exhibited low-sensitivity to TRAIL treatment, knockdown of c-FLIP significantly increased the cytotoxicity of TRAIL to them. In contrast to high protein level of c-FLIP, expression of miR-126 was significantly downregulated in Hela-TR and SiHa-TR cells. Results of western blot analysis, luciferase assays and bioinformatics proved that c-FLIP was the target of miR-126. Furthermore, as c-FLIP is the cellular antagonist to caspase-8, transfection with miR-126 promoted the activation of caspase-8 induced by TRAIL. As a result, miR-126 increased the TRAIL-induced apoptosis in Hela-TR and SiHa-TR cells. In addition, miR-126 was also able to increase the cytotoxicity of TNF-α and FasL (caspase-8 inducers) to Hela-TR and SiHa-TR. We demonstrate that miR-126 impairs drug resistance to TRAIL, TNF-α and FasL through inhibiting the expression of c-FLIP in cervical cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Xikuangshan (XKS) mine, the world's largest antimony (Sb) mine, was chosen for a detailed Sb isotopic signature study owing to its historical Sb contamination of water systems. Hydrochemical data, in particularδ123Sb values, were analyzed to identify the Sb source and predominant geochemical processes that affect Sb mobilization in different waters. The δ123Sb values of waters from the XKS Sb mine range from − 0.20‰ to + 0.73‰. In particular, the δ123Sb values of the main Feishuiyan stream do not significantly vary (+0.19‰-+0.24‰), while those of groundwater in different aquifers (−0.08‰ to +0.73‰) and mine water in different adits (−0.20‰ to +0.37‰) vary over a wide range. The relationships between δ123Sb values and Sb concentrations indicate that a simple dilution of Sb and a weak Sb adsorption onto Fe/Mn suspended particles and sediments in the Feishuiyan stream may occur, oxidative weathering and leaching infiltration of Sb-containing waste rocks and slags may cause variations in the δ123Sb values in groundwater, and Sb mobilization in the mine water is influenced by a combination of processes (oxidative dissolution, adsorption of Fe/Mn (hydr)oxides, and mixing). A conceptual hydrogeochemical model was summarized to elucidate the Sb source and mobilization in water systems from the XKS Sb mine. [Display omitted] • The δ123Sb values of waters from the XKS Sb mine range from − 0.2‰ to + 0.73‰. • Both adsorption onto Fe/Mn (hydr)oxides and mixing occur in mine water. • The source and mobilization of Sb are closely related to the mining activities. • A conceptual model of Sb source and mobilization in water systems was proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Near-infrared photons are converted to visible photons by nonlinear crystal upconversion materials and detected directly by silicon-based detectors, which is an attractive method for near-infrared detection. In this study, the influence of the film thickness of the upconversion material on the imaging sharpness based on the Van Cittert–Zernike theorem is analyzed. The relationship between imaging sharpness of silicon-based detectors and different thicknesses of near-infrared upconversion films is obtained by experimental measurements. The results show that the crystal luminescence area A s of the microstructure unit of the upconversion material and the wavelength λ ¯ of the converted visible light center remain unchanged with the change of thickness. The crosstalk distance a of the imaging sharpness is proportional to the thickness z of the upconversion material film, which is consistent with the theoretical results. • The Van Cittert–Zernike theorem is used for the first time to study micro-range transmission mechanism of upconversion film. • The crosstalk distance of imaging sharpness is proportional to the film thickness of the upconversion material. • The proposed all-optical upconversion imaging system has promising applications in the field of near-infrared imaging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • The factors affecting the synthetic material load of caffeic acid were studied. • Research on the sustainable release process of caffeic acid in the material. • Antibacterial mechanism and biocompatibility of synthetic material were discussed. The Zirconium-based metal–organic framework (UiO-66) has become important in the field of natural compounds delivery for its high drug loading capacity. Caffeic acid (CA) is a natural compound with unsatisfactory physicochemical stability. CA@UiO-66 improved the stability of CA and inhibited the growth of bacteria. UiO-66 was prepared by water-assisted method for the encapsulation of CA. CA@UiO-66 showed the highest CA loading rate of 56 % and a sustained-release ability of CA of 83 % until 100 h. It destroyed the surface morphology and ultrastructure of Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus). The minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) for E. coli and S. aureus were 1.0 mg/mL and 2.0 mg/mL, respectively. The 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl) 2,5-diphenyl-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) colorimetry showed that the CA@UiO-66 had low toxicity or no toxicity to human normal liver cells LO2 at the concentration of MBC. Therefore, CA@UiO-66 has a potential in the field of food microbial safety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the conforming virtual element method (VEM) is considered to solve the two-dimensional fractional cable equation involving two Riemann–Liouville fractional derivatives. We adopt the Backward Euler Method and the classical L 1 scheme for the numerical discrete scheme of the time derivative. Meanwhile, the conforming VEM, which is generated for arbitrary order of accuracy and the arbitrary polygonal meshes, is analysed for the discretization of the spatial direction. Based on the energy projection operator, the fully discrete formula is proved to be unconditionally stable, and the optimal convergence results are derived with regard to the L 2 -norm in detail. Finally, some numerical experiments are implemented to verify the theoretical results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Xikuangshan (XKS) mine in China has vast quantities of waste material and reported antimony (Sb) and arsenic (As) contamination of water in the mine area. This study estimated the potential of acid mine drainage (AMD) generation by waste material at XKS mine by using paste pH, acid base accounting and net acid generation geochemical static tests. Distribution of Sb and As in surface and groundwater in relation to mine waste AMD producing potential was also investigated. Thirty four (34) water samples and representative samples of three mine wastes from different periods (fresh, 10 and 50 years) were collected for this study: waste rock, smelting slag and tailings. The AMD prediction shows that waste rock (from 10 year period) is acid producing while the fresh mine waste had alkaline paste pH indicating the presence of reactive carbonates. Hence AMD generation may have occurred after a long time due to dissolution of carbonates. Water analysis found Sb with higher concentration than As with means of 3.74 mg/L and 0.19 mg/L respectively. Highest Sb and As concentrations were observed in the North mine along the water flow path from waste heaps and tailing pond; Mine water in the South mine also had elevated Sb and As concentrations. Mining activities at the XKS mine have accelerated Sb and As releases because of the disturbed natural equilibrium. Proper mine waste management and collection and treatment of outflow from the waste rock heaps and tailing ponds seem to be a promising mitigation options. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Globally methane (CH4) emissions from ruminant livestock account for 29% of total CH4 emissions. Inherited variation about CH4 emissions of different animal species might provide new opportunity for manipulating CH4 production. Six rumen-simulating fermenters (Rusitec) were set up for this study lasting for 16 d. The diet consisted of forage to concentrate ratio of 50:50 with barley straw as the forage. Treated vessels were supplied with rumen fluid from yak or cattle (3 vessels per animal species). Microbial growth was measured using 15N as a marker. The microbial community structure from liquid- and solid-fraction of each vessel was determined based on the 16S rRNA genes targeting both bacteria and archaea with MiSeq platform. CH4 yield was lower when the inoculum used from yak than that from cattle (0.26 and 0.33 mmol CH4/g dry matter intake, respectively). Lower H2 production was observed in Rusitec fermenters with rumen fluid from yak compare with that from cattle (0.28 and 0.86 mmol/d, respectively). The apparent digestibility of neutral detergent fiber, the isovalerate percentage with respect to the total amount of volatile fatty acids, the hydrogen recovery, and the proportion of liquid-associated microbial nitrogen derived from ammonia-nitrogen were higher in Rusitec fermenters incubated with rumen fluid from cattle than that from yak. The relative abundances of methanogens were no difference between two animal species. We hypothesize that more H2 production contributes to the higher methane emissions in cattle compare with yak. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A distributed optimal control problem is considered with an inequality constraint on the state variable. And the constraint reads that the integral of the state is not more than a given positive constant. An efficient approach is introduced to investigate optimality conditions of this problem. Based on the Uzawa algorithm, an efficient algorithm is designed and its convergence is discussed with details. Especially, the bounds of two iterative parameters are investigated. With the Legendre–Galerkin spectral method, numerical results show that the algorithm is highly feasible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An integral constraint on state optimal control problem governed by the first bi-harmonic equation is analyzed and its Legendre Galerkin spectral approximations are constructed. The optimality conditions of the continuous and the discretized optimal control problems are presented by the Kuhn–Tucker condition, respectively. The a priori error estimates of high accuracy are obtained. Furthermore, an efficient projection algorithm is proposed, and the convergent rate is discussed with precise details. Ample numerical examples are carried out to validate the theoretical results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A facile method to synthesize highly reduced graphene oxide in solid phase was developed. The reduced graphene oxide was scarcely prepared in solid phase. Solid substances act as spacers and pillaring agents. Sheets can not be close to each other in reduction process, and sheets agglomeration might not form. After reduction reaction is complete, the spacers and pillaring agents are removed. The average interlayer spacing and surface area of product are bigger than those of reduced graphene oxide. The product has few-layered sheet, and the ratio of carbon to oxygen is high, which might imply that the product is more similar to graphene compared to reduced graphene oxide. The specific capacitance of product is almost three times higher than that of reduced graphene oxide at the same current density. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Xikuangshan (XKS) mine in central China is the largest antimony (Sb) mine in the world. The mining activity has seriously contaminated the waters in the area. To determine the sources, migration and transformation of Sb contamination, 32 samples from groundwater (aquifer water), surface water and mine water were collected for water chemistry, trace element and S SO4 and Sr stable isotope analyses. The results showed that the groundwater and surface water were in an oxidized environment. The S SO4 and Sr isotope compositions in the water indicated that dissolved Sb and SO 4 2 originated from sulfide mineral (Sb 2 S 3 ) oxidation, whereas radiogenic Sr may have been sourced from silicified limestone and stibnite in the Shetianqiao aquifer. Furthermore, a positive correlation between δ 34 S SO4 and δ 87 Sr values revealed that the Sr, S and Sb in the waters had a common contamination source, i.e., silicified limestone and stibnite, whereas the Sr, S and Sb in rock and ore were sourced from Proterozoic basement clastics. The analysis also indicated that the isotope composition of dissolved SO 4 2 − had been influenced by slight bacterial SO 4 reduction in the Magunao aquifer. Mining or rock collapse may have caused Shetianqiao aquifer water to contaminate the Magunao aquifer water via mixing. This study has demonstrated that the stable isotopes of 34 S SO4 and 87 Sr, combined with hydrochemical methods, are effective in tracking the sources, migration and transformation of Sb contamination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the a posteriori error estimates of Chebyshev–Petrov–Galerkin approximations are investigated. For simplicity, we choose the Poisson equation with Dirichlet boundary conditions to discuss the a posteriori error estimators, and deduce their efficient and reliable properties. Some numerical experiments are performed to verify the theoretical analysis for the a posteriori error estimators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Erythropoietin (EPO) is reported to promote osteogenesis and inhibit adipogenesis of mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) through inhibiting PPARγ, while insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) is able to enhance osteogenesis via upregulating transcriptional coactivator with PDZ-binding motif (TAZ). The different targets of EPO and IGF1 suggested their potential synergism to enhance osteogenesis. In this study, we aimed to determine the potential synergism of EPO and IGF1 and its efficacy on MSC differentiation. Rat adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ADSCs) were separately treated with EPO, IGF1 and EPO/IGF1. It was observed that the co-treatment using EPO and IGF1 was able to potently promote the osteogenic differentiation of rat ADSCs compared with EPO or IGF1 alone, which offered a promising effective option to strengthen bone tissue regeneration for bone defects. Further, we demonstrated that the enhanced osteogenic differentiation by EPO and IGF1 co-treatment was almost counteracted by activating PPARγ through PPARγ agonist, RSG, and blocking TAZ through TAZ silencing RNA, siTAZ. Thus, it could be concluded that EPO and IGF1 possessed a potent synergism in promoting osteogenic differentiation, and the synergism was mainly attributed to co-regulation of different osteogenic regulators PPARγ and TAZ, which were targeted genes of EPO and IGF1 respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Because of their frequent association with man-made products, increasing SO 4 2 − and Cl − concentrations are often important indicators of deterioration of groundwater quality. The integrated use of hydrochemistry and multi-isotopic approaches (δ 34 S, δ 18 O and δ 37 Cl) was applied in Shijiazhuang area, China, to characterize SO 4 2 − and Cl − sources; and to evaluate factors, including natural processes and anthropogenic activities, that affect groundwater quality. In the plain area, the SO 4 2 − concentrations of the surface water and shallow groundwater (mean 2.42 mmol/L and 2.06 mmol/L, respectively) were generally higher than those of the deep groundwater (mean 0.69 mmol/L). The natural waters in the mountain area (mean 4.36 mmol/L) had higher SO 4 2 − contents than those in the plain area (mean 1.73 mmol/L). The shallow groundwater samples collected in the southern part of the plain area had higher Cl − concentrations than other samples. The SO 4 2 − in natural waters showed variable δ 34 S and δ 18 O values, ranging from +8.7‰ to +21.7‰ and from +5.9‰ to +11.4‰, respectively. The δ 37 Cl values fell in a narrow range of −0.22‰ to +0.64‰ with a mean value of +0.14‰. The hydrochemistry of samples is in part controlled by water-rock interaction processes, but also influenced by anthropogenic activities. The variations of δ 34 S and δ 18 O values indicate gypsum, oxidation of inorganic sulfide minerals, and detergents are the primary sources of sulfate in the samples. Bacterial SO 4 2 − reduction is an important reaction affecting the SO 4 2 − concentrations in the deep groundwater of the plain area. The plot of δ 37 Cl and 1/Cl − combined with the δ 37 Cl information of potential Cl − sources suggests that the dissolved Cl − in natural waters is mainly sourced from dissolution of Cl-bearing minerals, import of wastewater, and precipitation. Given the above, the elevated concentration of SO 4 2 − and Cl − in the groundwater could be mainly attributed to mining activities in the mountain area and input of wastewater from domestic and industrial activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lithium metal has garnered increasing attention, and is considered to be the most promising anode material for the next-generation rechargeable batteries with higher energy density such as lithium-sulfur, lithium-air and solid-state batteries. However, several serious challenges limit the commercial application of lithium metal batteries, including uncontrolled lithium dendrite growth, inherent volume expansion, and low Coulombic efficiency. Here, a nitrogen-doped porous nanofiber scaffold decorated with FeNi alloy nanoparticles with high lithophilicity is proposed by the electrospinning technique. The porous structure and the doping of FeNi alloy can expose more lithium nucleation active sites, and effectively reduce the nucleation overpotential of lithium metal to guide the uniform deposition of lithium. The porous structure formed by the sublimation of polymethyl methacrylate can effectively relieve the volume expansion and structural stress during the cycling process. As a result, excellent cycle stability and outstanding rate performance are observed in the tests of symmetric cells, highlighting the feasibility of the designed bimetallic doped carbon fiber scaffold for developing high-performance lithium metal anodes. The present work provides new strategies to solve the formation of lithium dendrites and brings new inspiration for the design and construction of high-efficiency lithium anodes and other secondary batteries anodes. [Display omitted] • Porous carbon scaffold decorated with FeNi alloy is designed by electrospinning. • The porous structure and the doping of FeNi alloy can expose more active sites. • The 3D porous host can relieve the volume expansion during the cycling process. • Excellent cycle stability and outstanding rate performance can be observed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Xikuangshan (XKS) mine, an antimony mine that has been active for more than a century, was chosen for a detailed antimony hydrogeochemical study because of the historical antimony contamination in local bedrock aquifers. Hydrochemical data, δ34S values of dissolved SO 4 2−, and δ98Mo values were analyzed to identify the predominant geochemical processes affecting Sb attenuation within the aquifers. Groundwater from the adits at the XKS Sb mine reflects an oxidizing environment and has pH values between 6.81 and 8.89 because of the sufficient acid-neutralizing effect of carbonates. The decrease in Sb concentrations along the groundwater flow direction and the highly coloured deposits in the adits indicate Fe and Mn oxides have a significant capacity for Sb sorption. The δ34S values of the groundwater indicate that reductive dissolution of Fe(III) hydroxides is not the dominant process controlling Sb mobilization. Furthermore, the δ34S values and weak-alkaline groundwater corporately suggest that Sb adsorption on and desorption from Fe/Mn (hydr)oxides may both occur, with adsorption being more significant than desorption with respect to Sb attenuation in groundwater. The δ98Mo values of the groundwater further demonstrate that this adsorption is relatively significant in terms of Sb attenuation, and that competitive adsorption may occur between Sb and As in groundwater at the XKS Sb mine. Overall, the hydrochemistry analysis, especially the S and Mo isotope evidences collectively elucidate that the attenuation of Sb in groundwater from the XKS Sb mine are influenced by several geochemical processes, including: (1) more adsorption on than desorption from Fe/Mn (hydr)oxides; (2) competitive adsorption of arsenic; and (3) dilution with low-Sb groundwaters. This study demonstrates that hydrochemical analyses, particularly S and Mo isotope studies, are useful for tracking Sb attenuation in groundwater from antimony-contaminated mine areas. [Display omitted] • S and Mo isotopes were used to elucidate the attenuation of Sb in bedrock aquifer. • Adsorption on Fe/Mn (hydr)oxides is relatively significant in terms of Sb attenuation. • A competitive adsorption may occur between Sb and As. • A conceptual model of Sb attenuation in bedrock aquifer system was proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses a research that investigated the hydrogeochemical influence of the Xikuangshan antimony (Sb) mine on groundwater quality in Hunan Province in southern China. Topics covered include analysis of groundwater from local springs for major and trace elements, water-rock interactions, total dissolved solids, power of Hydrogen (pH), dominance of alkaline earths and weak acids, dissolution of carbonate and gypsum, undersaturated dolomite, acid buffering, and calcite precipitation.

Minerals responsible for mine water quality at the Xikuangshan antimony mine were identified and characterized by a computer-assisted thermodynamic chemical equilibrium model. A total of 30 samples were collected and analyzed for major cations and anions. The Eh-pH diagrams identified FeO as the dominant iron species, while SO was the dominant sulfide species, which indicates acid production. The major acid producing minerals undergoing oxidation were identified to be pyrite, pyrrhotite, arsenopyrite and siderite. Other secondary sulfide minerals that contributed to SO concentration in the groundwater were gypsum and epsomite. Calcite and dolomite were the main buffering carbonate minerals. Identification of the specific acid producing and consuming minerals occurred in the mine area is critical to determine an effective water management plan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We employ spectral Legendre–Galerkin and mixed Legendre–Galerkin approximations to solve the first bi-harmonic equation in one dimension, respectively. By orthogonal properties of Legendre polynomials, we obtain an explicit a posteriori error indicator for spectral Legendre–Galerkin methods. Furthermore, in virtue of an auxiliary variable, we present spectral mixed Legendre–Galerkin methods and study the a priori estimate and a posteriori error indicator. Especially, these indicators only depend on the expansions of the right-hand item. Numerical examples are presented to verify our theoretical analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cyclodextrin metal–organic framework by ultrasound-assisted rapid synthesis for caffeic acid (CA) loading and antibacterial application (U-CD-MOF) was successfully studied and this method shortened the preparation time to a few minutes. It was found that the ultrasonic power, reaction time and temperature would affect the morphology and size of the obtained crystal. Under the optimal conditions, U-CD-MOF had a cubic structure with uniform size of 8.60 ± 1.95 μm. U-CD-MOF was used to load the antibacterial natural product CA to form the composite (CA@U-CD-MOF) and the loading rate of CA@U-CD-MOF to CA could reach 19.63 ± 2.53%, which was more than twice that of γ-CD. Various techniques were applied to characterize the synthesized crystal, including Powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and N 2 adsorption. In addition, antibacterial tests were performed on the obtained crystal. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of CA@U-CD-MOF for Escherichia coli O157: H7 (E. coli O157: H7) were both 25 mg·mL−1, and the MIC for Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus). was 25 mg·mL−1. The sustained release behavior of CA@U-CD-MOF to CA in ethanol fitted well to Higuchi model and the loading of CA was supported by molecular docking results. In general, U-CD-MOF was successfully achieved by ultrasound-assisted rapid synthesis and the obtained crystal was further evaluated for potential antibacterial application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of the study was to explore the methods for preparing transfer factor specific to Staphylococcus aureus ( SA-STF) in vitro. Under the optimum conditions, the spleen cells of rabbits were immunized with SA in vitro to prepare SA-STF, and the immune activities were identified with the phagocytosis and sterilization, skin delayed-type hypersensitivity, and immune protection tests. The concentration of polypeptide was 2.26 ± 0.27 mg/mL, and ribose was 0.684 ± 0.094 mg/mL. The phagocytosis and sterilization rates of the STF group were 70.9 ± 12.4% and 62.1 ± 12.2%, respectively, and compared with the non-specific transfer factor ( NTF) group, there were no significant differences ( P = 0.074 and 0.069, respectively). The skin was inflamed and marked nodules formed at the injection site in the mice of the STF group rather than the NTF and control groups. The survival rate of the STF-1 group was significantly higher than the survival rates of the STF-2 ( P = 0.024) and NTF groups ( P = 0.016). SA-STF was prepared and characterized successfully in vitro, and it probably is a biological candidate for therapy or adjuvant therapy for diseases caused by Staphylococcus aureus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]