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GTPases are a large superfamily of evolutionarily conserved proteins involved in a variety of fundamental cellular processes. The developmentally regulated GTP-binding protein (DRG) subfamily of GTPases consists of two highly conserved paralogs, DRG1 and DRG2, both of which have been implicated in the regulation of cell proliferation, translation and microtubules. Furthermore, DRG1 and 2 proteins both have a conserved binding partner, DRG family regulatory protein 1 and 2 (DFRP1 and DFRP2), respectively, that prevents them from being degraded. Similar to DRGs, the DFRP proteins have also been studied in the context of cell growth control and translation. Despite these proteins having been implicated in several fundamental cellular processes they remain relatively poorly characterized, however. In this review, we provide an overview of the structural biology and biochemistry of DRG GTPases and discuss current understanding of DRGs and DFRPs in normal physiology, as well as their emerging roles in diseases such as cancer.

The digital economy has brought innovative power to the manufacturing transformation. This study aims to investigate the nonlinear effects of digital development on manufacturing innovation using provincial panel data from China from 2011 to 2018. A two-way fixed effects model is used to examine the inverted U-shaped curve that represents the nonlinear impact of digital development on innovation. To explore the reasons behind the nonlinear digital innovation spillover, this study considered both the internal factors and external boundary conditions. We employ a moderation effect model to verify the interaction between digital development and user literacy which has a positive impact on manufacturing innovation. Especially, higher education can help users enhance digital literacy in driving digital innovation spillovers. Threshold effect model is used to examine the boundary conditions such as Internet penetration rate, information resources, and protection of intellectual property rights that contribute to the nonlinear effects. The research findings suggest that when these factors reach a critical point, the positive impact of the digital economy on manufacturing innovation turns towards a declining trend. The study provides insights into the complex relationship between digital development and manufacturing innovation and proposes policy implications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines how COVID-19 affects firm research and development (R&D) using the data of Chinese-listed companies from 2018 to 2020. Our results show that COVID-19 significantly inhibits firm R&D input. However, such significant evidence mainly exists on firms classified as private enterprises, with smaller size, or belonging to high-technology industries. Moreover, we find evidence that the epidemic reduces firm revenue but, in the meantime, increases the financing constraint, leading to less R&D investment. The conclusion of this study provides a theoretical basis and practical reference for enterprises to make better decisions on innovative activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Innovation is the source of power for high-quality development, and a relaxed institutional arrangement is a necessity for promoting innovation in enterprises. This paper examines the impact of fault tolerance on corporate innovation, theoretically analyzes the positive effects of fault tolerance on stimulating innovation, and estimates the influence of fault tolerance on corporate innovation by using the panel data of listed manufacturing companies from 2007 to 2019, taking the quasi-natural experiment of fault-tolerance system in various places since the new round of stateowned enterprise (SOE) reform. This study finds that the fault-tolerance system has significantly improved the R&D investment and patent application of the pilot SOEs, but the incentive effect is mainly reflected in the utility model patents; fault-tolerance system mainly promotes corporate innovation by alleviating managers' career worries and improving governance ability. Furthermore, the fault-tolerance system is more effective for small and medium-sized SOEs with low market competition and can alleviate the restriction of agency cost on corporate innovation. In addition, the fault-tolerance system has not yet had a significant spillover effect on private enterprises. These results show that in the SOE reform, it is necessary to strengthen the institutional arrangement of fault tolerance and create a relaxed environment to encourage innovation; it is necessary to organically integrate fault-tolerance-system design into executive measurement and corporate governance, promote faulttolerant system to be implemented in a wider range of enterprises, and enhance the incentive effect on high-quality innovation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Al- and N-polar AlN have been grown by metalorganic vapor phase epitaxy (MOVPE) with the assistance of In dopant and characterized by in situ interferometry, ellipsometry, scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, and X-ray diffractometry. The growth of Al-polar AlN is faster with smoother surfaces than the N-polar ones, which is explained by theoretical calculations. The surfactant effect of In is confirmed by improving the growth rate and surface flatness without getting into the epilayer. Additionally, In is also favorable for reducing the density of dislocations and improving the crystalline quality, especially that of Al-polar AlN. The results suggest that using In surfactant to grow the Al-polar AlN epilayer leads to a better crystal quality under proper pre-growth treatments, low- and high-temperature AlN growth conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Optical frequency domain polarimetry (OFDP) is an emerging distributed polarization crosstalk rapid measurement method with an ultrawide dynamic range. However, interferometric phase noise induced by the laser source and ambient noise results in a trade-off between measurement length and dynamic range. In this Letter, we solve this problem with a self-referenced unbalanced Mach-Zehnder interferometer. The features of long distance (9.8 km), ultrawide dynamic range (107.8 dB), short measurement time (2 sec), and signal-to-noise ratio improvement against ambient noise are experimentally demonstrated. The method makes it possible to evaluate a long polarization-maintaining fiber in an environment whose state changes rapidly.