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32% of Americans develop an anxiety disorder during their lifetime. Anxiety disorders are characterized by elevated anxiety states that are sustained in the absence of stimulus. Pathological anxiety implicates neural circuits that involve multiple brain regions. One such region is the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST), also known as the extended amygdala, which has emerged as a hub in networks that regulate anxiety. The BNST is a functionally heterogeneous region involved in various motivated behavioral states. In order to disentangle the complex role of the BNST in motivational states, we sought to study a unique neuronal population. We used a transgenic mouse line to target a subset of BNST neurons that express prepronociceptin (Pnoc), a genetic precursor to nociceptin, which is a neuropeptide traditionally implicated in pain studies. While presenting olfactory stimuli with positive or negative associations, we measured behavioral responses such as approach and avoidance of the stimulus, overall locomotion, and physiological responses that are indicative of arousal states. We found that stimuli with positive and negative valences affected approach and avoidance behavior and physiological responses, specifically changes in pupil size. Using a custom assay, we presented olfactory stimuli to head-fixed mice while simultaneously measuring pupil diameter, locomotion, and calcium activity from PnocBNST neurons. From these experiments, we observed that in the presence of aversive synthetic predator odor 2,4,5-trimethylthiazoline (TMT), PnocBNST neuron activity, pupil diameter and locomotion increase. Next, we used optogenetic tools to activate PnocBNST neurons while simultaneously measuring pupil diameter and body movement. Activation of these neurons led to increases in pupil diameter without accompanying increases in body movement. Taken together, these findings suggest that PnocBNST neurons are involved in driving autonomic responses often characteristic of anxiety-like states, further suggesting that PnocBNST neurons could be a target for pharmacological interventions to reduce pathological anxiety.

In this paper, the conditions of wildlife trade is introduced with extensive exploration. The authors divide the harm of wildlife overexploitation into different species and analyse the situation of wildlife trade online by displaying several criminal activities in the survey. Furthermore, the essential feature of cybercrime and characteristics of illegal wildlife trading are also referred. From analysis of numerous virtual data, the authors point out some limitations which exist in the former documents and collected materials. In this paper, detailed countermeasures for the prevention and control of wild animals and their products are proposed creatively. Also, this paper can help citizens underestimate the seriousness of the situation where wildlife trade and related criminal activities are exploding over the internet. Therefore, this paper is addressing innovative suggestions to overcome wildlife criminal activities over the Internet.

Because of the bullwhip effect, enterprises in the supply chain are unable to grasp exactly the changing market demands, which may lead to superfluous production capacity and inventory, or shortage, thus finally influencing the efficiency of the whole chain. This article studies on how the supply chain collaboration influences the bullwhip effect, analyzes the main factors and action effects and finally expounds the Mechanism for supply chain collaboration alleviating bullwhip effect.