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Aims/Introduction: Research has suggested that vitamin D deficiency is associated with diabetic retinopathy (DR). Our study aimed to determine whether vitamin D deficiency is the cause of diabetic retinopathy or if diabetic retinopathy reduces vitamin D levels. Materials and Methods: Participants with type‐2 diabetes were recruited for this prospective observational clinical study and were divided into a diabetic group without retinopathy and a diabetic group with retinopathy, with additional healthy volunteers serving as a control group. The differences in clinical characteristics among the three groups were also compared. Patients without retinopathy were then followed for 1 year to monitor the incidence of diabetic retinopathy. After follow‐up, participants were divided into subgroups based on whether diabetic retinopathy occurred. The baseline data of the subgroups were compared, and the independent risk factors were analyzed. Results: Vitamin D levels were generally low. Participants with diabetic retinopathy had significantly lower vitamin D levels than did those without retinopathy (P < 0.01). A comparison of the two subgroups revealed lower baseline vitamin D concentrations in the new‐DR subgroup than in the non‐DR subgroup (P < 0.01). Vitamin D deficiency and elevated HbA1c levels were found to be independent risk factors for diabetic retinopathy (OR = 0.935, 95% CI: 0.867–0.981, P = 0.006; OR = 2.208, 95% CI: 1.764–2.764, P < 0.01). The limit of vitamin D intake according to the receiver‐operating characteristic (ROC) curve was 26.01 ng/mL, and the area under the ROC curve was 0.603 (95% CI: 0.559–0.706, P = 0.002). Conclusions: Vitamin D levels were significantly lower in patients diagnosed with diabetic retinopathy. More importantly, vitamin D deficiency may accelerate the onset of diabetic retinopathy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carry out tests on bonding strength, flexibility, tensile strength, and adhesion of different types of exterior wall putty and exterior wall coating under different environments, explore the long-term service behavior of covering materials under complex environments, and study the evolution of the durability of coatings under the action of different environments. The test results show that temperature and humidity, acid rain, and light can affect the performance of exterior wall putty and exterior wall coatings. Among them, acid rain has the greatest impact on exterior wall putty and exterior wall coatings. So in areas with severe acid rain, decorative material with excellent acid resistance should be selected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the problem of swelling and dropping of exterior ceramic wall facing, through analyzing the walling construction and interface failure, this paper illustrated the waterproof requirement of retaining structure of exterior wall in hot summer and warm winter area. Meanwhile this article analyzed the dropping behavior of exterior ceramic tiles and reduced structure levels of exterior retaining structure to endow adhesive material with waterproof characteristics, which provide a new insight of improving durability of exterior wall facing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]