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Grid-wise Vienna Mapping Functions 1 (VMF1) and Vienna Mapping Functions 3 (VMF3) tropospheric products have been widely used to interpolate the a priori zenith hydrostatic delay (ZHD) and zenith wet delay (ZWD) over the GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite Systems) stations for the mitigation of tropospheric delays inherited in GNSS observations. Since the two products only provide ground surface ZHD and ZWD for global grid points, the ZHD and ZWD of the four grid points nearest to the GNSS site need to be reduced to the same height of the GNSS site before a horizontal interpolation (e.g., bilinear interpolation or inverse-distance weighted interpolation) is implemented. However, the accuracy of the officially recommended simple reduction model may not be as good as desired if the height of a GNSS site largely differs from that of the four ground surface grid points to be used in the interpolation. In this contribution, a new reduction model for each grid point is developed for reducing the grid-wise ZHD and ZWD to the target height to improve the interpolation performance. The sample data for the modelling were the 10-year (2010–2019) ZHD and ZWD profiles over the grid points obtained from ERA5 monthly-mean reanalysis data, while 3-year (2020–2022) ERA5 hourly reanalysis and IGS (International GNSS Service) site-wise ZTD products were used to evaluate the new model. Test results showed that the accuracy of the ZHD, ZWD (as well as the ZTD) interpolated from the VMF1/VMF3 products deduced by the new model was significantly better than the ones deduced by traditional methods, especially for sites with substantial height disparities from adjacent VMF grid points. It is expected that the new model adds good value to related fields such as GNSS positioning and GNSS meteorology for better performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Given the increasing frequency and severity of floods caused by climate change, there is a pressing requirement for creative ways to improve public comprehension and control of hydrological phenomena. Contemporary technology provides unparalleled possibilities to transform this domain. This project investigates the possibilities for merging gaming engines and digital twins to enhance flood education, data visualization, and interactive monitoring. This study proposes the utilization of immersive digital twins to enhance the comprehension of hydrological and hydraulic systems. The suggested method utilizes game engines to generate dynamic and interactive models that connect raw data to practical insights, enabling a more profound understanding of flood dynamics. This study underscores the wide-ranging usefulness of digital twins in various watersheds by focusing on the development of advanced monitoring systems, the benefits of improved data visualization, and educational outreach. The incorporation of real-time data via IoT technology considerably improves the significance and precision of these virtual models. This novel approach seeks to refashion flood management approaches by cultivating well-informed stakeholders and advocating for effective environmental education, ultimately leading to more resilient and prepared communities. An immersive digital twin of the real world can assist decision-makers technically, psychologically, and mentally by making complex phenomena easier to understand and visualize, thanks to real-time data and simulations that keep the information up-to-date, consequently leading to a more precise and intuitive decision-making process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Adoptive cell immunotherapy (ACT) is an innovative promising treatment for tumors. ACT is characterized by the infusion of active anti-tumor immune cells (specific and non-specific) into patients to kill tumor cells either directly or indirectly by stimulating the body's immune system. The patient's (autologous) or a donor's (allogeneic) immune cells are used to improve immune function. Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells (CAR-T) is a type of ACT that has gained attention. T cells from the peripheral blood are genetically engineered to express CARs that rapidly proliferate and specifically recognize target antigens to exert its anti-tumor effects. Clinical application of CAR-T therapy for hematological tumors has shown good results, but adverse reactions and recurrence limit its applicability. Tumor infiltrating lymphocyte (TIL) therapy is effective for solid tumors. TIL therapy exhibits T cell receptor (TCR) clonality, superior tumor homing ability, and low targeted toxicity, but its successful application is limited to a number of tumors. Regardless, TIL and CAR-T therapies are effective for treating cancer. Additionally, CAR-natural killer (NK), CAR-macrophages (M), and TCR-T therapies are currently being researched. In this review, we highlight the current developments and limitations of several types of ACT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]