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To compare the outcomes of patients with hematological malignancies who received ATG-Fresenius (ATG-F) 20 mg/kg versus those who received ATG-Genzyme (ATG-G) 10 mg/kg in an unrelated donor hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) procedure, a total of 186 patients who underwent their first allogeneic HSCT with an unrelated donor were retrospectively analyzed. One hundred and seven patients received ATG-F, and seventy-nine patients received ATG-G. Multivariate analysis showed that the type of ATG preparation had no effect on neutrophil engraftment (P = 0.61), cumulative incidence of relapse (P = 0.092), nonrelapse mortality (P = 0.44), grade II-IV acute graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) (P = 0.47), chronic GVHD (P = 0.29), overall survival (P = 0.795), recurrence-free survival (P = 0.945) or GVHD-free relapse-free survival (P = 0.082). ATG-G was associated with a lower risk of extensive chronic GVHD and a higher risk of cytomegaloviremia (P = 0.01 and HR = 0.41, P < 0.001 and HR = 4.244, respectively). The results of this study suggest that the preparation of rabbit ATG used for unrelated HSCT should be selected based on the incidence of extensive chronic GVHD of each center, and the posttransplant management strategy should be adjusted according to the ATG preparation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polysaccharides purified from rice bran show antitumor activity against tumor cells, yet the mechanism of this action remains poorly understood. To address this issue, our study evaluated the effect of rice bran polysaccharides on mouse melanoma cell line B16, and Raw264.7 macrophages. Rice bran polysaccharides (RBP) failed to inhibit B16 cell growth in vitro . However, Raw264.7 macrophages treated by RBP enhancement of cytotoxic effects. The cytotoxicity was confirmed by the stimulation of nitric oxide (NO) production and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) secretion on Raw264.7 macrophages in a dose-dependent manner. RBP2, a fraction of RBP, notably enhanced the inhibition of B16 cells and boosted the immunepotentiation effect compared with RBP. To further enhance the inhibition of B16 cell growth, sulfated polysaccharides (SRBP) was derived using the chlorosulfonic acid-pyridine method. SRBP2 was found to suppress B16 cell growth, reduce B16 cell survival and stimulate NO and TNF-α production. However, SRBP2 displayed a cytotoxic effect on Raw264.7 macrophages. These results suggest that the antitumor activity of RBP and RBP2 is mediated mainly through the activation of macrophages. SRBP2 exerts its antitumor activity by inducing apoptosis in tumor cells and the secretion of NO and TNF-α. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The widespread use of nanoparticles in the food industry has raised concerns regarding their potential adverse effects on human health, particularly in vulnerable populations, including pregnant mothers and fetuses. However, studies evaluating the reproductive and developmental toxicity of food-grade nanomaterials are limited. This study investigated the potential risks of prenatal dietary exposure to food-grade silica nanoparticles (E 551) on maternal health and fetal growth using conventional toxicological and epigenetic methods. The results showed that prenatal exposure to a high-dose of E 551 induces fetal resorption. Moreover, E 551 significantly accumulates in maternal and fetal livers, triggering a hepatic inflammatory response. At the epigenetic level, global DNA methylation is markedly altered in the maternal and fetal livers. Genome-wide DNA methylation sequencing revealed affected mCG, mCHG, and mCHH methylation landscapes. Subsequent bioinformatic analysis of the differentially methylated genes suggests that E 551 poses a risk of inducing metabolic disorders in maternal and fetal livers. This is further evidenced by impaired glucose tolerance in pregnant mice and altered expression of key metabolism-related genes and proteins in maternal and fetal livers. Collectively, the results of this study highlighted the importance of epigenetics in characterizing the potential toxicity of maternal exposure to food-grade nanomaterials during pregnancy. [Display omitted] • Prenatal E 551 exposure induced fetal abortion. • E 551 accumulated in maternal and fetal livers, triggering inflammatory response. • E 551 affected methylation landscapes in mCG, mCHG, and mCHH contexts in livers. • DNA methylation changes induced by E 551 were related to metabolic disorders. • E 551 prenatal exposure resulted in impaired glucose tolerance in pregnant mice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High-altitude polycythemia (HAPC) is a common aspect of chronic mountain sickness (CMS) caused by hypoxia and is the main cause of other symptoms associated with CMS. However, its pathogenesis and the mechanisms of high-altitude acclimation have not been fully elucidated. Exposure to high altitude is associated with elevated inflammatory mediators. In this study, the subjects were recruited and placed into a plain control (PC) group, plateau control (PUC) group, early HAPC (eHAPC) group, or a confirmed HAPC (cHAPC) group. Serum samples were collected, and inflammatory factors were measured by a novel antibody array methodology. The serum levels of interleukin-2 (IL-2), interleukin-3 (IL-3), and macrophage chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) in the eHAPC group and the levels of interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 beta), IL-2, IL-3, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), MCP-1, and interleukin-16 (IL-16) in the cHAPC group were higher than those in the PUC group. More interestingly, the expression of IL-1 beta, IL-2, IL-3, TNF-alpha, MCP-1, and IL-16 in the PUC group showed a remarkable lower value than that in the PC group. These results suggest that these six factors might be involved in the pathogenesis of HAPC as well as acclimation to high altitudes. Altered inflammatory factors might be new biomarkers for HAPC and for high-altitude acclimation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The nondestructive characterization of the mixing state of individual fine particles using the traditional single particle analysis technique remains a challenge. In this study, fine particles were collected during haze events under different pollution levels from September 5 to 11 2017 in Beijing, China. A nondestructive surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) technique was employed to investigate the morphology, chemical composition, and mixing state of the multiple components in the individual fine particles. Optical image and SERS spectral analysis results show that soot existing in the form of opaque material was predominant during clear periods (PM 2.5 ≤ 75 µg/m3). During polluted periods (PM 2.5 > 75 µg/m3), opaque particles mixed with transparent particles (nitrates and sulfates) were generally observed. Direct classical least squares analysis further identified the relative abundances of the three major components of the single particles: soot (69.18%), nitrates (28.71%), and sulfates (2.11%). A negative correlation was observed between the abundance of soot and the mass concentration of PM 2.5. Furthermore, mapping analysis revealed that on hazy days, PM 2.5 existed as a core-shell structure with soot surrounded by nitrates and sulfates. This mixing state analysis method for individual PM 2.5 particles provides information regarding chemical composition and haze formation mechanisms, and has the potential to facilitate the formulation of haze prevention and control policies. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Two-step stacking of neutral analytes in reverse migrating micelles MEKC. • Combination of field-enhanced sample injection and micelle to cyclodextrin stacking. • The sensitivity of the proposed method could be improved 140–152 fold. To promote the detection sensitivity of neutral analytes, a sensitive two-step stacking strategy by coupling field-enhanced sample injection and micelle to cyclodextrin stacking in reverse migrating micelles MEKC has been established by selecting jujuboside A and B as models. The stacking mechanism, affecting factors as well as analytical performances of the proposed method were investigated. Compared with typical injection, the sensitivity enhancement factors of this method were up to 140- and 152-fold for jujuboside A and B, respectively. The enhancements were 8–10 times better than only single stacking strategy by MCDS. The LODs were 0.2–0.3 μg mL−1, interday and intraday%RSD were both lower than 4.3%, and a good linearity (r >0.999) was obtained. Feasibility in real samples analysis was evaluated by using Semen Ziziphi Spinosae dispensing granule and rat's urine. The results suggested that the strategy was simple, reliable, sensitive and promising for the analysis of neutral analytes in complex sample matrix. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sulfate plays an important role in atmospheric haze in China, which has received considerable attention in recent years. Various types of parameterization methods and heterogeneous oxidation rates of SO 2 have been used in previous studies. However, properly representing heterogeneous sulfate formation in air quality models remains a big challenge. In this study, we quantified the heterogeneous oxidation reaction using experimental results that approximate the haze conditions in China. Firstly, a series of experiments were conducted to investigate the heterogeneous uptake of SO 2 with different relative humidity (RH) levels and the presence of NH 3 and NO 2 on natural dust surfaces. Then the uptake coefficients for heterogeneous oxidation of SO 2 to sulfate at different RH under NH 3 and NO 2 coexistence were parameterized based on the experimental results and implemented in the Community Multiscale Air Quality modeling system (CMAQ). Simulation results suggested that this new parameterization improved model performance by 6.6% in the simulation of wintertime sulfate concentrations for Beijing. The simulated maximum growth rate of SO 4 2− during a heavy pollution period increased from 0.97 μg m−3 h−1 to 10.11 μg m−3 h−1. The heterogeneous oxidation of SO 2 in the presence of NH 3 contributed up to 23% of the sulfate concentration during heavy pollution periods. Image 1 • Uptake coefficients of SO 2 on dust with coexistence of NH 3 and NO 2 were obtained. • New parameterization was proposed based on experimental results under different RHs. • The new parameterization can improve sulfate simulation in wintertime in CMAQ. • Impact of NH 3 on heterogeneous formation of sulfate in wintertime is non-negligible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Obtaining detailed information on sulfate–nitrate–ammonium (SNA) is fundamentally important to explain the formation of haze in China, since it is a dominant component of fine particulate matter (PM 2.5) and plays a critical role in the deterioration of air quality. Several single-particle analysis methods have been applied to study and explain SNA formation; however, determining its mixture state remains a challenge. This study describes a direct observation of the SNA components in atmospheric particles on a single-particle scale, and details the first use of a non-destructive surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) technique for SNA analysis. We studied PM 2.5 collected at a site on the premises of Tsinghua University in Beijing, China, during a winter haze episode (12.15.2016–12.23.2016). The on-line data show that the SNA component accounted for 9.4% to 68.2% of the total mass of PM 2.5 , becoming dominant on heavy haze days, and the sulfate concentration increased with the nitrate concentration (R2 = 0.72). Furthermore, the off-line SERS and scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive X ray analysis (SEM-EDS) results for the single particles collected also indicated that SNA increase with increasing haze pollution. The existing state of the SNA component on each haze day was observed directly in a non-destructive manner mainly in the form of double salts such as 3(NH 4 NO 3)·(NH 4) 2 SO 4 and 2(NH 4 NO 3)·(NH 4) 2 SO 4. A Raman mapping experiment further confirmed that the SNA was internally mixed. Our data also show that SNA can evaporate under high-vacuum scanning electron microscopy conditions, suggesting that SERS is an effective method to directly observe SNA without sample loss and may represent a promising single-particle technique to supplement traditional electron microscopy methods. This work will provide evidence for the SNA formation, particularly during haze events. Graphical abstract Unlabelled Image Highlights • Identifying the real status of sulfate-nitrate-ammonium (SNA) particles is difficult. • Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) is a single-molecule spectroscopy method. • SERS allows effective observation of SNA without sample loss. • SNA exists in haze as double salts mixed internally on a single-particle scale. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The artificial sweeteners (ASs) saccharin (SAC) and neotame (NEO) are widely used across the globe and are considered as emerging contaminants in surface, ground, and drinking waters. To degrade SAC and NEO, the metal organic framework material Co-based bio-MOF-11 was prepared by hydrothermal reaction and used with peroxymonosulfate (PMS) activator. The effects of the initial concentration of SAC and NEO, bio-MOF-11-Co dosage, PMS concentration, initial pH, temperature, and competitive anions were determined. The results revealed that bio-MOF-11-Co effectively catalyzed the degradation of SAC and NEO and possessed good stability and recycling efficiency. The degradation reaction was effective from pH 3.6–9.8 and followed quasi-first-order kinetics with degradation rate constants of 0.001–0.013 min−1 for SAC and 0.03–0.52 min−1 for NEO. Increased temperature was conducive to the degradation of both artificial sweeteners. The presence of Cl− inhibited the degradation of SAC and NEO, while the presence of CO 3 2− promoted their degradation. Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) and free radical quenching demonstrated that the primary free radicals were sulfate radicals (SO 4 − ·) and hydroxyl radicals (HO). The change of cobalt oxidation state and electron transfer in bio-MOF-11-Co mainly induces the production of SO 4 − ·. A plausible mechanism for degradation is SO 4 − · and HO attack on C S bonds, N S bonds, and benzene rings. Unlabelled Image • SO 4 − ˙ and HO produced from bio-MOF-11-Co and peroxymonosulfate degrade SAC and NEO. • Cl− inhibited but CO 3 2− promoted the SAC and NEO degradation by bio-MOF-11-Co and PMS. • SAC and NEO degrade through cleavage of C-S bonds, N-S bonds, and benzene ring. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Organic aerosols (OA) undergo sophisticated physiochemical processes in the atmosphere, playing a crucial role in extreme haze formations over the Northern China Plain. However, current understandings of the detailed composition and formation pathways are limited. In this study, high-molecular weight (HMW) species were observed in samples collected year-round in urban Beijing, especially in autumn and winter, during 2016–2017. The positive-ion-mode mass spectra of matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS) showed that higher signal intensities were obtained in the mass-to-charge (m / z) ranges of 200–500 and 800–900, with repetitive mass difference patterns of m / z 12, 14, 16, and 18. This provided sound evidence that high-molecular-weight oligomers were generated as haze episodes became exacerbated. These oligomer signal intensities were enhanced in the presence of high relative humidity, aerosol water content, and PM 2.5 (particles with an aerodynamic diameter ≤ 2.5 μm) mass, proving that the multiphase reaction processes play a fundamental role in haze formation in Beijing. Our study can form a basis for improved air pollution mitigation measures aimed at OA to improve health outcomes. Unlabelled Image • Organic aerosols vary in chemical speciation and are enriched in wintertime. • Oligomer peaks at m / z 200–500 are characterized with spacing of 12–18 units. • Oligomers are enhanced with high aerosol water content via multiphase reactions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Mixed haze was composed of regional transport, secondary conversion, and sandstorm. • N 2 O 5 hydrolysis at high relative humidity was the driving factor for high PM 2.5. • Sandstorm with low PM 2.5 /PM 10 ratios (<30%) is responsible for high PM 10. In the Northern China Plain (NCP), extreme haze events with high concentrations of fine particles occur frequently during the winter but rarely occur in autumn. In this study, we present a synthetic analysis of particulate constituents during the historically polluted transition period of autumn–winter in 2018, revealing that mixed-type haze episodes are the result of regional transport, homogeneous/heterogeneous conversion, and sandstorm influences. The hydrolysis process of N 2 O 5 at higher relative humidity levels (>70%), which feature an enhanced nitrate oxidation ratio (0.30–0.70) and NO 3 − concentration (>60 μg m−3), was the driving factor for high PM 2.5 mass concentrations during the observation periods. The long-distance transport of sandstorms, characterized by decreasing PM 2.5 /PM 10 ratios (<30%) from the north/northwest, is the most important factor for the explosive growth of PM 10 concentration. These results can help us gain a comprehensive understanding of haze formation and highlight the importance of nitrate chemistry in the aqueous phase. The results suggest that persistent NO x emission reduction measures must be made to better achieve air quality standards in Beijing and the NCP region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]