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Background Bipolar disorder is identified as a cause of severe damage to the physical, psychological and social functioning of adolescents and young adults.Aims The aim of this study is to ascertain the trends in the burden of bipolar disorder among individuals aged 10–24 years at global, regional and national levels from 1990 to 2019.Methods The data analysed in this study were from the Global Burden of Diseases 2019. The numbers, rates per 100 000 population, average annual percentage changes (AAPCs) of incidence, prevalence and years lived with disability (YLDs) of bipolar disorder are reported at the global, regional and national levels among individuals aged 10–24 years. Global trends by age, sex and Social Development Index (SDI) were further analysed.Results Globally, the incidence of bipolar disorder among adolescents and young adults increased from 79.21 per 100 000 population (95% uncertainty interval (UI): 58.13 to 105.15) in 1990 to 84.97 per 100 000 population (95% UI: 61.73 to 113.46) in 2019, AAPC 0.24 (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.22 to 0.26). In the past three decades, there has been an increase in incidence, prevalence and YLDs in both males and females. The largest increase in incidence between 1990 and 2019 was observed in those aged 20–24 years old (from 51.76 per 100 000 population (95% UI: 26.81 to 87.20) in 1990 to 58.37 per 100 000 population (95% UI: 30.39 to 98.55) in 2019; AAPC 0.42 (95% CI: 0.38 to 0.47)). By the SDI quintile, the largest increase in incidence was observed in the middle SDI; however, the high SDI countries had the highest incidence. Regionally, the largest increase in incidence was observed in southern Latin America. At the national level, the most pronounced increase in the incidence was in Greenland.Conclusions The global increase in incidence among adolescents and young adults between 1990 and 2019 indicates that strategies to improve their mental health still need to be emphasised.

Lung organoids have emerged as powerful tools for studying lung distal diseases by recapitulating the cellular diversity and microenvironment of the lung tissue. This review article highlights the advancements in leveraging mechanobiology and biophysical cues in lung organoid engineering to improve their physiological relevance and disease modelling capabilities. We discuss the role of mechanobiology in lung development and homeostasis, as well as the integration of biophysical cues in the design and culture of lung organoids. Furthermore, we explore how these advancements have contributed to the understanding of lung distal diseases pathogenesis. We also discuss the challenges and future directions in harnessing mechanobiology and biophysical cues in lung organoid research. This review showcases the potential of lung organoids as a platform to investigate the underappreciated impacts of biophysical and biomechanical properties in enhancing lung organoids complexity and functionality, and ultimately provide new insight into embryonic lung development and pulmonary distal diseases pathogenesis.

Background Bipolar disorder is identified as a cause of severe damage to the physical, psychological and social functioning of adolescents and young adults. Aims The aim of this study is to ascertain the trends in the burden of bipolar disorder among individuals aged 10-24 years at global, regional and national levels from 1990 to 2019. Methods The data analysed in this study were from the Global Burden of Diseases 2019. The numbers, rates per 100 000 population, average annual percentage changes (AAPCs) of incidence, prevalence and years lived with disability (YLDs) of bipolar disorder are reported at the global, regional and national levels among individuals aged 10-24 years. Global trends by age, sex and Social Development Index (SDI) were further analysed. Results Globally, the incidence of bipolar disorder among adolescents and young adults increased from 79.21 per 100 000 population (95% uncertainty interval (UI): 58.13 to 105.15) in 1990 to 84.97 per 100 000 population (95% UI: 61.73 to 113.46) in 2019, AAPC 0.24 (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.22 to 0.26). In the past three decades, there has been an increase in incidence, prevalence and YLDs in both males and females. The largest increase in incidence between 1990 and 2019 was observed in those aged 20-24 years old (from 51.76 per 100 000 population (95% UI: 26.81 to 87.20) in 1990 to 58.37 per 100 000 population (95% UI: 30.39 to 98.55) in 2019; AAPC 0.42 (95% CI: 0.38 to 0.47)). By the SDI quintile, the largest increase in incidence was observed in the middle SDI; however, the high SDI countries had the highest incidence. Regionally, the largest increase in incidence was observed in southern Latin America. At the national level, the most pronounced increase in the incidence was in Greenland. Conclusions The global increase in incidence among adolescents and young adults between 1990 and 2019 indicates that strategies to improve their mental health still need to be emphasised. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

New properties and exotic quantum phenomena can form due to periodic nanotextures, including Moire patterns, ferroic domains, and topologically protected magnetization and polarization textures. Despite the availability of powerful tools to characterize the atomic crystal structure, the visualization of nanoscale strain-modulated structural motifs remains challenging. Here, we develop nondestructive real-space imaging of periodic lattice distortions in thin epitaxial films and report an emergent periodic nanotexture in a Mott insulator. Specifically, we combine iterative phase retrieval with unsupervised machine learning to invert the diffuse scattering pattern from conventional X-ray reciprocal-space maps into real-space images of crystalline displacements. Our imaging in PbTiO3/SrTiO3 superlattices exhibiting checkerboard strain modulation substantiates published phase-field model calculations. Furthermore, the imaging of biaxially strained Mott insulator Ca2RuO4 reveals a strain-induced nanotexture comprised of nanometer-thin metallic-structure wires separated by nanometer-thin Mott-insulating-structure walls, as confirmed by cryogenic scanning transmission electron microscopy (cryo-STEM). The nanotexture in Ca2RuO4 film is induced by the metal-to-insulator transition and has not been reported in bulk crystals. We expect the phasing of diffuse X-ray scattering from thin crystalline films in combination with cryo-STEM to open a powerful avenue for discovering, visualizing, and quantifying the periodic strain-modulated structures in quantum materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]