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Hexarhopalus (Hexarhopalus) yeziyangi sp. nov. (Figs 1D–E, 4, 5C) Type material. Holotype: CHINA: ♂, labeled ‘China: Jiangxi, Lushan City (庐山市), Lushan (庐山), Guniuling (牯牛岭), 10.X.2020, Ye Zi-Yang leg.’ (MHBU). Paratype: CHINA: ♀, with the same label data as the holotype (MHBU). Description. Male (Figs 1D, 4A–H): Body long oval, convex, black and dull shinny. Head (Fig. 4A) transverse, widest across compound eyes. Vertex finely covered with small punctures and each puncture bearing a short, thin seta. Genae and epistoma covered with denser punctures and setae relative to punctures and setae on vertex. Labrum black, narrower than epistoma, covered with bristles of medium length in its apical portion. Antennal tubercles weakly prominent, antenna (Fig. 4C) shorter than head plus pronotum, club composed of four apical antennomeres. Relative lengths of antennomeres: 0.29: 0.23: 0.47: 0.43: 0.37: 0.39: 0.40: 0.37: 0.26: 0.26: 0.43; relative widths of antennomeres: 0.27: 0.24: 0.23: 0.23: 0.24: 0.24: 0.31: 0.36: 0.33: 0.34: 0.35. Antennomere I slightly expanded; antennomere II shortest, about as long as wide; antennomere III longest, about 2× as long as antennomere II, antennomeres IV–VI similar, shorter than antennomere III, antennomere VII about as long as wide, nearly trapezoidal, antennomeres VIII–X wider than long, IX and X shorter than XIII, antennomere XI with apex rounded. Pronotum (Fig. 4A) about as long as wide, widest at anterior 1/3; dorsal surface covered with dense small punctures and short setae; mediolongitudinal sulcus thin and shallow but visible, both sides with a shallow depression; pronotal groove thin but obvious basally, absent in anterior part, and wide and shallow at lateral margin (Fig. 4B). Prosternum distinctly raised before procoxae, surface wrinkled with sparse short setae; apex of prosternal process rounded. Elytra ovoid, about 1.5× longer than wide in dorsal view, humerus strongly narrowed, widest at apical 2/5, disc with regular rows of foveolated large, shallow punctures; scutellum transverse, nearly triangular; wings completely reduced. Metaventrite and abdomen finely covered with short thin setae and dense small punctures; median sulcus distinct, extending from anterior margin to ca. 3/4 of metaventrite length. Abdominal ventrite I longest, shorter than combined lengths of ventrites III and IV; ventrite II longer than metaventrite III; metaventrites III and IV distinctly concave; ventrite V slightly shorter than combined lengths of ventrites III and IV, apex rounded; apical margin of abdominal ventrite VIII (Fig. 4D) medially impressed, posterior and lateral margins bearing sparse long setae. Femora claviform medially, expanded in distal halves; all tibiae covered with brown setae apically; pro- and mesotibiae weakly curved, metatibia straight; tarsomeres simple, apical pro- and mesotarsomeres about as long as combined lengths of proximal four tarsomeres, apical metatarsomere shorter than combined lengths of proximal three metatarsomeres. Aedeagus (Figs 4F–H) symmetrical in dorsal view, distinctly curved in profile; spiculum gastrale (Fig. 4E) asymmetrical, short, with large apical lobes. Measurements: BL 14.2 mm, HL 1.9 mm, HW 2.8 mm, PL 3.9 mm, PW 4.2 mm, EL 8.4 mm, EW 5.1 mm. Female (Fig. 1E): Similar to male. Posterior margin of ventrite VIII (Fig. 4I) rounded, weakly impressed at middle and covered with sparse long setae. Spiculum (Fig. 4I) slightly tortuous, apex rounded and slightly dilated. Apex of ovipositor (Fig. 4J) with two long and two short setae. Measurements: BL 15.0 mm, HL 2.0 mm, HW 2.9 mm, PL 4.2 mm, PW 4.3 mm, EL 8.8 mm, EW 5.7 mm. Differential diagnosis. The new species is quite different from all other Chinese species of Hexarhopalus owing to the rows of elytra formed of regular and distinctly shallower foveolated punctures, while the punctures of the rows of elytra are more unordered or strongly foveolated in other species of Hexarhopalus. Distribution. China: Jiangxi. Biology. Adults of this species were collected on tree trunks at night (Fig. 5C). Etymology. The specific epithet honors Mr. Zi-Yang Ye, collector of the new species., Published as part of Jiang, Ri-Xin, Zhou, Qing-Hua, Liu, Yi-Feng, Huang, Yu-Zhou & Chen, Xiang-Sheng, 2022, Additional new species of the genus Hexarhopalus Fairmaire, 1891 (Coleoptera, Tenebrionidae: Cnodalonini) from China, pp. 592-600 in Zootaxa 5141 (6) on pages 597-600, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5141.6.5, http://zenodo.org/record/6598173

Hexarhopalus (Hexarhopalus) ferreri sp. nov. (Figs 1A, 2) Type material. Holotype: CHINA: ♀, labeled ‘ China: Yunnan, Wenshan Zhuang and Miao Autonomous Prefecture (Ṙ 山åůṻůh治州), Wenshan City (Ṙ 山市), 02.V.2020, Zhou Qing-Hua leg.’ (MHBU). Description. Female (Figs 1A, 2): Body oval, strongly convex, black and dull. Head (Fig. 2A) transverse, widest across compound eyes. Vertex covered with large punctures and each puncture bearing a short, thin seta. Genae and epistoma covered with denser and smaller punctures and setae relative to punctures and setae on vertex. Labrum black, narrower than epistoma, covered in apical portion with sparse bristles of medium length. Antennal tubercles weakly prominent, antenna (Fig. 2C) longer than pronotum, club composed of four apical antennomeres. Relative lengths of antennomeres: 0.37: 0.22: 0.67: 0.63: 0.51: 0.50: 0.50: 0.48: 0.46: 0.43: 0.66; relative widths of antennomeres: 0.34: 0.28: 0.31: 0.31: 0.32: 0.32: 0.44: 0.51: 0.48: 0.51: 0.53. Antennomere I slightly expanded; antennomere II shortest, wider than long; antennomere III about as long as antennomere XI, more than 2.5× as long as antennomere II, antennomeres IV–VI similar, shorter than antennomere III, antennomere VII expanded near apex and nearly trapezoidal, antennomere VIII about as long as wide, antennomeres IX–X wider than long, antennomere XI with apex rounded, antennomeres VIII–XI distinctly expanded. Pronotum (Fig. 2A) slightly longer than wide, widest at middle; dorsal surface covered with dense small punctures and short setae; disc with distinct irregular rugosity; mediolongitudinal sulcus shallow but visible, almost as long as length of pronotum, and without irregular rugosity; pronotal groove thin and not obvious basally, absent in anterior part, and wide and shallow at lateral margin (Fig. 2B). Prosternum distinctly raised before procoxae, surface wrinkled with sparse short setae; apex of prosternal process rounded. Elytra ovoid, about 1.3× longer than wide in dorsal view, humerus strongly narrowed, widest at apical 1/3, disc with regular rows of strong foveolate punctures and strong irregular rugosity; scutellum transverse, nearly triangular; wings completely reduced. Metaventrite and abdomen finely covered with short thin setae and dense small punctures; median sulcus distinct, extending from anterior margin to ca. 2/3 of metaventrite length.Abdominal ventrite I longest, about as long as combined lengths of ventrites III and IV; ventrite II longer than metaventrite III; metaventrites III and IV distinctly concave; ventrite V about as long as combined lengths of ventrites III and IV, apex rounded. Femora claviform medially, strongly expanded in distal halves; all tibiae covered with brown setae apically; pro- and mesotibiae slightly curved, metatibia straight; tarsomeres simple, apical pro- and mesotarsomeres about as long as combined lengths of proximal four tarsomeres, apical metatarsomere slightly shorter than combined lengths of proximal three metatarsomeres. Posterior margin of ventrite VIII (Fig. 2D) rounded and covered with sparse long setae. Spiculum (Fig. 2D) nearly stright, apex rounded and slightly dilated. Apex of ovipositor (Fig. 2E) with two long and two short setae. Measurements: BL 18.9 mm, HL 2.5 mm, HW 3.7 mm, PL 6.0 mm, PW 5.6 mm, EL 10.4 mm, EW 8.0 mm. Male. Unknown. Differential diagnosis. The new species differs from all other species of Hexarhopalus owing to the strong irregular rugosity of the elytra. However, H. (H.) ferreri sp. nov. is more or less similar to H. (H.) yunnanensis Jiang, Li, Ji, Engel, & Wang, 2021 also from Yunnan and H. (H.) tuberculatu s (Pic, 1928) from Laos, with all three species having an overall oval profile to the body. Nonetheless, these species can be easily separated on the basis of their different integumental sculpturing on the elytra: the elytra of H. (H.) tuberculatus are covered with differently sized tubercles, the elytra of H. (H.) yunnanensis are covered with a thin irregular rugosity, while the elytra of the new species are modified with strong, convex, and irregular rugosity. Distribution. China: Yunnan. Biology. The adult of this species was collected under a tree trunk during daylight. Etymology. The specific epithet honors the late Dr. Julio Ferrer (1944–2021, Swedish Museum of Natural History, Stockholm, Sweden), a famous taxonomist who made extensive studies on darkling beetles over a long period. When the first author (Ri-Xin Jiang) initiated his research on Chinese tenebrionid beetles, Dr. Ferrer kindly gave him considerable assistance. His expertise and kindness shall be missed.

Hexarhopalus (Hexarhopalus) tianbaoyanensis sp. nov. (Figs 1B–C, 3, 5A–B) Type material. Holotype: CHINA: ♂, labeled ‘China: Fujian, Sanming City (三fi市), Tianbaoyan N. R. (RDz岩 h然保护区), 01.VIII.2020, H: 1500m, Guoliang leg.’ (MHBU). Paratype: CHINA: ♀, labeled ‘China: Fujian, Fuzhou City (dz州市), Youxi County (尤ê县), Daopaiyan (倒fl岩ǟ区), 03,IV,2021, Liu Yi-Feng leg.’ (MHBU). Description. Male (Figs 1B, 3A–H): Body long oval, convex, dark brown, dorsal surface dull-shiny. Head (Fig. 3A) transverse, widest across compound eyes. Vertex finely covered with small punctures and each puncture bearing a short, thin seta. Genae and epistoma covered with denser punctures and setae relative to punctures and setae on vertex. Labrum reddish brown, narrower than epistoma, covered in apical portion with bristles of medium length. Antennal tubercles weakly prominent, antenna (Fig. 3C) longer than head plus pronotum, club composed of four apical antennomeres. Relative lengths of antennomeres: 0.46: 0.23: 0.76: 0.72: 0.74: 0.73: 0.70: 0.63: 0.53: 0.51:0.65; relative widths of antennomeres: 0.29: 0.24: 0.26: 0.28: 0.27: 0.30: 0.31: 0.36: 0.35: 0.35: 0.42. Antennomere I slightly expanded; antennomere II shortest, about as long as wide; antennomere III longest, more than twice as long as antennomere II, antennomeres IV–VI similar, shorter than antennomere III, antennomere VII distinctly expanded near apex, antennomere VIII about twice as long as wide, distinctly expanded near apex, antennomeres IX–X similar, longer than wide and expanded near apices, antennomere XI with apex rounded. Pronotum (Fig. 3A) about as long as wide, widest at middle; dorsal surface covered with dense small punctures and short setae; mediolongitudinal sulcus thin and not obvious, both sides with a shallow depression; pronotal groove thin but obvious basally, absent in middle of anterior part, thin but deep at lateral margin (Fig. 3B). Prosternum distinctly raised before procoxae, surface wrinkled with sparse short setae; apex of prosternal process rounded. Elytra long ovoid, more than 1.5× longer than wide in dorsal view, humerus strongly narrowed, widest at apical 1/3, disc with regular rows of strong foveolate punctures; scutellum transverse, nearly triangular; wings completely reduced. Metaventrite and abdomen finely covered with short thin setae and dense small punctures; median sulcus distinct, extending from anterior margin to ca. 2/3 of metaventrite length. Abdominal ventrite I longest, shorter than combined lengths of ventrites III and IV, wrinkled basally; ventrite II slightly longer than metaventrite III; metaventrites III and IV distinctly concave; ventrite V slightly shorter than combined lengths of ventrites III and IV, apex rounded; apical margin of abdominal ventrite VIII (Fig. 3D) medially impressed, posterior and lateral margins bearing long setae. Femora claviform medially, strongly expanded in distal halves; all tibiae covered with brown setae apically; pro- and mesotibiae slightly curved, metatibia straight; tarsomeres simple, apical pro- and mesotarsomeres shorter than combined lengths of proximal four tarsomeres, apical metatarsomere shorter than combined lengths of proximal three metatarsomeres. Aedeagus (Figs 3F–H) symmetrical in dorsal view, distinctly curved in profile; spiculum gastrale (Fig. 3E) asymmetrical, short, with large apical lobes. Measurements: BL 16.6 mm, HL 2.3 mm, HW 2.9 mm, PL 4.9 mm, PW 4.4 mm, EL 9.4 mm, EW 5.5 mm. Female (Fig. 1C): Similar to male. Posterior margin of ventrite VIII (Fig. 3I) rounded and covered with sparse long setae. Spiculum (Fig. 3I) nearly straight, apex rounded and slightly dilated. Apex of ovipositor (Fig. 3J) with a long and two short setae. Measurements: BL 16.3 mm, HL 2.2 mm, HW 2.8 mm, PL 4.6 mm, PW 4.1 mm, EL 9.5 mm, EW 5.6 mm. Differential diagnosis. In general habitus the new species most closely resembles H. (H.) sculpticollis Fairmaire, 1891 from Zhejiang, with both species having a long-oval body and a pronotum with a pair of shallow impressions. However, H. (H.) tianbaoyanensis sp. nov. can be separated from the latter species by the different form of the aedeagus: lateral margin of lobes are straight in H. (H.) sculpticollis, while distinctly wavy in the new species. Distribution. China: Fujian. Biology. Adults of this species were collected on tree trunks at night, while during the day they are hidden under tree bark and difficult to find (Figs 5A–B). Etymology. The specific epithet refers to the type locality, Tianbaoyan Nature Reserve, Fujian Province; the name is treated as an adjective., Published as part of Jiang, Ri-Xin, Zhou, Qing-Hua, Liu, Yi-Feng, Huang, Yu-Zhou & Chen, Xiang-Sheng, 2022, Additional new species of the genus Hexarhopalus Fairmaire, 1891 (Coleoptera, Tenebrionidae: Cnodalonini) from China, pp. 592-600 in Zootaxa 5141 (6) on page 596, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5141.6.5, http://zenodo.org/record/6598173

Lung cancer remains the most common cancer and the leading cause of cancer death worldwide. Despite effective chemotherapy and molecular-based therapies, the median and overall survival remains poor. Immune checkpoint inhibitors have changed the treatment landscape for patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) by inhibiting negative T cell regulators, including programmed death 1 (PD-1, CD279) and programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1, also known as B-H1, CD274) inhibitors. Nonetheless, most patients do not respond to these inhibitors. Recently, PD-L1 expression has been demonstrated to influence the anti-tumor efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibitors. However, the mechanisms of PD-L1 regulation are not clearly understood. This review thus aims to summarize the current knowledge and recent developments in the regulatory mechanisms of PD-L1 expression levels and attempts to clarify its latent function in anti-tumor activity, with the goal of guiding better designs for future NSCLC immunotherapies.

Eleven CO2 gas fields (pools) have been discovered in the Huanghua and Jiyang Depressions of Bohai Bay Basin, Eastern China. The analyses of natural gas geochemical data in the CO2 gas fields (pools) reveal the following: First, there is a positive correlation between CO2 content, δ13CCO2 values, and R/Ra values but a negative correlation between CO2 content and CH4 content; Second, the elevated δ13CCO2, R/Ra, and 40Ar/36Ar values show that CO2 is mantle-derived; Third, organic and inorganic alkane gases are both discovered in the CO2 gas fields of the Huanghua Depression, and the alkane gas in the Jiyang Depression is mainly oil-type. Taking the geological background of the region into consideration, the article concludes that the high geothermal field region, intersection part of faults, magmatic rock region, and high R/Ra values region are favorable abundance zones for CO2 gas fields (pools). Key words: Bohai Bay Basin, CO2 gas field (pool), CO2 origin, geochemical characteristics, fault, helium isotope

By measuring carbon and hydrogen isotope compositions for C1, C2 and C3 of 74 gas samples, natural gases from the Tarim Basin can be divided into six groups on the basis of their origins: (1) coal-type gas derived from coal measures; (2) coal-type gas generated from the T-J lacustrine mudstones; (3) oil-type gas derived from the Cambrian and low Ordovician marine source rocks; (4) oil-type gas from the source rocks deposited in the marine-transitional facies; (5) mixing gas between gas derived from the Carboniferous transitional source rocks and the Mesozoic humic gas, and (6) mixing gases of thermal genetic gas and little deep gas in the Southwest depression of the Tarim Basin. The δD values of methane in natural gases originating from different type kerogens are affected by both palaeo-environments of the source rock formation (kerogen types) and thermal maturity, with sedimentary environment (kerogen type) as the main controlling factor. Under the similar thermal maturity, the hydrogen isotope composition of methane is more enriched in deuterium in marine environments than lacustrine one. With the increase of thermal maturity and the increase of carbon atomic numbers of gaseous alkanes, the hydrogen isotopes become enriched in deuterium. The δD values of ethane and propane (δD2, δD3) are controlled mainly by thermal maturity and to a lesser degree by sedimentary environment of the source rock formation. The partial reversal of hydrogen isotopes for gaseous alkanes would be related to the microbial oxidation, mixing of sapropelic and humic gases and / or mixing of gases from similar kerogen sources with various thermal maturities. In the oil-type gas, the sulfate reduction reaction would result in the reversed order of δD1 and δD2 (e.g. δD1>δD2).

To explore the mechanisms for steep pulse irreversible electroporation technology to kill the lung cancer cell L9981. The apoptosis, cells mitochondrial membrane potential, internal PH changes and the intra-cellular calcium ions concentration were detected after steep pulses acted on the human large cell lung cancer cell L9981. Apoptosis test results indicated that cancer cells mainly experienced necrosis and apoptosis. Along with the increase of electric parameters, the proportion of the necrotic cells increased rapidly; the detection of cells mitochondrial membrane potential indicated that membrane potential occurred depolarization. Steep pulse can cause cancer cells to produce death and apoptosis .The PH value indicated that intracellular PH level down jumped. Internal PH became more acidic and led to cell death. The detection of intra-cellular calcium ions concentration showed that the number of free calcium significantly increased, and this change had killing effects on cell death and apoptosis. Steep pulse could induce cell apoptosis.