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Sepsis frequently leads to life-threatening organ failure due to an in appropriate response by the body to bacterial, viral, and fungal infections. In recent years, there has been an increasing interest in using nanoparticles to develop biomarkers and drug delivery systems that have significantly improved the treatment of infectious diseases. Herein, we update the most recent development of nanoparticle-based therapeutics for sepsis treatment. This article begins with a brief overview of how sepsis is triggered and its associated diseases. It also explores the differences between traditional and modern treatment approaches. Afterward, the reasons for embracing nanotechnology-based therapies for sepsis are summarized, including their ability to reduce inflammation, provide antioxidant effects, regulate cell signaling pathways, manage reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS) production, control autophagy and apoptosis, clear lipopolysaccharides (LPS) from the blood, inhibits the formation of cell-free DNA and cytokine storms. Furthermore, the special emphasis is on updating the use of nanotechnology-mediated drug delivery systems, such as nanoparticles, liposomes, and exosomes, in the treatment of sepsis caused by various microorganisms. Moreover, we also discuss polymer mediated therapy and some dynamic therapeutic aspects in septecemia disease. In addition, the article highlights the challenges and a limitation associated with using drug delivery for sepsis treatment and expresses the hope that this review will accelerate the development of more effective sepsis therapies and facilitate the transition from research to practical clinical application.

Abstract The focus of present study is to incorporate the variable viscosity and temperature slip impact on heating rate and induced magnetic gradient along the moving non-conducting wedge under magnetic field. In industrial and engineering procedures, the impact of induced magnetization improves the efficiency of thermal systems to main the heating rates. The similarity transformations and stream functions are applied to reduce the governing equations into ordinary form. During this transformation, the pertinent parameters such as wedge parameter, moving parameter, Prandtl factor, viscosity parameter and temperature-slip parameter is obtained. These parameters play a prominent role on the physical values of fluid velocity, induced magnetic field and temperature distributions. The skin friction, Nusselt coefficient and induced magnetic gradient are incorporated through these parameters. The numerical values are executed by using the Keller box analysis with Newton–Raphson technique. It is depicted that the maximum slip in fluid velocity and temperature distribution is obtained for each values of thermal-slip parameter. It is noticed that maximum magnitude in induced magnetic field is reported for each wedge factor. The maximum velocity slip and temperature slip is observed for each choice of moving parameter. It is reported that the maximum variation in heating rate and induced magnetic gradient is obtained for magnetic force and viscosity parameter. The enhancing behavior of skin friction is observed for maximum values of Prandtl number.

The goal of present investigation is to explore the influence of exponential variable density and entropy optimization on second-grade nanofluid heating efficiency and mass-concentration transmission along extended surface using external magnetic-field and temperature-concentration slip effects. To enhance the motion of nanoparticles and thermal efficiency, the influence of exponential form of temperature-based density on magnetically charged second-grade nanomaterial is main novelty of this research. For higher temperature difference, the entropy optimization is used. The defined formulation of stream functions and similarities are used to convert leading second-grade nanofluid model into ordinary differential form. The efficient Keller box method and Newton Raphson technique are applied to compute numerical results. The final algebraic equations are solved through global matrix for unknown physical quantities. The consequence of all physical constraints on velocity/U profile, temperature/θ field, concentration/ϕ shapes, skin friction coefficient, Nusselt and Sherwood number are analyzed pictorially and numerically. The following range of parameters 0.1 ≤ ξ ≤ 2.0, 0.0 ≤ n ≤ 1.2, 0.1 ≤ Ec ≤ 2.0, 0.07 ≤ Pr ≤ 7.0, 0.01 ≤ Nt ≤ 0.8, 0.01 ≤ Nb ≤ 0.9 is used. It is found that velocity field increases with maximum amplitude as variable density, magnetic force and temperature-slip constraint. It is noted that the slip behavior in temperature field and concentration field are increased with convective boundary conditions. It is depicted that local Nusselt quantity and local Sherwood quantity increases as buoyancy force and Prandtl coefficient increases.

The present study focuses on the physical significance of heat generation and chemical reaction on Carreau nanofluid with convective heat conditions. Heat transfer is characterized using convective boundary conditions. The governing partial differential equations (PDEs) are transformed into ordinary differential equations (ODEs) by using well define stream functions and similarity transformations. Using a shooting methodology, the Keller-box method with Newton Raphson scheme is used to elaborate the numerical solutions of physical phenomena. Utilizing a similar technique to find the impact of physical parameter such as the production of heat δ, the rate of reaction Λ, Biot numbers γ, Brownian motion variable Nb, the thermophoresis parameters Nt, the Weissenberg quantity We, Prandtl number Pr, and Lewis number Le on velocity profile, temperature profile and mass transmission profile are determined graphically. The skin-friction coefficient −f″(0), local Nusselt −θ′(0), and Sherwood numbers −ϕ′(0) are analyzed numerically. Increment in fluid velocity and slip temperature are depicted with high Biot number. Maximum magnitude of fluid temperature and fluid concentration function are depicted at high value of temperature dependent density. The magnitude of heat and mass transportation enhanced with maximum choice of Brownian motion.

The emergence of mechanical metamaterials from 4D printing has paved the way for developing advanced hierarchical structures with superior multifunctionalities. In particular, 4D-printed mechanical metamaterials exhibit extraordinary mechanical performance by integrating multiphysics stimuli with advanced structures when actuated by external factors, thereby altering their shapes, properties, and functionalities. This critical review offers readers a comprehensive overview of the rapidly growing 4D printing technology for developing novel mechanical metamaterials. It provides essential information about the multifunctionalities of 4D-printed mechanical metamaterials, including energy absorption and shape-morphing behavior in response to physical, chemical, or mechanical stimuli. These capabilities are key to developing smart and intelligent structures for multifunctional applications such as biomedical, photonics, acoustics, energy storage, and thermal insulation. The primary focus of this review is to describe the structural and functional applications of mechanical metamaterials developed through 4D printing. This technology leverages the shape-shifting functions of smart materials in applications such as micro-grippers, soft robots, biomedical devices, and self-deployable structures. Additionally, the review addresses current progress and challenges in the field of 4D-printed mechanical metamaterials. In conclusion, recent developments in 4D-printed mechanical metamaterials could establish a new paradigm for applications in engineering and science.

The theme of this study is to investigate the theoretical and numerical simulation of heat and mass transfer of magneto hydrodynamic power-law nanofluid flow over a stretching sheet with surface heat flux and Soret/Dufour effects. The mass flux and energy flux increase with temperature and concentration differences using the Soret/Dufour impact. The similarity transformations were used to transform a physical problem into a non-linear differential equation, and the non-linear equations were solved by the Keller box technique. The Soret/Dufour and magnetic field are incorporated into a nanofluid model. The similarity transformation was used to reduce thermal energy, mass, and momentum in algebraic systems. The impact of nanofluid factors, such as generalized Brownian motion parameter Nb, Dufour parameter Df, Soret parameter Sr, Le, and Pr, are generalized Lewis and Prandtl numbers; the thermophoresis parameter Nt and magnetic parameter on dimensionless stretching surface functions are shown numerically and graphically. The quantitative relationship between heat transfer and skin friction is shown by using Keller box and MATLAB. The skin friction coefficient Cf, Sherwood number Shx, and Nusselt number Nux values were also computed and displayed on the graph. The increment in slip temperature, fluid velocity, and fluid concentration is enhanced with a high Dufour parameter. The temperature variation and fluid concentration are decreased with applied-magnetic effects because the magnetic field acts like an insulating material in heat transfer systems. The enhancement in the Nusselt number and Sherwood number is increased with Soret and Dufour effects.

The present evaluation focused on heat transfer and magnetic flux along the moving non-conducting wedge shape with thermal conductivity and surface heat flux effects. A suitable and well-known similarity transformation for integration is used for the coupled non-linear partial differential equations with stream formulations. The Keller Box technique is utilized to integrate the final non-similar equations numerically. The discretized algebraic equations are displayed graphically and numerically using the MATLAB software. The physical characteristics like temperature, magnetic field, velocity profiles, skin friction, heat transfer and magnetic intensity are investigated with various factors. The influence of relevant characteristics like thermal conductivity ξ, Prandtl number Pr, wedge parameter β, variable viscosity ε, and Biot number Bi is interpreted graphically and numerically. It is noted that velocity graph effects are declined at lower value of Biot number and enhanced value is obtained at the higher value of Biot number. The fluid temperature with highest thermal slip effects is displayed with minimum value of thermal conductivity but minimum value is obtained at large value of thermal conductivity. The maximum heat flux value is obtained at large value of moving parameter.

Significance of this work is to examine enhanced thermal efficiency of magnetic nanofluid in the presence of Joule heating and radiation in missile technological devices, nuclear energy plants, rockets, solar energy systems and enhancing cyclic processes. Prominent aim of current investigation is to demonstrate the amplitude and oscillating analysis of mixed convective heat rate of Darcian magnetic nanoparticle movements with entropy generation, thermal radiation and Joule heat impact through porous stretching sheet. The magnetic layer along stretching surface plays important role to control thermal performance. Governing mathematical equations are reduced in convenient form by using non-dimensional analysis. The primitive mathematical form of steady and oscillating model is calculated through oscillatory stokes and primitive variables. Using Gaussian elimination and finite differences techniques, the geometrical and numerical outcomes of steady and oscillatory models are obtained by applying FORTRAN lahey-95 programming tool. The novelty of this problem is to study the oscillatory thermal and concentration profiles of Darcian magnetic nanoparticles with Joule heating and radiations. It is examined that momentum and temperature distribution grows as radiant-energy increases but decreases for maximum Joule heating. It is found that temperature and concentration distributions enhances as magnetic force decreases. Prominent enhancing amplitudes in heat and mass transfer are obtained for maximum Schmidt and thermophoresis parameter. Heat and mass transfer decreases as magnetic factor increases due to insulating magnetic nanoparticles.

The prominent novelty of current review is to exhibit the fluctuating and oscillatory convective heat transfer properties along various geometries with magnetic force, variable density, Prandtl number, buoyancy force and magnetic Prandtl number effects. The significance of present work is to illustrate a comprehensive review on transient convective heat transfer. Transient convective heat transfer plays an essential role in various technological and environmental applications, including climate control, structure safety, engines, thermal control, computer heating and cooling, and energy safety. The literature primarily focuses on steady temperature and velocity domains, with few studies exploring time-varying fluid flow in forced, natural, or mixed convective mechanisms with different methods. In current review, justification of results was performed by using oscillating stokes conditions directly in partial differential models. The similarity variables and stream functions are used in literature but in current review, the primitive variable transformation is used with implicit form of finite difference method and Gaussian elimination technique through FORTRAN and Tecplot-360 programming tools. The governing model is reduced into steady, real and imaginary form to explore steady and oscillating convective heat transmission. Transient flows have gained significance due to their ability to achieve large oscillating convective heat transfer rates. Compared with steady movement, oscillating flows exhibit higher velocity variations along the heated surface. Periodic flow produces an improved transient surface heat transmission rate than steady flow. Predicting and controlling transients in thermal exchangers requires a concept of transient forced convection heat transport. Transient convective thermal transmission solutions are important for ensuring the effectiveness and reliability of electrical components, nuclear and thermal power stations, heat-generating engines, steam turbines, condensation systems, catalytic converters, heat shielding for spacecraft, electrical devices, internal combustion engines, air conditioning and refrigerator components, cooling networks for batteries, generators, and transformers. It is found that the frequency of convective heat transport enhances through periodic and oscillating stokes variables. It was depicted that the higher amplitude in convective heat transfer was displayed for each choice of magnetic force parameter around two angles π/4 and π of circular magnetized surface. It was depicted that the maximum transient convective heat transmission was reported along vertical angle π/2 with buoyancy force, Prandtl and magnetic Prandtl values.

Objective: To assess the knowledge and practice of diabetics towards their disease at tertiary care Hospital. Methods: This is cross sectional study was conducted at department of Diabetic Clinic, Jinnah Postgraduate Medical Centre and Civil Hospital, Karachi from August 2022 to December, 2023.Total 250 diabetic patients of age 18-80 years, either gender, were included in this study. Disabled, blind and patients not willing to participate, were excluded. All relevant features including age, gender, duration of disease, educational status, family history, basic knowledge about diabetes, symptoms, risk factors, complications, prevention, frequency and monitoring of blood glucose, self-exercise practice, weight monitoring, eye checkup, foot care and dietary practice were recorded on a structured questionnaire. SPSS version 10 was used for data analysis. Results: A total of 250 patients were enrolled in this study 100(40%) were males and 150(60%) were females. Majority were in the age group between 41 and 50 years. 65 (26%) were not aware of the term diabetes. Majority had a fairly good knowledge about symptoms, risk factors, complications and prevention of diabetes however most were unaware of its types, 65% were not practicing exercise, 58% were not getting their eye checkup and majority did not practice foot care. Conclusion: Despite having satisfactory knowledge, the practice of the patients was not up to the mark. A multidisciplinary approach is required to motivate patients to actively participate in self-management of the disease

Herein, five Schiff’s base analogs (designated as AK1 to AK5) were synthesized and screened for their analgesic and anti-inflammatory efficacies. All compounds exhibited analgesic activity at selected doses from 45.31 % to 75.75 %, while the standard drug diclofenac sodium produced result as 86.33 %. Compounds AK1, AK3, AK4 and AK5 were found significantly P

This paper proposes an innovative algorithm-based control model for improving the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) system’s low-voltage ride-through (LVRT) capabilities. The Mountain Gazelle optimization (MGO) algorithm is combined with an adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS)-based proportional-integral (PI) regulator, called the MGOANFIS-PI approach. In the proposed method, the data set of an MGO-based PI regulator is used after rectification to train the MGOANFIS controller, so updating the ANFIS technique improves MGO’s searching behavior. The implemented control method ensures LVRT capability on grid-tied wind conversion plants based on DFIG in case of a malfunction or a voltage drop. Multiple metrics relating to LVRT are monitored in the proposed system, comprising current, active, and reactive power and voltages. The objective to be achieved, which is resolved through the cascaded MGOANFIS-based PI scheme, is defined. Based on the collected data, ANFIS performs and anticipates the optimal control signal from converters on the rotor and network sides. The MGOANFIS-PI methodology effectively handles system performance and voltage instability during four fault circumstances. The LVRT functionality of the DFIG system and the power quality are enhanced with the assistance of the proposed methodology. Simulations are carried out using MATLAB/Simulink framework. Two test systems are examined: the IEEE 39 bus and the 9 MW wind power plant (WPP) test systems. The WPP’s ability to withstand grid voltage sags is analyzed as part of an effectiveness assessment. The relevance and efficacy of the proposed MGOANFIS-PI method are evaluated, and proved the better performance of the cascaded MGO-based ANFIS-PI controller when compared to PI controllers optimized by comparing it with other well-known optimization techniques, i.e., Gorilla troop optimizer, particle swarm optimization, and genetic algorithm. In the three-phase IEEE 39 bus system and the 9 MW test scheme, detailed wind power plants could persevere in the face of every fault condition.

Turbulent and non-turbulent analysis of thermomagnetic convection, heating rate and mass transport of Darcian radiating nanofluid flow through porous slanted sheet is the aim of present study. Influence of microgravity is more useful for the movement of thermophoresis nanoparticles with maximum temperature and density. Joule heating, porous medium, magnetic field and thermal radiations are incorporated for the performance of thermal convection. Governing equations are reduced in dimensionless form. Oscillatory stokes conditions are applied to separate the steady, real and imaginary equations. Finite difference, Primitive transformation, and Gaussian elimination techniques are applied for numerical outputs. For asymptotic results, the appropriate range of parameters such as 0.1≤JH≤15.0, 0.1≤Pr≤12.0, 0.1≤Rd≤25.0, 0.0≤λT≤5.0, 0.1≤NT≤1.0, 0.1≤Fr≥6.0, and 0.1≤δ≤1.0 is utilized. Main novelty of work is to examine the steady state and oscillatory behavior of friction-rate, heat/mass transport over slanted two-angles π/6 and π/4. Maximum amplitude in fluid velocity is observed by increasing radiations and buoyant forces. Temperature distribution and nanomaterial concentrations enhance as Joule-heating and Prandtl number increases under microgravity region. Amplitude and oscillation of heat and mass rate is increased as reaction rate, Joule heating and Forchheimer parameter increases. Enhancing behavior of energy transport is observed for maximum choice of Prandtl index with small magnetic effects. It is depicted that high rate of oscillating frequency in heat transmission is detected with maximum radiation effects.

In current analysis, the contributions of Joule heating, microgravity, thermal radiations, and porous medium on magnetized Darcy Forchheimer flow of nanofluid with multiple slips are studied. The flow behavior is caused by the inclined surface with velocity slip, thermal slip and concentration slip. The motivation of this analysis is to improve the polishing and cleaning of artificial cardiovascular valves, inner arteries, lubrications, ballistic missiles, aircrafts and plastic fabrications. The microgravity is assumed as temperature dependent with maximum density of nanoparticles for increasing motion along inclined surface. The optimizing non-linear periodical model with slip boundaries is transformed using implicit form of finite difference asymptotic method. Numerical outputs of steady solutions are recorded first for different flow parameters and then used these steady solutions in periodical formula for oscillating skin frictions, oscillating heat rates and oscillating mass rates. It is depicted that significant amplitude in slip velocity is obtained for increasing values of slip-velocity, thermal radiation and slip-thermal parameters. Steady state heat and mass transmission is enhanced for minimum Joule heating impacts along both inclined angles. It is noticed that the steady skin friction and mass transfer enhances as Prandtl value enhances. The minimum layer in mass transfer is observed for small value of Brownian motion but high amplitude in mass rate enhances as Brownian motion enhances. It is depicted that the prominent oscillations and fluctuating amplitude in mass and heat transfer is deduced for maximum values of Schmidt number and thermophoresis parameter. The prominent stability in heat transfer is observed for each value of Schmidt number. The current study is useful in various applications such as energy transport in groundwater, renewable energy devices, geothermal energy sources, crops preservation, nuclear power-plants, biological and chemical processes, heat removal in radioactive waste, and radiators for porous substances.

In the era of smart and sustainable technology driven by naturally occurring materials, various nanocellulose-based materials play a crucial role. Shape memory behaviour and self-healing capabilities of nanocelluloses are emerging as focal points in numerous research domains. Nanocellulose and its derivatives such as cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) and cellulose nanofibers (CNF), are currently in the limelight due to their excellent shape-memory and self-healing properties, making them suitable for multifunctional devices. In this regard, CNF, as a cutting-edge material, has spurred researchers to explore its potential in developing contemporary multifunctional and personalized health devices. Therefore, a timely and comprehensive review is essential to gain deep insights into the effectiveness of shape-memory and self-healing capabilities of CNF for multifunctional devices. Herein, we first provide a brief introduction to all nanocellulose materials. This review also depicts recent advancements and breakthroughs in the large and effective synthesis of CNF-based hybrid materials. Next, focusing on their self-healing and shape-memory performance, this review sheds new light on the advanced applications of CNF materials. Finally, perspectives on the current challenges and opportunities in this field are summarized for future researchers to gain an in-depth understanding of CNF-based smart and sustainable materials.

The current thermal slip and Magnetohydrodynamic analysis plays prominent importance in heat insulation materials, polishing of artificial heart valves, heat exchangers, magnetic resonance imaging and nanoburning processes. The main objective of the existing article is to deliberate the impact of thermal slip, thermal radiation and viscous dissipation on magnetized cone embedded in a porous medium under reduced gravitational pressure. Convective heating characteristics are used to increase the rate of heating throughout the porous cone. For viscous flow along a heated and magnetized cone, the conclusions are drawn. The simulated nonlinear partial differential equations are transformed into a dimensionless state by means of suitable non-dimensional variables. The technique of finite differences is implemented to solve the given model with Gaussian elimination approach. The FORTRAN language is used to make uniform algorithm for asymptotic results according to the boundary conditions. The influence of controlling parameters, such as thermal radiation parameter Rd, Prandtl number Pr, porosity parameter Ω, viscous dissipation parameter Ec, δ thermal slip parameter, Rg reduced gravity parameter and mixed convection parameter λ is applied. Graphical representations were created to show the consequences of various parameters on velocity, temperature and magnetic field profiles along with fluctuating skin friction, fluctuating heat and oscillatory current density. It is found that velocity and temperature profile enhances as radiation parameter enhances. It is noted that the amplitude and oscillations in heat transfer and electromagnetic waves enhances as magnetic Prandtl factor increases.

Reduced gravity impact on mixed convection flow plays a significant role for designing of electric-generating plants in space, unwanted effects of free convection, thermodynamic stability, space devices, surface tension and movement of nanoparticles. The novelty of present work is to find the impact of reduced gravity, Joule heating and thermal radiations on Darcy Forchheimer magnetized flow of nanofluid along the stretching porous sheet. The variable gravity is assumed as temperature dependent with maximum density and maximum density. The governing model is converted into convenient model to find physical thermo parameters. The primitive steady, real and imaginary equations are formed by using stokes and primitive transformations. To make programming algorithm in FORTRAN Lahey-90/95, the primitively terms are deduced in each equation. For tabular and numerical findings of steady velocity, temperature and concentration, the implicit form of finite difference approach is applied with Gaussian elimination method. The fluctuating skin friction, fluctuating heat transfer and fluctuating mass transfer are displayed by using steady outcomes in main formula. It is found that the magnitude of fluid velocity enhances as magnetic force, reduced gravity and Darcy Forchheimer parameter enhances. It is concluded that temperature distribution decreases as magnetic force enhances. It is noted that oscillating frequency in skin friction and heat transfer enhances as Schmidt number enhances. It is found that the maximum fluctuating layer in heat and mass transfer enhances as Prandtl number enhances.

One of the most effective techniques for electronic-cooling devices involves the use of nanofluid, a substance known for its superior heat transfer capabilities. The main challenge in modern production engineering lies in the efficient cooling of electronic devices. Nanofluids have attracted widespread interest in various technical fields due to their exceptional characteristics, which enable effective cooling of electronic devices while improving energy efficiency. In the field of electronic systems, engineers are exploring the potential of nanofluids in a range of applications and phenomena. Choosing the right heat transfer fluid to dissipate heat is crucial in managing electronic component temperatures. This study examines the effects of heat sinks and thermal radiation on the flow of Darcy-Forchheimer nanofluid over a vertical plate, with the aim of enhancing the thermal durability of electronic components. The governing mathematical model has been refined to accurately represent the physical coefficients. To develop a relevant algorithm in the FORTRAN environment, primitive variables are employed in steady-state and oscillatory models, nanomaterial and heat sink. Outputs are presented numerically and graphically using Tecplot 360, revealing that an increase in heat sink capacity leads to a reduction in surface temperature due to the heat sink's ability to absorb excess thermal energy. The use of porous Darcy-Forchheimer material is shown to lower the fluid temperature. The study also shows that the heat transfer rate decreases with an increase in the heat sink coefficient, and the oscillatory frequency of heat transfer reduces with a decrease in the Prandtl number. Decreasing behavior of heat transfer is depicted for maximum thermophoretic factor due to heat sink impact.

The influence of thermal radiations and Soret/Dufour significantly increases the mass and heat transport in material science, geothermal process, chemical rectors and heat exchangers due to temperature and concentration variation of nanoparticles. Main objective is to enhance the amplitude, oscillation and frequency of heat transfer using the Soret and Dufour characteristics in Darcian radiating flow of thermophoretic nanoparticles along vertical porous surface. The dimensionless analysis is performed to develop the convenient form of governing thermodynamic Darcian nanofluid formulation. To develop the programming algorithm in FORTRAN language, the primitive variable formulation is used for both time-dependent and steady models. The numerical and graphical outcomes of primitive type equations under boundary conditions are explored by using implicit finite difference approach with Gaussian elimination scheme. Various pertinent parameters are used to elaborate the steady fluid velocity, surface temperature and steady concentrated nanoparticle volume fraction. Valuable novelty of current research is to use steady results for fluctuating shear stress, fluctuation heating rate and fluctuating mass rate. It is found that the influence of Soret and Dufour parameter enhances the fluid velocity and temperature distribution with maximum variations. It is noticed that the temperature distribution enhances as thermal radiation parameter increases. The oscillation and transient stability of heating rate enhances with prominent variations as thermal radiation and Soret/Dufour parameter increases. It is depicted that amplitude in shear stress and mass rate enhances as Soret and Dufour parameter enhances.

An innovative technique to improve heat transmission is the use of nanofluids. Nanofluids have a significant thermal conductivity for better heat transport. For the thermal behavior of a porous polymer sheet, activation energy assessment is a useful technique for the advancement of the thermal properties of polymers. The governing model is developed for the numerical and physical analysis of heat transfer of porous polymer sheets. The present model is converted into a smooth format for the accuracy of results. The Keller box and Newton–Raphson approaches are used to calculate the thermal properties numerically. The novelty of this research is the depiction of the temperature distributions and heat transfer of chemically reacting thermophoretic nanomaterials along porous polymer stretching sheets. It is noted that the velocity and temperature of thermophoretic nanoparticles decreases and nanoparticle concentration increases as activation energy increases. It is noted that the velocity of nanoparticles increases and concentration decreases as the temperature difference increases. The enhanced heating transfer with maximum thermophoretic transportation was depicted under maximum reaction and activation energy. It is observed that the mass transfer of nanomaterials increases as the Brownian motion of thermophoretic nanomaterials enhances.

Artificial intelligence (AI) is one of the key technologies emerging in the Industrial Revolution that could protect against cybersecurity threats. AI is a key component of big data analytics and enables accurate real-time data analysis. AI can analyze big data, but it has some issues with security, privacy, and centralization of data. Moreover, cybercriminals continue to advance, so law enforcement faces more threats. With traditional cybersecurity solutions, sophisticated cyber-attacks are harder to detect and defend against. In complex cyberspaces, AI algorithms mine valuable features from data. However, the data on the Internet is scattered and controlled by different parties, making it challenging to authorize and validate its use. The AICyber-Chain model is presented in this paper for securely storing, calculating, and distributing data on the Internet at an enterprise scale. In a large-scale Internet environment, our proposed AICyber-Chain model integrates three key components to ensure a more secure cyberspace, enhancing AI, namely: Firstly, blockchain-based data sharing guarantees ownership at a large scale, enabling real-time data sharing. Secondly, a platform powered by AI makes cyberspace more trustworthy. Thirdly, sharing data or services rewards participants financially, which promotes sharing. We also discuss a typical use scenario, an alternative deployment method, and its security and commercial efficacy. Also, we simulated our model on Ethereum’s official test network, called Rinkeby, to demonstrate its practicality and efficiency. This model speeds up authentication by 1.8 times compared to the centralized model. In addition, our proposed solution reduces gas consumption by 20 to 25%. Our paper aims to serve as a guide and reference point for cybersecurity researchers and industry practitioners, especially from an intelligent computing or AI-based technical standpoint.

The trending penetration of electric vehicles (EVs) and the emergence of new charging stations to the existing power grid pose challenges to power supply security, reliability, and economics. The optimal coordination strategy between the EV and power grid is mandatory for the secure and reliable operation of the EV-connected entire system and to fulfil the EV charging needs at a lower cost. Therefore, the current study looks at improving energy economics through optimal coordination for smart power allocation and EV charging station scheduling. This paper uses a distributed consensus-based optimization algorithm (DCBOA) to identify the best power-sharing arrangement amongst three charging stations for motorbikes, small EVs, and large EVs. Moreover, the EVs are also scheduled optimally at each charging station using a derivative-free optimization algorithm (DFOA). The results show that optimal power sharing has resulted in a considerable decrease in the amount of electricity purchased from the power grid and offers EV charging at a lower cost. Furthermore, the smart scheduling of the EVs reduces the overall load burden on the grid network. The findings emphasize the robustness and effectiveness of the proposed optimal power-sharing approach in raising the energy economics of EV charging stations.

This article utilizes a Fractional Order Proportional-Integral-Derivative (FOPID) controller for voltage regulation of a Proton Exchange Membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) in DC Microgrids. The PEMFC is considered a promising candidate for integration into DC Microgrids. However, maintaining a stable and efficient operation requires precise voltage control, especially under varying load conditions and inherent nonlinearities. The FOPID controller tuned by artificial rabbits optimization algorithm (FOPID-ARO) is recommended to address this challenge, which extends the conventional PID controller by introducing two additional parameters: the fractional orders of the derivative and integral actions. This enhancement allows for a more flexible control strategy that is capable of handling the complex dynamics of PEMFCs more effectively than traditional PID controllers. The suggested controller effectiveness is assessed under different operational scenarios, such as load and solar irradiance variations, and compared with a PID controller tuned by the ARO algorithm (PID-ARO) and an FOPID controller tuned by the jellyfish search algorithm and grey wolf optimizer. Moreover, actual data on solar irradiance are considered. The findings indicate that the FOPID-ARO controller performs better than the PID-ARO controller in terms of dynamic response and minimizes steady-state error more effectively.

Permanent magnet (PM) machines equipped with fractional slot concentrated windings (FSCW) offer a compelling solution for electric vehicles (EVs), boasting high torque and power density, high efficiency, a wide operational range, and several other advantageous features. However, faults can impair the magnets’ performance, leading to significant issues that negatively affect the EVs’ performance and worsen motor reliability. Although fault tolerance can be maintained through innovative control schemes to meet specific performance criteria, these solutions often introduce side issues, such as torque ripple. While extensive studies have focused on mitigating these side issues through control techniques, incorporating solutions at the design stage remains underexplored. This paper presents the design and optimization of a 12-slot / 10-pole permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) aimed at achieving high-quality operation in both healthy conditions and post fault operation under an open-phase fault. A finite element-based multi-objective optimization using a genetic algorithm is proposed to optimize the machine by maximizing average torque and minimizing torque ripple during both healthy operation and in the case of an open phase fault. Embarking on an exploration of diverse rotor topologies and their implications, this study engages in comprehensive theoretical and simulation analyses. The research initiative involves the design and simulation of a 15-kW Interior Permanent Magnet (IPM) motor, crafted to emulate the characteristics of a practical light-duty Electric Vehicle (EV). To validate the conceptual framework, empirical testing is conducted using a 2-kW laboratory-scale Surface-Mounted Permanent Magnet (SPM) motor.

The integration of photovoltaic (PV) into electric power systems has been widely explored and adopted to address the problems associated with the depletion of fossil fuels and the release of greenhouse gases. PV panels convert sunlight into electricity, minimizing the reliance on fossil fuels and mitigating environmental pollution. It is crucial to optimally utilize the PV power in the system; hence maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithms have been developed to ensure optimal performance of grid-connected PV systems at the maximum power point (MPP) despite changes in weather conditions. Moreover, deep reinforcement learning (DRL) developments provide a promising approach for optimizing grid-connected PV systems, replacing the conventional proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controllers. However, there is limited research evaluating the efficiency of these systems using DRL techniques. This paper proposes a new dandelion optimizer (DO)-based DRL for MPPT of grid-connected photovoltaic systems and evaluates the proposed method for a 100-MW PV plant connected to a 33-kV distribution system. The proposed DRL technique uses proximal policy optimization (PPO) and deep deterministic policy gradient (DDPG) algorithms for continuous states and discrete or continuous action spaces to adjust the PV-measured voltage based on a reference one produced via DO-PPO and DO-DDPG methods. To test the effectiveness and practicality of the introduced methods, simulations were conducted using actual input data of a 100 MW PV plant connected to a 33-kV distribution system for typical days in summer and winter seasons using MATLAB/Simulink software. The proposed implemented methods were evaluated by comparing their simulation results with other techniques: DO-PID, particle swarm optimization (PSO), and incremental conductance (InC-PI). The findings revealed that the efficiencies of the DC-DC boost and the voltage source converters using the introduced methods were 84.25%- 85.90%, and 78.33%- 81.10% on a summer day while they were 92.77%- 95% and 86.70%- 89.50% on a winter day, respectively, which proves that these methods were efficient and effective, indicating their promising potential for future applications.

This study presents a novel method for optimal energy trading within microgrids considering renewable energy (RE) integration. The proposed approach uses the hybridization of particle swarm optimization and gravitational search algorithms (PSO-GSA) with Nash Bargaining to optimize power flow and energy trading between interconnected MGs and the main utility grid. Unlike existing solutions, the proposed model promotes cooperative energy trading among MGs and the main grid, considering network constraints and RE's inherent uncertainty; consequently, it addresses key challenges related to model design, pricing fairness, power flow optimization, and network constraints. The proposed method is implemented in MATLAB® considering the interconnection of four different MGs, called cooperative MGs, which optimally enable energy trading within the cooperative MGs and main utility. Simulation results, case studies and comparisons demonstrate the relevance of the proposed hybrid PSO-GSA in terms of maximizing the RE utilization, reducing load burden on the main grid and substantial cost reductions, with monthly energy costs decreased by $60,720 compared to the base case of $94,551. Also, the robustness and efficiency of the proposed PSOGSA algorithm are evaluated by comparing it with other well-established metaheuristic optimization methods under the same system data, control variables, and constraints. This research significantly contributes to MG energy trading by proactively optimizing economic operations and increasing RE utilization while adapting cooperation among interconnected MGs.

The main goal of present research is to illustrate the frequency and amplitude behavior of heat and mass transfer of Darcy Forchheimer nanofluid flow with Arrhenius activation energy and thermal radiation effects. The impact of heat generation and chemical reaction on Darcy Forchheimer nanofluid along vertical porous cone is investigated to improve heating durability of thermodynamic systems in this research. The governing mathematical model is moderated in suitable format to construct physical coefficients. The oscillating stokes and primitive coefficients are used to differentiate the model into oscillating and steady forms. The Gaussian elimination and implicit finite difference techniques are used to address the numerical findings. To construct pertinent algorithm in FORTRAN system, the primitive-type variables are used on steady and oscillating models with first law of thermodynamics, nanoparticles and heat generation. The results under defined conditions are reported in numerical and graphical sequence through Tec-plot 360. It is found that the amplitude of surface temperature increases as heat generation increases because heat generation improves the excessive thermal transport. It is depicted that the Darcy-Forchheimer porous material decreases the fluid temperature. It is found that amplitude of mass transfer increases as activation energy and chemical reaction coefficient increases. The oscillating frequency of heat and mass transfer increases as Prandtl number increases. The current mechanism of mass and heat transfer of nanofluid has several uses in mineralogy, cutting tools, lubricating oils, machining operations, heat exchangers, coating sheets, petroleum drilling and cooling of metallic cones.

This paper presents a novel approach to solve the Probabilistic Optimal Power Flow (POPF) problem using the Enhanced Walrus Optimization (EWO) Algorithm. The proposed EWO is applied to the 30 and 118-bus IEEE systems, demonstrating its effectiveness in handling the complexities of the grid with renewable energy sources (RESs). The algorithm effectively addresses the uncertainties associated with RES generation, ensuring system reliability and minimizing generation costs. The proposed optimization method performs better than existing algorithms, achieving smooth and speedy convergence with high solution accuracy. The research findings demonstrate that the EWO is an efficient tool for tackling the POPF problem in power systems with RESs. Moreover, the effectiveness of the proposed methodology is extensively clarified by the sensitivity analyses. This work demonstrates the potential of the EWO as a viable method for RES integration-assisted power system optimization, providing opportunities for more study into cutting-edge grid optimization techniques.

The objective of present analysis is to control excessive thermal behavior in microelectronic devices using heat sink and magnetic field. Improving technological innovation demands proper temperature evacuation in microelectronic components. A feasible method for cooling microelectronics is to use nanofluid, a novel heat-transport liquid. To achieve significant cooling, microelectronic devices must be small with specific operating liquids than regular liquids. The present work investigates the fluid motion and heat transmission properties of nanofluids as advanced cooling fluids for microelectronic coolant systems. A numerical technique is used to investigate the cooling mechanism using stretching surface. Computational fluid dynamics and 2D liquid movement simulation are employed to determine the mathematical model. The governing model is transformed with Keller box method and Newton Raphson technique through MATLAB program. The base liquid is water using laminar motion. The influence of nanoparticles volume fraction, heat sink, variable density and viscous dissipation in the base liquid on heat transmission efficiency of coolant devices is investigated. It is noticed that the fluid temperature decreases as heat sink increases. It is found that the excessive heat is reduced by using magnetic layer and heat sink. The present numerical mechanism is significant for the cooling of microelectronic devices.

The significant importance of present research is to remove the extreme temperature along the magnetic driven horizontal circular cylinder. The induced electromagnetic field is applied around the surface of cylinder. The main novelty of current research is to control thermal and magnetic boundary layer in the presence of viscous dissipation and induced electromagnetic field. The dimensional mathematical form is developed with defined boundary conditions. The dimensional equations are transformed into dimensionless equations to generate physical factors. The primitive form is used to reduce dimensionless equations into convenient form for smooth algorithm. The finite difference method with Gaussian elimination technique is applied for numerical results in FORTRAN language tool. The velocity, temperature and electromagnetic field are sketched graphically with asymptotic sequence. The oscillatory shear stress, oscillating heat rate and periodical current density is plotted graphically and numerically. It is found that fluid velocity improves significantly as buoyancy force increases around each position. It is noticed that the increasing oscillations in heat transfer are sketched for maximum choice of Prandtl number. It is found that the maximum oscillations in current density are obtained for each Eckert parameter. It is noticed that the significant distribution in temperature profile is obtained in the presence of viscous dissipation and magnetic field.

Additive manufacturing (AM) aka three-dimensional (3D) printing has been a well-established and unparalleled technology, which is expanding the boundaries of materials science and is exhibiting an enormous potential to fabricate intricate geometries for healthcare, electronics, and construction sectors. In the contemporary era, the combination of AM technology and stimuli-responsive hydrogels (SRHs) helps to create dynamic and functional structures with extreme accuracy, which are capable of changing their shape, functional, or mechanical properties in response to environmental cues such as humidity, heat, light, pH, magnetic field, electric field, etc. 3D printing of SRHs permits the creation of on-demand dynamically controllable shapes with excellent control over various properties such as self-repair, self-assembly, multi-functionality, etc. These properties accelerate researchers to think of unthinkable applications. Additively manufactured objects have shown excellent potential in applications like tissue engineering, drug delivery, soft robots, sensors, and other biomedical devices. The current review provides recent progress in the 3D printing of SRHs, with more focus on their 3D printing techniques, stimuli mechanisms, shape-morphing behaviors, and their functional applications. Finally, current trends and future roadmap of additively manufactured smart structures for different applications have also been presented, which will be helpful for future research. This review holds great promise for providing fundamental knowledge about SRHs to fabricate structures for diverse applications.

Abstract This work presents an optically transparent and flexible MIMO antenna that features two square patch elements placed in close proximity, aiming to meet the demands of compactness, flexibility, optical transparency, and visual appeal for IoT applications and future 5G wireless communication. The design includes a simple offset fed configuration to achieve the required isolation and impedance matching. It simplifies the process of creating closely spaced transparent MIMO antenna configurations. By optimizing and analyzing this structure, the antenna achieves better isolation and diversity gain performance, even when the patch elements are positioned very close to each other. To achieve optical transparency and flexibility, the antenna uses thin polyethylene terephthalate (PET) material as a substrate, which is a thermoplastic polymer resin from the polyester family. The wired metal mesh parameters for conducting parts of the MIMO antenna and offset position of the feed are carefully optimized to achieve required optical transparency, isolation, impedance matching and radiation performance without any complex decoupling or impedance matching network.

Abstract In this letter, a compact, planar circularly polarized (CP) sub-GHz slot-based multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) antenna with dual sense CP along with polarization bandwidth reconfigurability is presented. The pentagonal reactively loaded slot is fed by two folded tapered feedlines to achieve CP. The antenna offers left-hand-circular polarization (RHCP) with the as well as right hand circular polarization (LHCP). The antenna exhibit linearly polarization (LP) by exciting two ports simultaneously. Moreover, the antenna CP resonance can be reconfigured by varying the capacitance of the varactor diode. The antenna has a wide −10 dB operating frequency band from 578–929 MHz. while the axial ratio (AR) bandwidth ranges from 490–810 MHz. Moreover, the two elements MIMO are optimized and placed on compact dimensions 100 × 100 × 0.76 mm3 to realize pattern diversity. The antenna’s key characteristics are compact size, wide-band sub-GHz operation, dual sense CP, polarization bandwidth reconfigurability and good MIMO performance. Thus, it is a suitable candidate to be utilized in CubeSats applications in sub-GHz bands.

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), a potential public health issue, is a huge challenge for the advanced scientific realm to solve. Chemodynamic therapy (CDT) based on the Fenton reaction emerged as a state-of-the-art therapeutic modality to treat GBM. However, crossing the blood–brain barrier (BBB) to reach the GBM is another endless marathon. In this review, the physiology of the BBB has been elaborated to understand the mechanism of crossing these potential barriers to treat GBM. Moreover, the designing of Fenton-based nanomaterials has been discussed for the production of reactive oxygen species in the tumor area to eradicate the cancer cells. For effective tumor targeting, biological nanomaterials that can cross the BBB via neurovascular transport channels have also been explored. To overcome the neurotoxicity caused by inorganic nanomaterials, the use of smart nanoagents having both enhanced biocompatibility and effective tumor targeting ability to enhance the efficiency of CDT are systematically summarized. Finally, the advancements in intelligent Fenton-based nanosystems for a multimodal therapeutic approach in addition to CDT are demonstrated. Hopefully, this systematic review will provide a better understanding of Fenton-based CDT and insight into GBM treatment.

Reduced gravity refers to the actual decline in the accelerated motion of gravitation that occurs when a particular fluid comes into contact with another fluid that has different densities as a result of buoyant effects. The reduced gravity mechanism is very affective along the inclined geometries to reduce more gravitational pressure. In comparison to ordinary action of gravity, reduced gravity was reported to demonstrate less heat transfer, which helped to thicken the liquid layers. The main objective of this study is to illustrate the effects of chemical reaction and variable viscosity on oscillatory behavior of heat and mass transfer along an inclined heated plate under reduced gravity. The viscosity of fluid is assumed as a function of temperature. The mathematical model is developed in terms of partial differential equations and converted into steady and oscillating part by using oscillating Stokes conditions. The primitive variable formulation is used to convert steady and oscillating part into convenient form for smooth algorithm. The numerical results are deduced in tables and graphs with the help of FORTRAN and Tecplot 360. The velocity, temperature distribution, concentration profile, oscillatory skin friction, heat transfer and mass transfer are plotted for various governing parameters. The range of parameters has selected according as Prandtl number 0.1≤Pr≤7.0, buoyancy parameter 0

Abstract A miniaturized folded dipole patch antenna (FDPA) design for biomedical applications operating at sub 1 GHz (434 MHz) band is presented. Antenna is fabricated on FR-4 substrate material having dimensions of 16.40 mm $$\times$$ × 8.60 mm $$\times$$ × 1.52 mm (0.023 $$\lambda$$ λ $$\times$$ × 0.012 $$\lambda$$ λ $$\times$$ × 0.002 $$\lambda$$ λ ). Indirect feed coupling is applied through two parallel strips at bottom layer of the substrate. The antenna size is reduced by 83% through lumped inductor placed at the center path of the radiating FDPA, suitable for biomedical (implantable) applications and hyperthermia. Moreover, Impedance matching is achieved without using any Balun transformer or any other complex matching network. The proposed antenna provides an impedance bandwidth of 6 MHz (431–437 MHz) below − 10 dB and a gain of − 31 dB at 434 MHz. The designed antenna is also placed on a human body model to evaluate its performance for hyperthermia through Specific Absorption Rate (SAR), Effective Field Size (EFS), and penetration depth (PD).

Several primary mechanisms are less motivated in modern technologies and recent advancements as a consequence of unsustainable heating. The aligned magnetic field acts like a stabilizing agent to absorb excessive heat. It is a vital process in contemporary technologies to reduce increasing temperatures. The primary goal of this particular assessment is to magnetize the surface in order to tackle this problem. The impacts of Joule heating and MHD on periodic quantities of heat transfer and current density at favorable positions of magnetized circular cylinder has been illustrated. The mathematical model of coupled partial differential equations is developed for present mechanism. The coupled model is converted into dimensionless form by using appropriate dimensionless variables. The primitive variable formulation and implicit finite difference method is used to convert nonlinear equation for smooth algorithm. The numerical and graphical outcomes are computed with the help of FORTRAN language software and Tecplot 360. The novelty of present study is to evaluate amplitude and oscillations in heat transfer and current density for some governing parameters by using steady part. It can be seen that the prominent enhancement in temperature distribution is noted at each position with Joule heating effects. The significant amplitude in oscillatory heat transfer and current density is displayed due to maximum buoyancy force. In MRI resonance imaging and nanoburning techniques, the modern thermodynamic and magnetohydrodynamics analysis is significant.

The significant contribution of current mechanism is to explore the periodical and fluctuating results of heat and mass flux of Darcy-Forchheimer nanofluid flow along buoyancy-driven porous plate under solar radiation region. Flow through a Darcy-medium has a wide range of applications such as the use of oil in various hydrothermal transfer control, radioactive nuclear disposal systems, water improvement, and filtration of water. The dimensional model is transformed into non-dimension for scaling factors. The primitive-based transformation is applied on steady and oscillatory parts for smooth algorithm in FORTRAN language machine. The convenient model is again reduced into algebraic pattern by using implicit finite difference method. The numerical and graphical results of velocity, temperature and concentration are executed by Gaussian elimination method. To enhance the frequency and wavelength, the impact of solar radiations, thermophoresis, Brownian movement, Schmidt factor, Prandtl factor, porosity and buoyancy pressure is applied on periodic nanoparticles with Darcy Forchheimer relation. The novelty of this proposal to explore the wave oscillations, amplitude and phase angle of thermal and concentration boundary layer of Darcy-Forchheimer nanofluid flow along buoyancy-driven porous plate under solar radiation region. It is noticed that the prominent wavelength and frequency in thermal and concentration boundary layers is generated under porous and solar radiation region. The significance of temperature variation increases as solar radiation, Brownian motion and thermophoresis increases. It is noticed that heat and mass transport enhances as Darcy-Forchheimer and modified buoyancy force increases. In thermodynamic systems, the Darcy-porous materials is prominent assumption that is employed in many domains, especially clinical science, petrochemical and structural engineering, geography, biochemistry and biological physics, and material science. For energy storage and energy conservation, the Darcy-porous material is required for batteries, fuel cells and super capacitors.

The main goal of current research is to elaborate wave oscillations and amplitude of heat mass transfer across gravity-driven surface. The heat and mass transfer through inclined gravity driven shapes is very useful in aeronautical technologies and airspace devices. In low gravitational pressure, the concentrated particles move faster with maximum heating rate. The novelty of present mechanism is to estimate the gravity and primitive modulation of chemically reactive flow of periodic and oscillatory heat and mass transfer across the inclined gravity-driven plate under viscosity and thermal conductivity effects. The viscosity, gravity and conductivity are assumed as temperature dependent. The non-dimensional model is converted into algebraic system using finite difference and primitive approach. The Gaussian elimination technique is used to explore velocity, temperature and concentration profiles for different governing variables. The amplitude of shear stress, oscillatory heat and oscillatory mass transfer is examined numerically and graphically. The oscillatory stokes conditions are used to evaluate oscillatory behavior of physical properties. It is found that the mass concentration increases as viscosity of fluid increases under low gravitational pressure. It is seen that the enhancement in velocity of fluid grows as viscosity of fluid reduces. The increasing amplitude and frequency of heat transmission is drafted at π/6 angle under maximum buoyancy forces. The oscillations in mass and shearing stress enhances as buoyancy force increases under minimum gravity.

Computer networks face vulnerability to numerous attacks, which pose significant threats to our data security and the freedom of communication. This paper introduces a novel intrusion detection technique that diverges from traditional methods by leveraging Recurrent Neural Networks (RNNs) for both data preprocessing and feature extraction. The proposed process is based on the following steps: (1) training the data using RNNs, (2) extracting features from their hidden layers, and (3) applying various classification algorithms. This methodology offers significant advantages and greatly differs from existing intrusion detection practices. The effectiveness of our method is demonstrated through trials on the Network Security Laboratory (NSL) and Canadian Institute for Cybersecurity (CIC) 2017 datasets, where the application of RNNs for intrusion detection shows substantial practical implications. Specifically, we achieved accuracy scores of 99.6% with Decision Tree, Random Forest, and CatBoost classifiers on the NSL dataset, and 99.8% and 99.9%, respectively, on the CIC 2017 dataset. By reversing the conventional sequence of training data with RNNs and then extracting features before applying classification algorithms, our approach provides a major shift in intrusion detection methodologies. This modification in the pipeline underscores the benefits of utilizing RNNs for feature extraction and data preprocessing, meeting the critical need to safeguard data security and communication freedom against ever-evolving network threats.

Solar radiation is a very useful form of energy such as heat and current density in gas turbines, nuclear power plants and thermal energy storage. The fundamental source of heat for multiple reactions in the climate, oceans, and ecological system is solar radiation. The current radiative flow model has significant applications in nuclear power generation, radioactive reactor cooling mechanisms, heating boilers, recycling of underground radioactive materials, fabrication of glass-fiber material and thermal textiles. The significance of study to reduce excessive heating by using magnetized surface. The main goal of current research is to report the Joule heating effect on heat and magnetic flux along the magnetic-driven porous cone under solar radiations and lower gravitational region. The novelty of this work is to explore wave oscillations in heat and magnetic flux with solar radiations under lower gravitational region. The Joule heating is applied to control the thermal boundary layer along gravity-driven cone. The coupled mathematical model is changed into non-dimensional form for physical parameters. The steady and oscillatory parts are obtained by using Stokes conditions. For smooth programming in FORTRAN computing tool, the primitive variables are used. The efficient finite difference scheme is used to plot the numerical findings with Gaussian elimination technique. The impact of governing parameters involved in the problem on wave oscillations of magnetic flux and heat transmission are drafted physically and numerically. It is noted that the fluid velocity enhances with significant amplitude as lower gravity and solar radiation increases along porous cone. It is found that wave oscillations of heat and magnetic flux increases as magnetic Prandtl number enhances under lower gravitational region.

The significant goal of present problem is to evaluate oscillating frequency and amplitude in heat and magnetic flux with thermal conductivity and heat flux effects across magnetized porous cone under lower gravitational region. To maintain heat transport efficiency, the thermal conductivity of conducting fluid is assumed as temperature dependent. The magnetic-driven cone is placed in lower gravitational region. To improve the heating rate across the magnetic-driven porous cone, the convective heating conditions are applied. The implications of thermal conductivity, surface heat flux, and reduced gravity on the periodic behavior of convective heat transfer characteristics of conducting fluid across porous gravity-driven cone is the novelty of this research. Using the appropriate non-dimensional variables, the model's nonlinear governing partial differential has been converted into a dimensionless form. The proposed model is solved later with the help of finite difference approach. The dimensionless form of the equations is reduced to the convenient form for numerical algorithm. The influence of adjusting parameters, such as thermal conductivity parameter ζ, reduced gravity parameter Rg, Biot number Bi, Prandtl number Pr, mixed convection parameter λ, porosity parameter Ω, magnetic prandtl number γ and some others stationary parameters has been highlighted. By using FORTRAN tool, the numerical outcomes are explored in graphs and tabular form. It is depicted that magnetic field enhances as Biot number decreases because magnetic field insulates the excessive heating across the magnetic-driven porous cone. It is noticed that significant amplitude in fluid velocity is noticed with prominent changes as reduced gravity increases. It is concluded that fluctuations in heat transport increases as parameter γ decreases under thermal conductivity because magnetic material insulates the extreme heat across the porous cone. The recent thermal conductivity and lowered gravity problem is significant in the fields of radioactive waste, cooling electronic components, storing nuclear, catalysts, heat exchangers, the underground storage of radioactive or nonnuclear materials, aircrafts and space vehicles.

As gravitation grows, the impact of interaction across two particles improves. The force of gravity is a critical process of transferring material along an angled surface. The main importance of present research is to generate wave oscillations in concentrating particles along an angled surface under weak gravitational pressure. Main goal of thermo-viscosity in current model is to produce maximum movement in concentrated particles for significant oscillating heat transport along buoyancy-based plate. The governing mathematical model is constructed for numerical and graphical outcomes of present mechanism under weak gravity and variable viscosity. To generate pertinent parameters, the model is changed into non-dimension form by using suitable variables. To observe oscillatory and amplitude sequence of results, the model is formulated into steady, real and imaginary equations. For programming sequence in FORTRAN tool, the primitive coefficients are used. The primitive based equations are solved by applying implicit form of finite difference method and Gaussian elimination scheme. The steady results such as fluid velocity, temperature variations and concentration profiles are observed for different physical factor under defined boundaries. The amplitude of oscillatory shear stress, oscillatory heat transport and oscillatory mass transport are explored by using steady results. It is noticed that the velocity of fluid enhances as viscosity decreases. It is found that the temperature variation grows as Schmidt number enhances but concentration profile decreases. It is observed that the prominent wave oscillations in heat transfer increases as Prandtl number enhances.

The force of attraction between two masses increases as gravity increases. Gravity is very important mechanism for mass transfer characteristics across the inclined shape. The significant purpose of current study is to examine amplitude in mass transfer under reduced gravity-driven flow. The impact of heat source/sink on periodic mixed convective gravity-driven flow across the inclined plate has been evaluated. The oscillatory characteristics of heat rate and mass transmission are explored at three inclined angles π/6, π/4 and π/3. The gravity is assumed under maximum temperature difference. The governing dimensional model is transformed into non-dimensional equations with appropriate scaling variables. The non-dimensional equations are again reduced in non-oscillatory, real and imaginary parts. For smooth coding, the primitive formulation is used with finite difference method to change non-dimensional forms in algebraic system. The algebraic equations are solved with Gaussian elimination scheme to display velocity field, temperature distribution and rate of concentration numerically. The impact of heat source/sink ±δ, reduced gravity Rg, buoyancy variable λT, modified buoyancy factor λC, Prandtl factor Pr, reduced gravitation factor Rg, and Schmidt variable Sc on the oscillating behavior of shear stress, rate of fluctuating heat transfer, and rate of fluctuating mass transfer is secured. It is found that the amplitude of fluid velocity and temperature increases for each parameter under heat source +δ=0.4. It can be seen that concentration distribution increases as reduced gravity Rg increases under heat sink −δ=0.3. It can be seen that amplitude of shearing stress and heat transfer increases as heat source +δ increases. It is obtained that oscillation in mass transfer increases as heat source/sink ±δ increases under reduced gravitation Rg=1.2.

OBJECTIVES To determine the association between time to thrombolysis and left ventricular (LV) systolic function in patients with ST-elevation Myocardial Infarction (STEMI). METHODOLOGY T This descriptive case series study compared the time to thrombolysis and LV systolic function of 149 STEMI patients. LV systolic function was evaluated following thrombolysis, and data were collected and analyzed using SPSS version 21.0 software. This study was conducted at the Ayub Teaching Hospital Cardiology Department in Abbottabad from August 2022 to January 2023. RESULTS The study examined how LV systolic function and symptoms in STEMI patients related to when thrombolysis was administered. The 149 patients analyzed included 28 with normal LV function, 86 with mildly impaired function, 26 with moderately impaired function, and 9 with severely impaired function. In contrast to delayed thrombolysis, which was linked to higher levels of impairment, immediate thrombolysis was correlated with a higher percentage of normal LV function. The prevalence of patients with severely compromised LV function was also higher in those who received thrombolysis within 3 to 6 hours and 9 to 12 hours. LV function was correlated with the type of myocardial infarction, with varying degrees of impairment seen in AWMI and IWMI patients. Gender had no discernible effect on LV function. CONCLUSION Improved LV function is associated with early thrombolysis within hours of STEMI symptoms, highlighting the significance of prompt intervention and minimizing wait times for better patient outcomes.

Objective: To determine the frequency of gall bladder carcinoma after cholecystectomy for symptomatic gallstone disease and to determine the most commonly affected age group and its gender-based predominance in our population. Study Design: Cross sectional study. Place and Duration of Study: Histopathology Lab, Tertiary Care Teaching Hospital, Peshawar Pakistan, from Jan 2015 to Jan 2021. Methodology: A total of 995 patients of all age groups and of either gender were included in our study. The demographics, clinical data of the patient (signs, symptoms and ultrasound report), and histopathology findings were recorded. Results: The mean age of our study participants was 41.5±15 years. Cholecystitis was found in 807(81.1%) patients, acute cholecystitis in 101(10.2%) patients, and chronic cholecystitis with cholesterols in 72(7.2%) patients. Benign polyps were found in 6(0.6%) patients, while carcinoma gall bladder was found in 9(0.9%) patients. The frequency of gall bladder carcinoma was high in females (n=774, 66.7%). The most commonly affected age group affected by gall bladder carcinoma was 51 to 60 years. Conclusion: Routine histopathology of all grossly looking normal gall bladder specimens after cholecystectomy should be done as it is the only measure to detect carcinoma gall bladder at early stages.

Our research aims to investigate the impact of injecting atomic coherence on the phase tunneling time of ultra slow cascade three-level atoms traversing through high-quality cavities. Prior to interacting with the cavity in the Fock state, the atoms are initially prepared in a superposition of the two upper levels. Our study has demonstrated that the coherence of the injected atoms can be tuned to control the phase time. Specifically, we have observed that the injected coherence can regulate the peak values and sub-superclassical nature of the traversal time. Moreover, we have investigated how the number of superclassical peaks and resonances in the tunneling time curve can be influenced by the cavity length and de Broglie waves of the atom. Additionally, we have discovered that the phase time behavior is not only affected by the center-of-mass (CM) motion but also by the atom–field detuning and the final internal state of the transmitted atoms. These findings have potential implications for developing and controlling ultracold atom-based technologies, such as quantum sensors, quantum information processing, and quantum simulation.

The main focus of the current research is to evaluate heat and mass transfer across stretchable sheet under applied magnetic field. The chemical reaction and variable density is essential for thermal behavior of nanofluid. The present study presents a careful inspection of chemical reaction, thermal density, viscous dissipation and thermophoresis on heat and mass transfer of magneto and chemically reactive nanofluid across the stretching sheet. The physical attitude of entropy and chemical reaction improvement rate in magneto nanofluid is the primary focus of the present research. By applying the proper transformation, nonlinear partial differential expressions are introduced to the structure of the ordinary differential framework. The flow equations are simplified into nonlinear differential equations, and these equations are then computationally resolved via an efficient computational technique known as Keller box technique. The governing flow factors like Eckert number, reaction rate, density parameter, magnetic-force parameter, thermophoretic number, buoyancy number and Prandtl number on velocity, temperature distribution and concentration distribution are evaluated prominently. It is noticed that prominent enhancement in temperature of fluid is assessed for maximum Prandtl number. It is found that the reasonable change in concentration distribution is evaluated for each Prandtl number with entropy generation. It is examined that the dimensionless Nusselt coefficient is decreased for maximum Brownian motion. It is seen that the dimensionless mass transfer is increased for maximum Brownian motion in the presence of buoyancy and magnetic forces.