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Rail ticket allocation is a typical technique of revenue management that the operators determine the quantity of each train tickets allocated to each OD (Origin-Destination) pair. For increasing ticket allocation scheme flexibility and selling more tickets under stochastic demand, rail operators propose OD-shared tickets that are shared by all OD passengers. For avoiding OD-shared tickets are cut off by short-distance OD at early stage which causes long-distance passengers fail to purchase tickets, we integrate OD-shared ticket sales strategy into ticket allocation problem to further utilize OD-shared tickets. We formulate the model to jointly optimize both OD ticket and OD-shared ticket scheme and OD-shared ticket sales strategy. We simulate passenger purchasing process to calculate the ticket sold quantity and nest it in PSO algorithm to solve the model. Numerical experiment results show that considering OD-shared ticket sales strategy effectively improves OD-shared ticket and total ticket revenue by 9.55% and 2.26% respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There are many options for passengers choosing to travel by train. In order to maximize price revenue requests, railway companies must consider the differences between passenger types in the process of formulating ticket strategies. This study firstly subdivides passenger demand according to the latent class model based on Stated Preference (SP) and Revealed Preference (RP) survey data, then the passenger's preference for train service attributes is identified. Based on the prospect theory, logit model and passenger flow transfer model, the final passenger flow assignment result is obtained. A differential pricing and seat allocation model aiming at maximizing price revenue is established, and a simulated annealing (SA) algorithm is designed to solve it. The results of the case show that the proposed model can increase revenue by 3.52% and by 1.02% compared with the result under single fares and without demand division. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Line planning problems and differential pricing problems are complementary processes in the railway system, but these two problems were generally considered separate processes in most of the existing literature. This paper studies a time-dependent line planning problem and differential pricing problem with passenger train choice in high-speed railway networks under elastic origin-destination-period demand. After clearly and flexibly describing the organization cost of operators, the price cost, and the time cost of passengers in a physical infrastructure-based directed graph, a non-linear joint optimization model is designed with a diversity of optimization goals of maximizing the total revenue of railway operators minus the total travel cost of passengers. An algorithm based on a simulated annealing framework is designed to solve the joint optimization model, and six neighborhood search strategies are designed by combining the features of the studied problem and designed model closely to improve the efficiency of the solution search. The results based on both a toy railway network and a real-world railway network show that the optimized time-dependent line plan and differential price plan are beneficial to increasing the total revenue of railway operators and improving the travel service of railway passengers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the increase of bioenergy crops and the rapid development of agriculture, the total amount of solid waste is increasing rapidly. This study quantified the pyrolytic performance and gaseous products of spent coffee grounds (SCG), Chinese medicine residue (CMR), vinasse (VI) and camellia oil shell (COS) by using (derivative) thermogravimetric ((D)TG), Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (FTIR) and mass spectrometry (MS) analyses. There are two main stages of mass loss: volatilisation of volatiles and continuous decomposition of macromolecules. At a heating rate of 20°C/min, COS has the slowest pyrolysis rate compared to the other three. Model-free methods: Flynn-Wall-Ozawa (FWO) and Kissinger-Akahira-Sunose (KAS) were used to calculate the activation energy (E) of samples with different conversion rates (α). SCG and VI have the highest average activation energy (about 240kJ/mol), followed by CMR (200kJ/mol), and COS the lowest (175kJ/mol). FTIR was mainly used to detect functional group types (including hydroxyl, carbonyl, aldehyde and ester groups, etc.), while MS co-detected the characteristics of condensable/non-condensable gases (including H2O, CO2, NOx, SOx, C6H6, C7H8, C9H8 and other major gas emissions, pollutants and hydrocarbons). Nitrogen oxides are produced in the range of 500–800°C. SCG and VI emit more gas pollutants than CMR and COS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the increasing development of economics in China, the performance evaluation and obstacle diagnosis for urban water ecological civilization construction (UWECC) have attracted more and more attention, this study analyzes the coupling relationship between social economy and urban water ecology by applying framework model of "Driving force-Pressure-State-Influence-Response-Management", establishing the performance evaluation index system of UWECC. The group fuzzy analytic hierarchy process is developed to determine indicator weights and to find out the key influencing factors. A combination of fuzzy synthetic evaluation (FSE) and cloud model is introduced for measuring UWECC performance level. The integrated model includes two parts. One component is that fuzzy set theory is combined with evaluation methods, proposing a FSE method. The other part is that cloud model is utilized to make up for this limitation of ignoring the internal randomness and ambiguity for the FSE method. Subsequently, the UWECC of Shizuishan City in China is selected from 2010 to 2019 as a case study, the results show that its UWECC performance scores gradually increased in the past ten years, the growth speed of which can be divided into three development stages: bad and slow-growth (2010–2014), intermediate but slightly fast-growth (2015–2017) and good and fast-growth (2018–2019). Besides, through making sensitivity analysis of indicators to each subsystem, it is found that their sensitivities show obvious differences. In terms of the main obstacle indicators affecting UWECC performance, they also present obvious temporal heterogeneity characteristics, that is, the obstacle degrees of indicators in the same stage have slightly smaller differences, and those of indicators in different stages exist significant differences. The demonstration conducted proves that the proposed method can be used not only to accurately understand the changes of UWECC through time but also to diagnose the crucial obstacle indicators, providing theoretical basis for improving UWECC performance of this urban in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: Global warming is threatening species survival worldwide. Cold‐adapted montane ungulates may be among the first species to be affected by global warming. Here, we investigate the behavioural thermoregulation hypothesis that montane ungulates buffer the effects of warming climate through behavioural adjustment. Location: Foping National Nature Reserve (FNNR) on the southern slopes of the Qinling Mountains, Shaanxi, China. Methods: We used infrared camera traps over six consecutive years to monitor behavioural responses of montane ungulates to seasonal and diurnal changes in ambient temperature. We evaluated how seasonal altitudinal migration and changes to their daily activity budget may mitigate the effect of warming on montane ungulates. Results: All four montane ungulate species examined here preferred ambient temperatures <22°C in summer. On this basis, we estimate that 27.9% (+2°C) and 46.7% (+3°C) of suitable summer habitats will become unsuitable under climate change. Chinese muntjac and tufted deer displayed behavioural changes to daily activity budgets, which may help them overcome global climate warming to a certain extent. By contrast, golden takin and wild boar did not display similar behavioural changes, and it may be because they are not affected by current shifts in climate due to larger body size and thus lower thermal stress. Main Conclusions: These analyses demonstrate different species responses to warming are likely and are determined by specific tolerances to ambient temperature thresholds. However, it remains to be seen whether species interactions caused by behavioural shifts may affect species ability to respond to climate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Safety evaluation of urban rail transit (URT) operation can not only have a great impact on passenger travel options, but is also related to planning of urban development. The evaluation results of URT operational safety are important for transit operators and passengers. In this study, we develop an integrated multi-stage evaluation framework to assess URT operation from the perspective of safety, which considers information uncertainty of key influence factors (KIFs), and risk preference of decision-makers (DMs). Firstly, to identify and select KIFs, this study makes systematic analysis of impacts on URT operational safety from five aspects: passengers, management, equipment, environment, and disaster respectively. Vensim software is used to build a stock flow model based on system dynamics method, and a two-level index system for assessing URT operational safety is established. Secondly, DMs' weights are specified based on interval valued triangular fuzzy (IVTF)-TOPSIS method, and IVTF-AHP-entropy is introduced to determine the combined weight of each indicator. Thirdly, an S-shaped utility function under IVTF environment is developed to get the ranking order of research objects, and operational safety levels are determined based on cloud model. Finally, Changsha subway network is selected as a case study to test our proposed evaluation framework, and some related suggestions for operators and managers have been put forward in the future. • Proposed a hybrid six-phase evaluation model. • Identify key influence factors (KIFs) of URT operational safety. • Take risk attitude of decision-makers (DMs) into consideration. • Verify our proposed method by the Changsha subway network. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is devoted to developing a line-planning approach for high-speed railway networks merging newly built railway lines, which result in the change of the network's original structure and some passengers' travel routes. In order to exactly describe the choice of time-varying passengers and the operation of the trains, a passenger travel network with time information is constructed based on the pre-generated candidate train set. Following this, a line-planning optimization model for optimizing trains on both the existing railway network and the merged new railway line is established under the considered constraints, such as transportation resources on the network. It does not aim to only provide higher service level for passengers and increase revenue of railway enterprise, but also to ensure the continuity of the existing trains to facilitates passengers and train organization. A framework of the Simulated Annealing Algorithm is designed to solve the proposed model by combining the neighboring solution search strategies with evaluation method based on the allocation of passengers. The case of a partial high-speed railway network in China is studied to test the practicability and validity of the proposed approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The capacity of some busy rail lines is increasingly tight and passenger demand far exceeds the railway capacity. To schedule as many trains as possible in order to satisfy more transportation demands, we studied the capacity-oriented train scheduling problem. While most approaches focus only on increasing the capacity of the rail line, this research considers both the time-space distribution of transportation demands and the operation and maintenance of rolling stock. To solve this problem, we first constructed a time-space network to describe the time-space path of rolling stock. We then proposed an integer planning model with rolling stock maintenance and the OD service frequency constraints to maximize the number of running arcs in rail sections. After decomposing this model by introducing some Lagrangian multipliers to relax its hard constraints, we proposed a Lagrangian relaxation-based decomposition algorithm, including two path search sub-algorithms for rolling stock to optimize both the relaxed and the feasible solutions. Finally, we conducted a computation study on a practical double-track high-speed railway line to test the performance of this algorithm. It reports that the train timetables and the operation of rolling stock are well managed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study focuses on managing the gate assignment in the hub airport with both main terminal and satellite halls. We first formulate the gate assignment problem (GAP) as a binary linear programming model with multi-objective functions, where the practical constraints, e.g., gate time conflict and gate compatibility, are considered. Then, we incorporate the impact of gate assignment on transfer passengers and formulate the transfer demand-oriented gate assignment problem (TGAP) as a nonlinear model. A linearization approach and a heuristic approach are designed to solve the TGAP model. A case study is conducted based on the practical data of the Shanghai Pudong International Airport, where a comparison between the results of GAP and TGAP by the two proposed approaches is demonstrated. It shows that the proposed TGAP model and solution approaches can not only enhance the service for transfer passengers but also improve the gate utilization efficiency in the hub airport. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The optimization of train plans is highly dependent on the space–time distribution of passenger demand in high-speed railway systems. A train plan usually needs to be implemented on multiple operation days, and obviously the amount and space–time distribution of demand over these days has noteworthy differences. To ensure the same train plan is able to be implemented on multiple operation days while effectively satisfying the different levels of demand on those days, a novel robust optimization of a high-speed railway train plan based on multiple demand scenarios is performed in this research. Firstly, the passenger demand of each operation day is described as a demand scenario, and a candidate train set is generated that is able to satisfy the multiple demand scenarios. Then, a regret value corresponding to the total cost, including the train operation cost and passenger travel expense, is proposed to measure the deviation in the costs generated between the robust and the optimal train plan under each demand scenario. Then a robust optimization model for a high-speed railway train plan is constructed to minimize the maximum regret value. Moreover, a simulated annealing algorithm for solving the model is designed by constructing some neighborhood solution search strategies for multiple demand scenarios. Finally, the validity and feasibility of the proposed robust optimization method for train planning are verified on the Shijiazhuang–Jinandong high-speed railway line in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Multi-attribute fire safety evaluation of subway station. • Develop an integrated method of FANP – FGRA – Cloud model. • Incorporate interdependences and interactions among criteria. • Obtain the integrated priorities and fire safety levels of subway stations. • Use a case study to illustrate its application and rationality. With the rapid development of subway network, the fire safety of subway stations is becoming outstandingly important in the operation process. But there seem to be few studies developing quantitative models in the existing approaches. To this end, this study aims to develop a multi-attribute hybrid method by combining Fuzzy Analytic Network Process (FANP), and Fuzzy Grey Relational Analysis (FGRA) with Cloud model to evaluate fire safety of them. This research comprehensively sorts out and identifies high-frequency hazard factors associated with fire accidents at stations from personal, equipment, environmental and management aspects, and simultaneously explores dependencies and interactions among them. Seven typical transfer stations of Changsha subway network in China are studied by using the proposed approach, and the results show that: (1) the fire safety order from the best to the worst determined is FBH (A2), SWGY (A7), CSRS (A6), YWZ (A1), HTL (A5), HJT (A4) and WYGC (A3); (2) through comparing the results obtained by the proposed method with that determined fuzzy TOPSIS and fuzzy sum weighted method, it is proved that the method developed in this study is reliable and effective; and (3) sensitivity analysis indicates that the ranking order of stations is influenced by the fluctuation of criterion and sub-criterion weights. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Globally, marine fish communities are being altered by climate change and human disturbances. We examined data on global marine fish communities to assess changes in community‐weighted mean temperature affinity (i.e., mean temperatures within geographic ranges), maximum length, and trophic levels, which, respectively, represent the physiological, morphological, and trophic characteristics of marine fish communities. Then, we explored the influence of climate change and fishing on these characteristics because of their long‐term role in shaping fish communities, especially their interactive effects. We employed spatial linear mixed models to investigate their impacts on community‐weighted mean trait values and on abundance of different fish lengths and trophic groups. Globally, we observed an initial increasing trend in the temperature affinity of marine fish communities, whereas the weighted mean length and trophic levels of fish communities showed a declining trend. However, these shift trends were not significant, likely due to the large variation in midlatitude communities. Fishing pressure increased fish communities’ temperature affinity in regions experiencing climate warming. Furthermore, climate warming was associated with an increase in weighted mean length and trophic levels of fish communities. Low climate baseline temperature appeared to mitigate the effect of climate warming on temperature affinity and trophic levels. The effect of climate warming on the relative abundance of different trophic classes and size classes both exhibited a nonlinear pattern. The small and relatively large fish species may benefit from climate warming, whereas the medium and largest size groups may be disadvantaged. Our results highlight the urgency of establishing stepping‐stone marine protected areas to facilitate the migration of fishes to habitats in a warming ocean. Moreover, reducing human disturbance is crucial to mitigate rapid tropicalization, particularly in vulnerable temperate regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Competition often occurs between two or more sympatric species that use similar ecological niches. During competition, a superior species may exclude the competitor from parts of its fundamental niche or make it go extinct. Determining the potential competition between two sympatric species including an endangered one has important implications for conservation management. We evaluated potential food competition between the wild boar and the giant panda in a key national nature reserve established primarily for the giant panda protection. We monitored foraging plots for 9 years, conducted food macronutrient analysis, and combined our analysis with long-term population monitoring results for two species. The wild boar population increased dramatically in the past 18 years, benefiting from conservation policies of the Chinese government, whereas the giant panda population decreased. We found evidence for competition for bamboo shoots, an important seasonally limiting resource. The wild boar had a higher utilization rate at foraging plots than giant panda, which also avoided plots used by wild boar. This study indicates key seasonal food competition may exist between wild boar and giant panda. This competition for a key food resource may have negative impacts on giant panda populations, particularly under the substantial increase of the wild boar, yet this possibility has not figured prominently in conservation planning and policy for panda reserves. We suggest long-term monitoring of this competitive relationship across reserves to determine when and where management intervention is needed. And, we might need more flexible policies instead of the current "one size fits all" one. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An energy-efficiency train schedule greatly contributes to alleviating some environmental issues such as carbon emissions. However, the pursuit of reducing train energy consumption often leads to passengers' longer travel time, and more operation cost of rolling stocks. Thus, it is necessary to consider costs of passengers and rolling stocks when optimizing the energy-efficiency schedule for better satisfying passenger demand and reducing trains' total operating cost. In this paper, a mixed integer nonlinear programming model of energy-efficiency train schedule considering passenger demand and rolling stock circulation plan is established for minimizing passengers' travel cost and trains' operating cost. More specifically, this model devotes to simultaneously optimizing: (1) passengers' travel choices to reduce passengers' waiting time and travel time, (2) the selection of train traction strategy in the section to reduce the traction energy consumption, and (3) the train connection scheme to ensure the economy of the rolling stock circulation plan. This paper designs a variable neighborhood search algorithm combined with CPLEX solver to solve the model efficiently. Based on the data of Guangzhou Metro Line 9, the optimization method proposed in this paper can reduce the train operation cost by 9.73% and the total passenger travel cost by 18.11%. • Integrate rolling stock circulation planning with energy-efficient train scheduling. • Consider the passengers' travel cost to ensure the quality of passenger service. • Optimize trains' traction strategies to reduce traction energy consumption. • The effectiveness is demonstrated in a real-word case. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To provide passengers with strict regularity of train operation, this research is devoted to modeling and solving the multi-periodic train timetabling problem to simultaneously optimize operation periods, arrival times, and departure times of all period types of trains on a double-track rail network. Based on the construction of a weighted directed graph, a multi-path searching model, namely, a 0-1 linear programming model, is built to minimize the total travel time of all period-types of trains subject to many operational constraints, including station parking capacity and train minimum load factors. After decomposing this model by introducing some Lagrangian multipliers to relax its complicated constraints, a solution algorithm, including a multi-path simultaneous searching sub-algorithm for each period-type of train, is designed to optimize both the feasible and dual solutions, which correspond to the upper and lower bounds, respectively. Finally, the performance, convergence, sensitivity, and practicability of our method are analyzed using many instances on both a small rail network and the high-speed railway between Beijing and Shanghai in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is of great practical significance to save train traction energy for reducing the operation cost of urban rail transit. The energy-efficient train scheduling without combining with train circulation planning may inadvertently increase the other cost of rolling stocks, and finally lead to an increment of the total operation cost. This paper studies the integrated problem of energy-efficient train scheduling and train circulation planning for urban rail, and aims to reduce the total operation cost of rolling stocks including energy consumption. Its main challenge is to simultaneously solve three subproblems, namely the saving of train's traction energy in each rail section, the utilizing of regenerative braking energy and the optimizing of train circulation plan. We construct an optimization model to simultaneously optimize schedule and train circulation plan. Based on the designing of a strategy to create the train circulation plan for each train schedule, an efficient particle swarm algorithm is formed to solve our proposed model. The numerical experiments based on Guangzhou Metro Line 9 of China illustrate that the collaborative optimization can reduce the total operation cost of trains by 4.48% compared with the initial train schedule. • Integrate train circulation planning with energy-efficient train scheduling. • Optimize trains' traction strategies to reduce traction energy consumption. • Regenerative braking energy can be utilized in the same substation to save energy. • The effectiveness is demonstrated in a real-word case. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Pb(Ti 1- x M x )O 3-δ ( M =Ni and Pd) ferroelectric thin films prepared by a sol-gel technique have been studied by means of structural characterizations, optical and magnetic measurements. X-ray diffraction and Raman scattering results reflect the visible changes in average structure. Moreover, d 8 M 2+ doping has important effects on the energy band structure and magnetic orderings. Optical transmittance spectra analysis indicates that Pb(Ti 0.85 Ni 0.15 )O 3-δ and Pb(Ti 0.85 Pd 0.15 )O 3-δ thin films present small band-gaps of 2.67 eV and 2.55 eV, respectively. Also, the as-grown Pb(Ti 0.85 M 0.15 )O 3-δ thin films show room-temperature ferromagnetism, in contrast to PbTiO 3 which is diamagnetic. A bound magnetic polaron model can be employed to explain the observed ferromagnetic behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper focuses on the simultaneous passenger train routing and timetabling problem on the rail network consisting of both unidirectional and bidirectional tracks using an efficient train-based Lagrangian relaxation decomposition. We first build an integer linear programming model with many 0–1 binary and non-negative integer decision variables, after then reformulate it as a train path-choice model for providing an easier train-based Lagrangian relaxation decomposition mechanism based on the construction of space-time discretized network extending from node-cell-based rail network. Moreover, through reformulating safety usage interval restrictions with a smaller number of constraints in this reformulated model, the train-based decomposition needs fewer Lagrangian multipliers to relax these constraints. On the basis of this decomposition, a solving framework including a heuristic algorithm is proposed to simultaneously optimize both the dual and feasible solutions. A set of numerical experiments demonstrate the proposed Lagrangian relaxation decomposition approach has better performances in terms of minimizing both train travel time and computational times. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The PbTi 1 − x Pd x O 3−δ ( x PTPO) thin films prepared by chemical solution deposition have been investigated by means of structural characterizations, optical and magnetic measurements. X-ray diffraction patterns show that all the films have a pseudotetragonal perovskite structure, but also exhibit a lattice dilatation behavior and increased internal strain as the x increases. A possible mechanism for strain-induced structural evolution is discussed. Raman scattering further corroborates this change in average structure, where the characteristic variation of phonon modes, indirectly reveal the incorporation of Pd 2+ ions into host lattice. Transmittance spectra analysis indicates that Pd doping has a key effect on the energy band structure. The optical bandgap of x PTPO films decreases significantly with increasing Pd content, expressed by (3.5–9.0 x ) eV (0≤ x ≤0.09). Also, magnetic switching driven by doping has been confirmed in the films, which is attributed to the competition between ferromagnetic and paramagnetic/antiferromagnetic components. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Perovskite-type ferroelectrics are increasingly being studied for applications in solar-energy conversion because of their efficient ferroelectric polarization-driven carrier separation and above-bandgap generated photovoltages. (K,Ba)(Ni,Nb)O 3−δ ferroelectric films, a highly promising and low-cost absorber layer material for solar cells, have been fabricated on Pt(111)/Ti/SiO 2 /Si(100) substrates for the first time, using a modified pulsed laser deposition method. Well-crystallized near-stoichiometric (K,Ba)(Ni,Nb)O 3−δ film was obtained by adjusting the target–substrate distance to 50 mm and setting the substrate at an oblique angle of ~11° from the plume axis. Microstructural characterizations show the as-grown film exhibits a single-phase perovskite structure with a dense and uniform surface. The optical absorption spectrum of (K,Ba)(Ni,Nb)O 3−δ has two main peaks, i.e., a significant peak at the intermediate energy adjacent to a much larger peak at higher photon energy, which indicates intraband multiple electronic transition. The present results could be crucial for potential solar-energy device applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thin films of perovskite-type Ba(Ti 0.75 Ce 0.125 Pd 0.125 )O 3− δ (BTCPO) have been investigated by means of microstructural characterizations, optical and magnetic measurements. X-ray diffraction patterns show that the BTCPO exhibits a centrosymmetric cubic perovskite structure accompanied by the grain refinement. Raman spectroscopy, however, shows the symmetry of crystalline structures is locally lowered by the presence of dopants, significantly deviating from the ideal Pm 3 m space group, possibly due to an increased internal strain. The BTCPO film possesses a narrow bandgap of 2.21 eV, much smaller than BaTiO 3 (3.5 eV), which originates from new states in the electronic structure with the presence of Pd 2+ . Magnetic hysteresis loops indicate that the BTCPO film exhibits an excellent combination of saturation magnetization and coercivity at room temperature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Select sustainable alternative aviation fuels (AAFs). • Take into account decision-makers' (DMs') risk preference. • Develop a hybrid five-phase decision-making approach. • Use four sustainable AAFs to illustrate and verify its application and rationality. The selection of sustainable alternative aviation fuels (AAFs) plays an essential function in the success of fuel supply chain management. Traditional and classical multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) methods are contributed to making decisions under a deterministic condition, and assume that decision-makers (DMs) are absolutely rational when coping with various risks. Nevertheless, it is difficult that these hypotheses are applied in the process of complex AAF evaluation. The complexity associated with the AAFs' sustainability evaluation primarily origins from the fuzzy and ambiguous assessment information, DMs' subjective preferences, different opinions and thoughts among DMs with respect with criteria. Unfortunately, previous studies failed to solve these problems thoroughly. To fill such a gap, a novel hybrid five-phase fuzzy MCDM approach is put forward by integrating interval valued triangle fuzzy numbers (IVTFNs), IVTFN-AHP, IVTFN-TOPSIS, and cumulative prospect theory in this study. It can effectively deal with uncertainty in this process, particularly the cumulative prospect theory enables to well depict DMs' risk preference of and expresses their actual opinions. Afterwards, four alternative aviation fuels (i.e., Algal-based fuel (A1), Petroleum refining (A2), Soybean -based fuel (A3), and Fischer-Tropsch synthesis based on natural gas (A4)) are studied to illustrate the application of the proposed method, the results demonstrate that the sustainability order from the best to the worst determined based on the opinions of the five groups of DMs is A1, A3, A2, and A4, meaning that Algal-based fuel achieves higher energy efficiencies and fewer greenhouse gas emissions than other alternative fuels. In order to further investigate the robustness and rationality of this approach, sensitivity analysis and comparative analysis are also carried out in this study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Band-gap narrowing effects have been observed in and Ni-doped PbTiO 3 and Ni-doped Ba(Ti 0.875 Ce 0.125 )O 3 ferroelectric ceramics. Structural characterizations and microstructural analysis show that the as-prepared PbTi 0.67 Ni 0.33 O 3− δ (PTN) and Ba(Ti 0.75 Ce 0.125 Ni 0.125 )O 3− δ (BTCN) samples exhibit polycrystalline perovskite structures with dense microstructures. The Ni doping at Ti-site results in lattice expansion and introduces oxygen vacancies. Note that the band-gap values of PTN and BTCN are 2.42 eV and 2.73 eV, respectively, much smaller than that of corresponding parent PbTiO 3 (3.21 eV) and BaTiO 3 (3.37 eV) materials. This optical behavior can be due to new states of both the highest occupied molecular orbital and the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital in an electronic structure with the presence of Ni. With such decreased optical band-gaps, the PTN and BTCN materials will have great potential in solar-energy conversion devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Single-crystal and polycrystal BaTiO 3 (BTO) materials synthesized by the physical and chemical methods, respectively, have been studied based on microstructural characterizations and magnetic measurements. The results of X-ray diffraction and Raman scatting spectra show that a single crystal tetragonal to polycrystalline pseudo-cubic structure transformation occurs in BTO ferroelectrics, dependent of growth conditions and interface effects. High-resolution transmission electron microscope data indicate that the as-prepared BTO/SrTiO 3 (001) and BTO/SrRuO 3 /SrTiO 3 (001) heterostructures are highly c -axis oriented with atomic sharp interfaces. Lattice defects (i.e., edge-type misfit dislocations and stacking faults) in the heterostructures could be identified clearly and showed tunable with the variations of interface strain. Furthermore, the effects of vacancy defects on magnetic properties of BTO are discussed, which shows a diamagnetism–ferromagnetism switching as intrinsic vacancies increase. This work opens up a possible avenue to prepare magnetic BTO ferroelectrics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rough‐toothed dolphin (Steno bredanensis) is characterized by having teeth covered in finely wrinkled vertical ridges, which is a general manifestation of amelogenesis imperfecta. The rough surfaces are hypothesized to be an evolutionary morphological trait of feeding adaptation to increase the dolphin's grip on prey. Here, we assembled a rough‐toothed dolphin genome and performed the comparative genomic analysis to reveal the genetic basis of the special enamel. Results showed that genes related to enamel development or dental diseases have undergone diversified adaptive changes that may shape the special enamel morphology of this dolphin species, including positive selection (CLDN19, PRKCE, SSUH2, and WDR72), rapid evolution (LAMB3), or unique amino acid substitutions (AMTN, ENAM, MMP20, and KLK4). Meanwhile, the historical demography of rough‐toothed dolphin indicated several distinct population fluctuations associated with climate change. The genome‐wide heterozygosity of this dolphin is in the middle of all published data for cetaceans. Although the population is considerable, there may be population or subspecies differentiation, and with the global warming and the increasing disturbance of human activities, we should pay more attention to protection in the future. Together, our study brings new insights into the genetic mechanisms that may have driven the evolution of the special enamel morphology in rough‐toothed dolphins and provides the first results of genetic heterozygosity and population historical dynamics of this species, which have important guiding implications for the conservation of this dolphin species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Study operational risk of Chinese Train Control System- Level 3; • Develop an integrated risk assessment method; • Introduce a revised risk matrix based on FAHP; • Use cloud model to investigate empirically a case study further. An accident caused by train control system may not only bring expensive loss, but also result in severe destruction to surrounding environment. The purpose of this study is to study operational risk of Chinese Train Control System- Level 3 (CTCS-3). An integrated risk assessment method is developed by combining fishbone diagram (FD), Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process (FAHP) with cloud model. Based on fishbone diagram, risk factors (RFs) of train control system are identified from two perspectives of hazard event, namely occurrence frequency and sequence severity. To further classify RFs quantitatively, a revised risk matrix based on FAHP is introduced to calculate the consequence and likelihood weights for each risk factor (RF), and then Risk Index (RI) is getting by making product of consequence and likelihood weights, which reflects relative influence degree on operational risk. Finally, in order to assess the comprehensive operational risk of CTCS, cloud model is used to logically calculate quantitative results, and the CTCS-3 in Wuhan-Guangzhou high-speed railway is empirically investigated to analyze its overall operational risk level. The result shows that its risk level is between medium and low, and more inclined to low, which means being acceptable but not ideal. Meanwhile, some specific suggestions and measures are proposed to eliminate or reduce RFs with higher frequency and worse consequence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, Thermogravimetric-Mass spectrometry-Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (TG-MS-FTIR) were used to study the co-pyrolysis behavior and gaseous products of coal slime (CS) and cattle manure (CM). By establishing different artificial neural network (ANN) prediction models, it was found that MLP13 model is the best prediction model. It was determined that the pyrolysis process of CM and CS can be divided into three stages, of which the second stage has the largest mass loss. Due to the different mixing ratio, there will be synergistic interaction or inhibitory effect during co-pyrolysis of CM and CS. Adding CM to CS will improve the pyrolysis performance of CS. The Kissinger-Akahira-Sunose (KAS) and Flynn-Wall-Ozawa (FWO) methods were used to calculate the activation energy. The activation energy was the lowest when the mixing ratio is CM:CS = 7:3, which was 195.377 kJ/mol (FWO) and 195.008 kJ/mol (KAS), respectively. [Display omitted] • Activation energy of co-pyrolysis were calculated by two different methods. • Adding cattle manure to coal slime can improve its pyrolysis performance. • Use the ANN model to study the co-pyrolysis of cattle manure to coal slime. • The prediction of MLP13 model were good agreement with the thermogravimetric data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For providing passengers with periodic operation trains and making trains’ time distribution better fit that of passengers, the multiperiod mixed train schedule is first proposed in this paper. It makes each type of train having same origin, destination, route, and stop stations operate based on a periodic basis and allows different types of train to have various operation periods. Then a model of optimizing multiperiod mixed train schedule is built to minimize passengers generalized travel costs with the constraints of trains of same type operating periodically, safe interval requirements of trains’ departure, and arrival times, and so forth. And its heuristic algorithm is designed to optimize the multiperiod mixed train schedule beginning with generating an initial solution by scheduling all types of train type by type and then repeatedly improving their periodic schedules until the objective value cannot be reduced or the iteration number reaches its maximum. Finally, example results illustrate that the proposed model and algorithm can effectively gain a better multiperiod mixed train schedule. However, its passengers deferred times and advanced times are a little higher than these of an aperiodic train schedule. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For a better service level of a train operating plan, we propose an integrated optimization method of train planning and train scheduling, which generally are optimized, respectively. Based on the cost analysis of both passengers travelling and enterprises operation, and the constraint analysis of trains operation, we construct a multiobjective function and build an integrated optimization model with the aim of reducing both passenger travel costs and enterprise operating costs. Then, a solving algorithm is established based on the simulated annealing algorithm. Finally, using as an example the Changzhutan intercity rail network, as an example we analyze the optimized results and the influence of the model parameters on the results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Multiferroic (Bi 1− x Sm x )(Fe 0.95 Mn 0.05 )O 3 ( x BSFMO, x =0.00, 0.03, 0.06, and 0.09) films were deposited on the quartz substrates by a sol–gel technique. X-ray diffraction patterns indicate that all the films exhibit a polycrystalline perovskite structure with a high degree of (110) preferred orientation. The Sm and Mn co-doping at A- and B-site of BiFeO 3 (BFO) results in structural distortion, improves surface morphology and reduces the average grain size of the films. With increasing x from 0.00 to 0.09, the optical band gap of x BSFMO films increases and can be expressed by (2.60+0.8 x ) eV, which may be due to Burstein–Moss effect. Compared with Mn-doped BFO film, the saturation magnetization ( M S ) of the (Sm, Mn) co-doped BFO films are significantly enhanced, which provides potential applications in information storage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article suggests the need for a marine biodiversity protection plan by China to better address the threats to marine life including ecosystems deterioration and loss of biodiversity. Significant actions taken by China include a 10-year fishing ban in inland waters and a summer fishing moratorium in oceans. Since the existing marine protected areas (MPA) system failed to keep up with the demand for effective protection, it cites the need to boost optimization and integration of existing MPA.

[Display omitted] • DPSIRM method is introduced to establish evaluation index system for regional WECC. • FAHP- Grey cloud clustering model is developed for making comprehensive evaluation. • Yangtze River Economic Belt (YREB) of China is selected as the study area. • Different provinces along the YREB present obvious spatial–temporal heterogeneity. • Some targeted policy suggestions on improving regional WECC are put forward. Water Environment Carrying Capacity (WECC) is a complex system affected by society, economy, population and other factors. In this study, "Driving force- Pressure –State - Influence - Response –Management" (DPSIRM) method is introduced to analyze regional WECC, that is, WECC system is classified into six subsystems to illustrate its internal mechanism, establishing a systematic evaluation index system affecting WECC. The Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process (FAHP)-Grey cloud clustering method is developed for making comprehensive WECC evaluation. Three major regions composed of 11 provinces in the Yangtze River Economic Belt (YREB) of China are selected as the study case. With regard to subsystem weights, the results show that pressure and state subsystems occupy a leading position on the whole system. For indicator weights, there are significant differences among them, and the top 5 indicators in importance are respectively: annual average total phosphorus (TP) concentration, soil erosion control rate, sediment delivery modules, wastewater effluent amount of industrial output value per 10,000 Yuan, and population density. In addition, through analyzing synthetic evaluation results, it can be found that WECC levels of different provinces present obvious spatial heterogeneity on each subsystem and overall system along the YREB, that is, they decrease along the Yangtze River from west to east except for minor deviations. Meanwhile, comprehensive scores of each regional WECC show an overall increasing trend from year 2014 to 2019, displaying significant temporal variations. Through making sensitivity analysis for WECC index system, it can be concluded that the most sensitive indicators of each subsystem are Population density, Wastewater effluent amount of industrial output value per 10,000 Yuan, Annual average TP concentration, Sediment delivery modules, Soil erosion control rate, Green coverage rate of built-up areas, respectively, which also turned out to be the top six sensitivity indicators among the whole index system. Finally, the demonstration conducted proves that the introduced DPSIRM - Grey cloud clustering method is applicable and effective to evaluate WECC at regional level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, many publications have established histone lysine methylation as a central epigenetic modification in the regulation of chromatin and transcription. The histone lysine methyltransferases contain a conserved SET domain and are widely distributed in various organisms. However, a comprehensive study on the origin and diversification of the SET-domain-containing genes in fungi has not been conducted. In this study, a total of 3816 SET-domain-containing genes, which were identified and characterized using HmmSearch from 229 whole genomes sequenced fungal species, were used to ascertain their evolution and diversification in fungi. Using the CLANS program, all the SET-domain-containing genes were grouped into three main clusters, and each cluster contains several groups. Domain organization analysis showed that genes belonging to the same group have similar sequence structures. In contrast, different groups process domain organizations or locations differently, suggesting the SET-domain-containing genes belonging to different groups may have obtained distinctive regulatory mechanisms during their evolution. These genes that conduct the histone methylations (such as H3K4me, H3K9me, H3K27me, H4K20me, H3K36me) are mainly grouped into Cluster 1 while the other genes grouped into Clusters 2 and 3 are still functionally undetermined. Our results also showed that numerous gene duplication and loss events have happened during the evolution of those fungal SET-domain-containing proteins. Our results provide novel insights into the roles of SET-domain genes in fungal evolution and pave a fundamental path to further understanding the epigenetic basis of gene regulation in fungi. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a novel method for linear normal mode (LNM) identification based on blind source separation (BSS) is introduced. Modal coordinates are considered as a specific case of sources that have certain time structure. This structure makes modal coordinates identifiable by many BSS algorithms. However, algorithms based on second-order statistics are particularly suited for extracting LNMs of a vibration system. Two well-known BSS algorithms are considered. First, algorithm for multiple unknown signals extraction (AMUSE) is used to illustrate the similarity with Ibrahim time domain (ITD) modal identification method. Second, second order blind identification (SOBI) is used to demonstrate noise robustness of BSS-based mode shape extraction. Numerical simulations and experimental results from these BSS algorithms and ITD method are presented. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: A new multivariate data analysis method called smooth orthogonal decomposition (SOD) is proposed to extract linear normal modes and natural frequencies of multi-degree-of-freedom and distributed-parameter vibration systems. It is demonstrated that for an undamped free vibration of a multi-degree-of-freedom system, the computed smooth orthogonal modes are in direct correspondence with the actual normal vibration modes and the smooth orthogonal values are related to the corresponding natural frequencies. The same is also shown to be true for lightly damped free vibrations of both lumped- and distributed-parameter systems. In contrast to the intrinsic limitations of the proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) analysis, which requires the knowledge of system''s mass matrix to extract normal modes and cannot uniquely identify modal subspaces that have similar proper orthogonal values, the SOD is shown to overcome both of these deficiencies. Numerical examples are provided to compare the performances of the POD- and SOD-based modal identification in various types of vibration environment. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

A morphological and molecular analyses of a newly discovered species, Glossobalanus weii sp. nov., from Danzhou city, Hainan Island, China is presented. Several morphological characters distinguish this new species, while molecular analyses confirm significant genetic divergence from its recognized congeners (p-distance > 0.25 in mitochondrial genomes). Phylogenetic analyses place the new species in a distinct sister clade to G. polybranchioporus, which is afforded first-class state protection in China. An updated retrieval table is provided for the eight species of Hemichordata found in China. Hemichordate diversity remains underestimated and this new species emphasizes the need for their ongoing conservation in southern China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the complexity of the operation control of urban rail transit and diversity requirements for section running time standards, based on actual train operation data, this paper proposes a curve fitting method to find the interrelation between running time and energy consumption. According to features of the energy consumption-running time curve, the discriminant criterion of outliers is constructed to select the candidate fitting data set from the original data set. To fit the energy consumption-running time curve from two-dimensional scatter points, we propose a B-spline curve fitting method based on a genetic algorithm and the fitting method is proven to have high fitting accuracy and convergence speed. Furthermore, we propose an optimization method for the fitting curve based on dynamic adjustment of the fitting data set which is selected from the candidate fitting data set to obtain the optimal energy-running time curve. The validation of Guangzhou Metro's actual operation data shows that the energy-running time curve fitted and optimized by our method has lower energy and better continuity and smoothness and could be used for evaluation of train drivers' performance and energy consumption of train operation diagram. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the complete mitochondrial genome ofGlaucidium brodieiis sequenced and reported for the first time. The mitochondrial genome is a circular molecule of 17,318 bp in length, consisting of 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs), 22 transfer RNA genes, 2 ribosomal RNA genes and a control region. Overall base composition of the complete mitochondrial DNA is A (29.9%), G (14.1%), C (32.1%) and T (23.9%), the percentage of A and T (53.8%) is slightly higher than G and C (46.2%). All the genes inG. brodieiare distributed on the H-strand, except for theND6subunit gene and nine tRNA genes, which are encoded on the L-strand. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The mitochondrial genome ofAythya ferina(Anatidae:Aythya) is a circular molecule of 16,616 bp in length, containing 13 protein-coding genes, 2 ribosomal RNA genes, 22 transfer RNA genes and one control region (D-loop). Overall base composition of the complete mitochondrial DNA was 29.42% A, 22.19% T, 32.83% C and 15.56% G. All the genes inA. ferinawere distributed on the H-strand, except for the ND6 subunit gene and eight tRNA genes which were encoded on the L-strand. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The mitochondrial genome of Anas poecilorhyncha (Anatidae: Anas) is a circular molecule of 16,608 bp in length, containing 13 protein-coding genes, 2 ribosomal RNA genes, 22 transfer RNA genes and 1 control region (D-loop). Overall base composition of the complete mitochondrial DNA was 29.17% A, 22.21% T, 32.81% C and 15.81% G. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Global climate change is expected to have a profound effect on species distribution. Due to the temperature constraints, some narrow niche species could shift their narrow range to higher altitudes or latitudes. In this study, we explored the correlation between species traits, genetic structure, and geographical range size. More specifically, we analyzed how these variables are affected by differences in fundamental niche breadth or dispersal ability in the members of two sympatrically distributed stream‐dwelling amphibian species (frog, Quasipaa yei; salamander, Pachyhynobius shangchengensis), in Dabie Mountains, East China. Both species showed relatively high genetic diversity in most geographical populations and similar genetic diversity patterns (JTX, low; BYM, high) correlation with habitat changes and population demography. Multiple clustering analyses were used to disclose differentiation among the geographical populations of these two amphibian species. Q. yei disclosed the relatively shallow genetic differentiation, while P. shangchengensis showed an opposite pattern. Under different historical climatic conditions, all ecological niche modeling disclosed a larger suitable habitat area for Q. yei than for P. shangchengensis; these results indicated a wider environment tolerance or wider niche width of Q. yei than P. shangchengensis. Our findings suggest that the synergistic effects of environmental niche variation and dispersal ability may help shape genetic structure across geographical topology, particularly for species with extremely narrow distribution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: The characterization of the genetic structure and demographic dynamics of a species can shed light on the impacts of natural landscapes, historical climate change and human activities, thus enabling us to develop appropriate protection and management strategies. In this study, we aimed to characterize how the above‐mentioned factors shaped the genetic structure and demographic history of the Chinese muntjac (Muntiacus reevesi). Location: The reaches of the Yangtze River, China. Methods: Using mtDNA control region sequences and 15 nuclear microsatellite loci as genetic markers, we analysed population genetic structure with a factorial correspondence analysis (FCA), AMOVA, FST estimates and Bayesian cluster analysis. In addition, we estimated the demographic history using Bayesian skyline plot (BSP) analysis and MSVAR simulation. Results: High genetic diversity was detected in Chinese muntjac populations. Population structure analysis strongly suggesting three genetic clusters (QL/BA/WLS, DB and JLS/WN/WYS). The demographic analyses showed that Chinese muntjac experienced population fluctuation during the late Pleistocene, followed by bottleneck during the Holocene. Main conclusions: The extant Chinese muntjac populations harbour a surprisingly high genetic diversity despite of the bottleneck they went through. The populations show significant population structure separating populations in the upper, middle and lower regions of the Yangtze River, supporting the presence of three independent management units (QL/BA/WLS, DB and JLS/WN/WYS). The population demography of the Chinese muntjac presents high concordance with the rotation of glacial–interglacial in late Pleistocene. In addition, our study identified that the Chinese muntjac's recent population history may have been influenced by early human activities (8,509–1,605 years ago). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the process of exploring ideal ferroelectric perovskites for photovoltaic applications, a novel kind of ceramic (1- x )KNbO 3 - x BaCo 1/3 Nb 2/3 O 3 ( x KBCNO) has been synthesized using solid-state method. The phase transition, microstructure, optical and ferroelectric properties of the compounds were investigated in detail. X-ray diffraction and Raman scattering spectra analyses indicate that single phase ceramics have been formed with cubic perovskite structure in space group Pm 3 m . Obvious crystal lattice expansion can be found as x increases. A narrow band gap of 1.87 eV is observed at x  = 0.75, which proves the dramatic effect of BaCo 1/3 Nb 2/3 O 3 (BCNO) addition on the energy band gap. Besides, the room-temperature ferroelectricity has been detected in KBCNO ceramics controlled by the BCNO doping content. These results lay a solid foundation on further exploring the phase transition, band gap engineering, and electric properties in perovskite oxides, and indicate potential applications in perovskite solar cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ni doped Aurivillius Bi 6 Fe 2 Ti 3 O 18 ( x BFNTO, x  = 0, 0.3, 0.6, 0.9) thin films with greatly enhanced ferromagnetism have been successfully synthesized on fused quartz substrate using a non-toxic solution-based method. The use of earth abundant materials and convenient annealing processes imply the great potential on industrial manufacture of multiferroic information storage. It can be found that Ni ions doping not only leads to an enlarged crystal lattice but also contributes to the formation of larger and column-like grains compared with pure BFTO thin film. Besides, Raman spectroscopy makes additional remarks on the specific doping position of Ni ions. Most importantly, highly improved magnetism has been detected by M-H curves which can be resulted from the anti-DM interaction. The doping level of Ni and magnetization of x BFNTO shows non-linear relationship which is possible to be explained by multivalent Ni ions (Ni 2+ , Ni 3+ ), and the optimum doped concentration has been explored at x  = 0.6 ( M s at 4.806 emu/cm 3) . This work moves a solid step on studies of layer-structured Aurivillius compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Ba(Fe 1/2 Nb 1/2 )O 3 (BFNO) thin films have been successfully deposited on (1 0 0) SrTiO 3 substrates by pulsed laser deposition. The structural characteristics, micro-topography and optical properties have been investigated. X-ray diffraction patterns suggest that all the films are good crystallization and show c-axis orientation. The X-ray photoelectron spectra analyses confirm the successful synthesis of BFNO material, and reveal the existence of the oxygen vacancies. The photoluminescence (PL) measurement is used to analyze the optical properties and carriers recombination mechanisms. The BFNO films have a narrow band gap of 1.37 eV, which show potential roles in solar cells and other photoelectric devices. According to the PL measurement, carriers recombination mechanisms are related with excitonic radiative recombination in our samples. This research not only lays a solid foundation on further researching BFNO thin films, but also opens an avenue to design various multifunctional devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The phase transition, microstructure, optical and magnetic properties of a novel material (1− x )KNbO 3− x BaNb 1/2 Fe 1/2 O 3 ( x KBNFO) have been investigated. X-ray diffraction and Raman scattering spectra analyses suggest that all the samples are polycrystalline perovskite structure with an obvious phase transition. Optical absorption spectra indicate that BaNb 1/2 Fe 1/2 O 3 (BNFO) doping has an effect on the energy band structure. The KBNFO ceramics exhibit the band gap ( E g ) in the range of 1.72–2.48 eV, much smaller than the 3.25 eV E g of KNbO 3 material. Furthermore, the KBNFO materials present room-temperature ferromagnetism, and the magnetism can be controlled by the BNFO doping content. These results are helpful in the deeper understanding of phase transition, band gap tunability, and magnetism variations in perovskite and show the potential roles in perovskite solar cells and multiferroic applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent decades, railway passenger transport enterprises have been exploring numerous operation and management strategies to improve service quality and market competitiveness of railway passenger transport so as to ensure that the interests of railway passenger transport enterprises are maximized when taking social welfare into account. However, there are still shortcomings in the current research with respect to determining the pricing mechanism and formulating a reasonable price. This paper systematically reviews the scientific literature related to railway pricing, focusing on the application of basic price methods, mathematical programming methods, and data-driven methods in railway pricing, with the hope of proposing an innovative direction to solve existing problems. The main subjects involved in the formulation of railway pricing are passenger groups and transportation companies. The research can be conducted from four broad aspects: passenger demand, passenger time value, market segmentation, and the equilibrium relationship between rail service supply and passenger demand. On the basis of absorbing and summarizing the strengths and weaknesses of previous studies, this paper puts forward suggestions for improvement and innovative directions which will help promote railway passenger transport services from the perspective of pricing, thereby enhancing the sustainability of railway transport. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]