Search

In this study, a Box–Behnken design was employed to optimize the synthesis of quinoxaline derivatives via the condensation of benzil or furyl with 1,2-diamines using zirconium phosphate (ZrP) as a heterogeneous catalyst and water as a green solvent. The effects of reaction temperature (40–50 °C), catalyst amount (0.02–0.04 g), and stirring time (5–15 min) were investigated. The model exhibited excellent predictive accuracy with an adjusted R2 of 0.997, yielding 97.90% quinoxalines under optimal conditions: 0.03 g catalyst, 12 min reaction time, and 45 °C. Catalyst reusability was confirmed for up to five cycles, with a slight decrease in yield (~ 90% after five uses). Kinetic analysis revealed first-order reaction kinetics with an activation energy of 70.34 kJ/mol. Thermodynamic parameters, including ΔS, ΔH, and ΔG, were calculated using the Eyring-Polanyi equation. A sustainability assessment using green metrics, such as atom economy (AE), reaction mass efficiency (RME), and the E-factor, demonstrated the improved environmental profile of the process. This method offers a greener and efficient approach for quinoxaline synthesis, with potential applications in the pharmaceutical and fine chemical industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Zirconium phosphate (α-ZrP)/carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) composite hydrogels were prepared through graft copolymerization by the easily scaling-up method. The α-ZrP/CMC hydrogels were characterized through FI-IR, SEM (EDS-SEM), XRD, TGA, BET, swelling and zeta potential measurements. The adsorption of Cu2+ by α-ZrP/CMC hydrogels in aqueous solutions was also studied. The results show that α-ZrP/CMC hydrogels have great adsorption capacity for Cu2+. The analysis results indicated that the adsorption mechanisms of α-ZrP/CMC hydrogel on Cu2+ are mainly through the electrostatic interaction. The adsorption process conforms to the Langmuir model (R2 = 0.9953) and Quasi-second order kinetic model (R2 = 1). Under the experimental conditions explored, the optimal amount of α-ZrP and the DS of CMC are chosen as 0.5 wt% and 1.2, and the adsorption capacity of ZrP-0.5%-CMC-1.2 hydrogel for Cu2+ is 121.21 mg/g. The adsorption isotherms, adsorption kinetics, and thermodynamics studies were also conducted to investigate the adsorption mechanism. Therefore, α-ZrP/CMC hydrogels present excellent adsorption efficiency, shows the potential application in future treatment of Cu2+ wastewater. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rational design of a high surface area heterogeneous nanocomposite catalyst with well‐defined surface acidic sites and structural porosity is a promising approach with potential application in expeditious synthesis of biologically active molecules/scaffolds. In this work, mesoporous zirconium phosphate (m‐ZrP) was synthesized through a hydrothermal process and used as a porous matrix for dispersion of cesium‐exchanged phosphotungstic acid (CsxH3‐xPW12O40) nanoparticles to prepare CsxH3‐xPW12O40‐mZrP nanocomposite systems. Various characterization techniques, including XRD, UV–vis‐DRS, FTIR, FESEM, HRTEM, TGA‐DTA, BET, and TPD, were used to understand the structural, morphological, and surface properties of the composites. XRD analysis revealed the presence of m‐ZrP and cubic CsxH3‐xPW12O40 crystalline phases in the nanocomposite materials. A microscopic study indicated the existence of rod‐shaped morphology that was formed by the coalescence of a large number of spherical nanoparticles with diameters between 150 and 200 nm. The dispersion of CsxH3‐xPW12O40 over the m‐ZrP surface results in significant enhancement of medium and strong acidic sites, with the maximum number of acidic sites observed for the Cs0.5‐PTA‐mZrP composite (0.406 mmol g−1). The catalytic activity of the CsxH3‐xPW12O40‐mZrP nanocomposites was evaluated for rapid synthesis of tetrazole derivatives through [3 + 2] cycloaddition reactions of substituted nitrile and NaN3 under mild conditions. The detailed optimization study revealed that the use of Cs0.5‐PTA‐mZrP catalyst in DMF media afforded 90% yield of the tetrazole at 120 °C. Reaction kinetics study suggested that the optimal Cs0.5‐PTA‐mZrP catalyst exhibited the highest reaction rate of 2.06 × 10−3 mmol h−1m−2 towards tetrazole formation. Structurally diverse tetrazole derivatives in high yield and purity were synthesized under mild conditions using CsxH3‐xPW12O40‐mZrP nanocomposite as catalyst. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dental implants fabricated from titanium have several limitations and therefore, alternative materials that fulfil the criteria of successful dental implant (bioactivity and anti-bacterial activity) need to be considered. Polyether ether ketone (PEEK) has been suggested to replace titanium implants. However, this material needs surface modification to meet the appropriate criteria. A nano-sized zirconium phosphate/GO (nZrP/GO) composite coating was prepared to improve PEEK's biological qualities. Polished and cleaned PEEK discs were coated with the composite of nZrP doped with 1.25 wt% GO by the soft-template method. To analyze the composite coating, X-ray, atomic force microscopy, and field emission scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive spectroscopy were used. The adhesion of the coating to PEEK was measured by adhesive tape test. By measuring the optical contact angle, the coated and non-coated samples' differences in wettability were evaluated. Antimicrobial activity was evaluated against S. aureus and E. coli and cytotoxicity tested employing gingival fibroblasts and osteoblast-like cells. The nZrP/GO composite coating was 23.45 µm thick, was irregular and attached strongly to the PEEK surface. Following coating, the water contact angle dropped to 34° and surface roughness to 13 nm. The coating reduced the count of bacteria two-fold and was non-cytotoxic to mammalian osteoblast-like cells and fibroblasts. A precipitation of nano-calcium-deficient apatite was observed on the surface of the nZrP/GO coating following a 28-day immersion in SBF. PEEK-coated with nZr/GO coating is a good candidate as dental implant. • nZrP/GO converts PEEK surface from bionert to a bioactive surface. • Addition of GO into nZrP potentiates its anti-bacterial activity. • PEEK implant coated with nZrP/GO is not cytotoxic to mammalian cells. • nZrP/GO increases surface wettability of PEEK implant. • Addition of GO has no effect on adhesion of nZrP coating to PEEK surface. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Monolayer nanosheets of zirconium phosphate in aqueous suspension exhibit short-range repulsion and long-range attraction, producing, at overall volume fractions larger than about half a percent, phase separation into higher-concentration liquid crystal and lower-concentration isotropic regions. At high concentrations, this phase separation takes the form of an emulsion of condensed, liquid-crystalline droplets, which anneal to form lens-shaped tactoids. These tactoids provide an opportunity to study the liquid crystal ordering of inorganic nanosheets in the limit of large shape anisotropy (diameter/thickness~400) and high packing fraction (volume fraction ≳ 70%). The internal liquid crystal structure of the tactoids remains nematic even under conditions that would usually favor ordering into lamellar smectics. Local lamellar ordering is suggested by short-range, smectic-like layer correlations, but a full transition into a smectic phase appears to be inhibited by the nanosheet edges, which act as a perturbative population of dislocation loops in the system of layers. Under conditions of thermal equilibrium, the nanoplates organize positionally to enable bend deformation of the director, a hallmark of the nematic phase and its principal distinction from the smectic, where bend must be expelled. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This review covers recent advancements in the use of zirconium phosphates and phosphonates (ZrPs) as catalysts or catalyst supports for a variety of reactions, including biomass conversion, acid–base catalysis, hydrogenation, oxidation, and C-C coupling reactions, from 2015 to the present. The discussion emphasizes the intrinsic catalytic properties of ZrPs, focusing on how surface acidity, hydrophobic/hydrophilic balance, textural properties, and particle morphology influence their catalytic performance across various reactions. Additionally, this review thoroughly examines the use of ZrPs as supports for catalytic species, ranging from organometallic complexes and metal ions to noble metals and metal oxide nanoparticles. In these applications, ZrPs not only enhance the dispersion and stabilization of active catalytic species but also facilitate their recovery and reuse due to their robust immobilization on the solid support. This dual functionality underscores the importance of ZrPs in promoting efficient, selective, and sustainable catalytic processes, making them essential to the advancement of green chemistry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polypropylene and ammonium phosphate (AP) composites were synthesized at a 25 wt% concentration. The changes in the morphological, thermal, and physical behavior of the composites were analyzed with the addition of lignosulfonate (LG) and zirconium phosphate (ZrP). Additionally, metallic zirconium was deposited onto lignosulfonate using the magnetron sputtering technique to develop polypropylene and zirconium-modified lignosulfonate (LGMod) composites. Thus, composites of PP/25AP, PP/25AP/8LG/5ZrP, and PP/25AP/8LGMod were synthesized. The synthesis involved mixing the materials in a Hake mixer, followed by compression molding. The composites were characterized by field emission scanning electron microscopy (SEM–EDS), a thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) with combustion parameters, a vertical burn test (UL-94), a thermal camera, and mechanical properties. All composites achieved a V2 rating according to UL-94 standards. The PP/25AP extinguishes flames more quickly compared to other materials, approximately 99.2% faster than PP and showed the lowest temperature variation and mass loss after burning. The PP/25AP/8LG/5ZrP composite exhibited a 7% higher rigidity and 84.5% better flame retardancy compared to pure PP. Additionally, substituting ZrP with LGMod led to a lower environmental impact and improved thermal properties, despite some mechanical disadvantages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Intercalation compounds represent a unique class of materials that can be anisotropic (1D and 2D-based topology) or isotropic (3D) through their guest/host superlattice repetitive organisation. Intercalation refers to the reversible introduction of guest species with variable natures into a crystalline host lattice. Different host lattice structures have been used for the preparation of intercalation compounds, and many examples are produced by exploiting the flexibility and the ability of 2D-based hosts to accommodate different guest species, ranging from ions to complex molecules. This reaction is then carried out to allow systematic control and fine tuning of the final properties of the derived compounds, thus allowing them to be used for various applications. This review mainly focuses on the recent applications of intercalation layered compounds (ILCs) based on layered clays, zirconium phosphates, layered double hydroxides and graphene as heterogeneous catalysts, for environmental and health purposes, aiming at collecting and discussing how intercalation processes can be exploited for the selected applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The search for sustainable polymers to replace those of fossil origin has been constant. Poli (lactic acid) (PLA) is one of the alternatives since it is a biodegradable and ecofriendly polymer. This work intended to aggregate zinc oxide (ZnO) and zirconium phosphate (ZrP) as a tentative to improve PLA crystallization and ultraviolet light stability. To easy the incorporation of ZnO in the ZrP the last one was pre-expanded with Jeffamine and following melting extruded PLA composites were prepared. X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (EDX) showed that incorporation of ZnO (around 50%) in the host filler was successful. Carbonyl absorbance ratio revealed some PLA degraded during the processing. This ratio also increased by exposure to ultraviolet lamps, but ZnO showed best stabilization in the PLA/E-A/ZrP/ZnO. X-rays diffraction revealed that fillers pre-expanded with Jeffamine promoted better dispersion but some reduction on the PLA thermal stability was noticed. Fillers promoted a slight increment of the PLA glass transition temperature. The precursor PLA presented a unique melting peak and low degree of crystallinity (around 4%). Either by compression or by extrusion, PLA lonely and in the composites presented two melting peaks identified as α' and α crystalline arrangements and an increase of crystallinity degree was achieved. The material addresses potential application as sustainable alternative for packaging industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydrogen zirconium phosphate (HZP) is a ceramic material with the formula HZr 2 (PO 4) 3 that can potentially offer anhydrous protonic conductivity, with thermostability for the intrinsic protons up to 650 °C, and good chemical stability in aqueous environments or acid gases. Despite the attraction of these features for electrolyte applications, such as gas separation, fuel cells or electrolysers, work on this material remains in its infancy. A possible reason for this lack of attention may be related to the complexity to obtain the HZP material as a pure phase. For this reason, the current article examines a new hydrothermal synthesis method to produce the ammonium precursor, NH 4 Zr 2 (PO 4) 3 , in its phase pure form, and consequently a refined overall route to produce the desired HZP target material. In the synthesis of the ammonium precursor, we underscore the precise control of reaction conditions that are necessary to obtain the pure NH 4 Zr 2 (PO 4) 3 material, both in its cubic and hexagonal structural polymorphs. For reaction times of 10 h, the cubic phase is obtained by employing a hydrothermal temperature of 150 °C and an aqueous ammonia volume of 2.1 mL, while the hexagonal phase is obtained for a hydrothermal temperature of 200 °C and an aqueous ammonia volume between 2.3 and 2.4 mL. Subsequently, we investigate the required conditions to convert hexagonal NH 4 Zr 2 (PO 4) 3 fully to hexagonal HZr 2 (PO 4) 3 via thermal treatment at 600 °C for 5 h, assessed by a combination of X-ray diffraction and infrared spectroscopy. In this way this article aims to open up further research on this interesting HZP material by documenting a robust route for its preparation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the phosphidation of zirconium phosphate nanoparticles (ZrP) was pursued to create zirconium phosphide on the surface of ZrP (ZrP@P) by the calcination process. The morphology and structure of prepared ZrP and ZrP@P were characterized by different methods including XPS, SEM, XRD, and FT-IR. Deposited nanocomposite on a glassy carbon electrode (ZrP@P/GCE) showed boosted electrochemical properties towards oxidation of Asulam investigated by cyclic and differential pulse voltammetry techniques. After optimizing the variables affecting the ZrP@P/GCE response, the Asulam quantification was tested, and the linear range of 5–45 µg/L and detection limit of 0.16 µg/L were obtained. The phosphidation process increased the surface-active points and the active surface area of the ZrP facilitating the interaction of Asulam molecules with the GCE surface modified with ZrP@P. The ZrP@P/GCE accurately quantified Asulam in real samples such as tomato, lettuce, and cucumber with obtained recovery values of 96–113% and RSD ≤ 4.4%. This sensor offers a simple, low-cost, and convenient method to detect Asulam. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Plastics Science & Technology / Suliao Ke-Ji is the property of Plastics Science & Technology Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

γ-valerolactone (GVL), derived from biomass, is a crucial platform compound for biofuel synthesis and various industrial applications. Current methods for synthesizing GVL involve expensive catalysts and high-pressure hydrogen, prompting the search for greener alternatives. This study focuses on a novel zirconium phosphate (ZrP)-pillared zeolite MCM-36 derivative catalyst for converting levulinic acid (LA) to GVL using alcohol as a hydrogen source. The incorporation of ZrP significantly contributes to mesoporosity and greatly enhances the acidity of the catalysts. Additionally, we employed 31P MAS NMR to comprehensively investigate the influence of phosphorus species on both the acidity and the catalytic conversion of LA to GVL. By adjusting the Zr-to-P ratios, we synthesized catalysts with enhanced acidity, achieving high conversion of LA and selectivity for GVL. The catalyst exhibited high recyclability, showing only minor deactivation over the course of five cycles. Furthermore, the catalyst was successfully applied to the one-pot conversion of furfural to GVL, showcasing its versatility in biomass conversion. This study highlights the potential of the MCM-ZrP1 catalyst for sustainable biomass conversion and offers insights for future research in renewable energy technologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High‐efficient flame retardants (ZrP‐DDM) were synthesized successfully via ion‐exchange method, using diaminodiphenylmethane (DDM) modified layered zirconium phosphate (α‐ZrP). Trace addition of ZrP‐DDM in epoxy resins (EP) can enhance the flame‐retardant, smoke‐inhibition, mechanical, and thermal stability properties of EP composites. As shown in the results, ZrP‐DDM exhibits a better synergistic effect than α‐ZrP, and the EP composites containing 0.5 wt% ZrP‐DDM (EP/0.5ZrP‐DDM) show excellent flame‐retardant and smoke‐inhibition properties. Especially, EP/0.5ZrP‐DDM possesses a limiting oxygen index (LOI) of 33.7% with UL94 V‐1 rating, while the EP composites containing 0.5 wt% ZrP (EP/0.5ZrP) has a LOI of 30.1% and fails to achieve the UL94 rating. Furthermore, the peak heat release rate (PHRR), total heat release rate (THR), and smoke density rating of EP/0.5ZrP‐DDM decrease by 10.2%, 3.7%, and 8.2% compared with EP/0.5ZrP. Based on condensed‐phase product analysis, EP/ZrP‐DDM sample provides a gas source for intumescent char layer, and produces a stable phosphorus‐rich crosslinking structures during combustion, thus decreasing the fire hazard of the composite material. Meanwhile, the introduction of ZrP‐DDM has a less impact on tensile strength of EP composites compared with α‐ZrP, suggesting the addition of ZrP‐DDM effectively enhances the compatibility with the EP matrix, thereby maintaining excellent mechanical properties of the EP matrix. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, amorphous zirconium phosphate were synthesized (Am-ZrP) through a facile method and then composited with cotton fiber (Am-Co) for the utilization of heavy metal ions adsorptive elimination. In the research, Am-Co exhibited a higher adsorption capacities compared with Am-ZrP, with 85.69 mg/g for Cu2+, 30.73 mg/g for Ni2+, 56.74 mg/g for Cd2+. The adsorption kinetics of the adsorbents was extrapolated using pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order kinetic model and the experimental data were found to fit pseudo-second-order more than pseudo-first-order. Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm model were also applied in the study to reflect the interaction between adsorbate and adsorbent. In this research, the adsorption isotherm of Am-ZrP and Am-Co fitted the Langmuir model favorably. The results indicated that the Am-Co was a promising candidate for practical application in the treatment of wastewater contaminated by heavy metal ions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We demonstrate hydrothermally grown sodium hydrogen zirconium phosphate ((Na,H)–ZrP) crystals exhibiting high calcium ion selectivity. The standard Gibbs free energies for Ca2+ exchange on (Na,H)–ZrP and γ-type ZrP were estimated to be −10.1 and −4.69 kJ mol−1, respectively. The high Ca2+ selectivity of (Na,H)–ZrP could be attributed to the size matching between the ion exchange site of (Na,H)–ZrP and Ca2+. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Surfactants used to exfoliate and disperse nanoparticles are expected to have an impact on polymer nanocomposite properties. In this work, both ionic tetrabutylammonium hydroxide (TBA) and amphiphilic polyoxyalkyleneamine (M1000) surfactants were used to exfoliate α‐zirconium phosphate (ZrP) in polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) matrix through simple solution blending. The oxygen barrier properties of the nanocomposites were investigated as a function of ZrP content based on the above two surfactant types. At a low ZrP loading level (≤2.4 vol%), regardless of the surfactant type, the ZrP nanoplatelets in PVA matrix do indeed create a "torturous pathway" to improve barrier properties even though the crystallinity in PVA/ZrP‐M1000 system is decreased. In addition, the PVA/ZrP‐TBA films exhibit excellent transparency as good as the neat PVA films. Furthermore, it is found that the high molecular weight amphiphilic M1000 surfactant is less effective than the low molecular weight ionic TBA surfactant in dispersion and exfoliation of ZrP in PVA. This relative incompatibility of ZrP‐M1000 compared to ZrP‐TBA in PVA leads to its dramatic drop in oxygen barrier properties. This facile aqueous solution blending technique is eco‐sustainable and expected to facilitate the preparation of effective polymer nanocomposites for barrier properties applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study introduces a straightforward and effective amorphous ZrP/polyacrylonitrile composite ion exchange method for separating Li from the leachate of spent Li-ion batteries (NMC 111). The cathode materials were leached with a series of optimized experiments. The influence of operating variables, including the H2SO4 concentration, temperature, H2O2 concentration, and pulp density, on leaching efficiency was examined to determine the optimal conditions for sorption experiments. The leaching efficiencies of Li, Co, Ni, and Mn were found to be 99.9%, 99.5%, 98.8%, and 99.9%, respectively. Subsequently, batch sorption experiments were performed by using am-ZrP/PAN, including the determination of the effect of pH, sorption kinetics, and the sorption isotherm. The effect of pH on adsorption was examined in 1 mmol/L equimolar solutions of Li, Ni, Mn, and Co. Li was separated from Mn, Co, and Ni in the leaching liquor. The adsorbent for Mn, Co, and Ni sorption better fitted pseudo-second-order kinetics. High selectivity for Li was observed, even at the higher solution concentration of 15 mM Li, Ni, Co and Mn. In addition, the column loading process demonstrated selectivity for Li over Co, Ni, and Mn metal ions. The preliminary evaluation of the whole process with mass flow demonstrated that it would be feasible to achieve full separation and metal recovery by integrating a combined hydrometallurgical method in future studies. However, much work is still needed to develop a practical separation flowsheet. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The copper-bismuth (CuBi)-steel-backed double-layer metal composite plates were prepared by the sintering and press-rolling composite technology, the effect of zirconium phosphate (ZrP) on the bonding strength, hardness, and tribological properties of the CuBi-steel-backed composite plates was studied. In the results, the addition of ZrP can effectively improve the anti-friction and wear resistance of the CuBi-steel-backed composite plates and enhance the load-bearing capacity. As the ZrP mass fraction increases, the bonding strength of the CuBi-steel-backed composite plates gradually decreases, and the hardness first increases and then decreases. In the constant speed and load test, compared with the CuBi-steel-backed composite plates without ZrP, the addition of 2% and 4% ZrP by mass can effectively improve the friction and wear resistance of the CuBi-steel-backed composite plates, reduce the friction coefficient of the friction pair, and rise the surface temperature. In the constant-speed variable-load test, the addition of ZrP can significantly improve the frictional bearing capacity of the CuBi-steel-backed double-layer materials. Under the condition of end face oil circulation, the limit PV value (friction pair contact surface pressure × friction linear velocity) of the CuBi-steel-backed composite plates by adding ZrP with the mass fraction 4% reaches 14 MPa∙m∙s‒1, which is about 75% higher than that without ZrP (8 MPa∙m∙s‒1).

In this study, the preparation, characterization, and fuel cell performance tests of high‐performance and low‐cost zirconium phosphate (ZrP)‐additive sulfonated polyethersulfone (sPES) membranes, which may serve as a substitute for the commercial membrane used in proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC), were carried out. ZrP‐additive sPES membranes were prepared by solution casting method with different weight ratios (2.5%, 5%, and 9%). Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), water uptake capacity (WUc), dynamic mechanical analysis, ion exchange capacity (IEx), degree of hydration, impedance analysis, and oxidative stability were used to characterize the created membranes. Ultimately, single‐cell performance experiments were used to evaluate the membranes' performance in real fuel cell environments. ZrP additive improved the WUc, mechanical properties, IEx, and proton conductivity properties of the membrane. WUc of the membranes enhanced by approximately 94% at 80°C, while the proton conductivity augment by approximately 47% with 9% ZrP by weight. 0.97 meq g−1 IEx was obtained for the sPES, whereas it was obtained as 1.41 meq g−1 for sPES‐9ZrP. Oxidative stability experiments for 120‐h determined that all synthesized membranes had a stable structure, and their weight losses varied between 68% and 85%. The sPES‐9ZrP exhibited very high values at 0.6 V, resulting in a power density of 680 mW cm−2 and a current density of 1100 mA cm−2. The results obtained are quite promising, and sPES and ZrP in composite membrane structures have high synergy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research studied layered zirconium phosphate intercalated with octadecyltrimethylammonium bromide (STAB-ZrP) as a thickener by thickening five types of base oils. The thickening ability and fluidity behavior of STAB-ZrP gel were evaluated using rheological measurements. The tribological properties of STAB-ZrP gel were investigated using a reciprocating tribometer under temperatures of 25 °C and −15 °C. The rheological results showed that STAB-ZrP gel had grease-like characteristics. Naphthenic and alkyl naphthalene as the base oil can lead to the higher thickening ability. Naphthenic oil maintained the most colloidal stability at 25 °C and −15 °C. STAB-ZrP gel exhibited superior anti-wear and friction reduction, owing to the formation of a solid protective film on the contact interface. The layered structure and morphology of STAB-ZrP after thickening were confirmed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). This research established the relationship of STAB-ZrP with base oils in terms of their performance. STAB-ZrP acts as both a thickener and a solid additive in the STAB-ZrP gel system. This study can serve a beneficial trial for future preparations of lubricating grease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Strontium zirconium phosphate (SrZr4(PO4)6) ceramics has high density and chemical inertness, which can safely and effectively immobilize the divalent fission product Sr in the ceramic matrix. In this study, a novel SrZr4(PO4)6 ceramic was synthesized using microwave sintering of uranium tailings. This method features shorter sintering times and efficient energy use. Sr replaces Na in sodium zirconium phosphate (NaZr2(PO4)3) due to similar ionic radii, transforming it into SrZr4(PO4)6 ceramics. The results showed that the sintered samples prepared by holding at 1200 °C for 50 min, which the density of the solidified body reached up to 3.2 g/cm3.The ceramics showcase outstanding leach resistance, with Sr leaching rates far below the nuclear industry standard (1 × 10−2 g m−2 d−1). Similarly, the leaching rates for Na, Zr, P, and Si (10–4–10–6, 10–6–10–8, 10–3–10–4, and 10–2–10−3 g m−2 d−1) are significantly lower than industry standards. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The exfoliation and uniform dispersion of two-dimensional nanofillers are significantly important to improve the comprehensive properties of silicone rubber including the tracking resistance and mechanical properties. Herein, tetrabutylammonium hydroxide-intercalated zirconium phosphate (M-ZrP) and urethane-containing silane (US) were incorporated into addition-cure liquid silicone rubber (ALSR). The interaction between US and M-ZrP and the dispersion of M-ZrP in ALSR were investigated. It was found that US contributed to the exfoliation and dispersion of M-ZrP in ALSR. M-ZrP and US synergistically improved the tracking resistance of ALSR. ALSR/US/M-ZrP containing 0.1 phr M-ZrP and 1.0 phr US classed 1A4.5 level, and the ratio of electrical eroded mass was only 0.11%. The effect of M-ZrP and US on the thermal degradation behavior of ALSR and the electrical erosion residue after inclined plane test were systematically studied. It was revealed that US and Karstedt's catalyst (Pt) synergistically promoted silicone rubber to form ceramic layer under strong arc bombardment. Besides, the exfoliated M-ZrP nanosheets in ALSR served as barrier layer and support skeleton. When subjected to arc bombardment, a compact ceramic barrier formed on the ALSR/US/M-ZrP surface, which protected the internal matrix, thus significantly improved the tracking resistance of ALSR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Regarding environmental preservation, the upcycling of plastics from petroleum source is a consistent alternative. This work intended to investigate melting extruded composites of post-consumer HDPE (rHDPE) filled with pristine zirconium phosphate (ZrP), aluminum hydroxide [Al(OH)3] and aluminum hydroxide modifying-zirconium phosphate [ZrPOct/Al(OH)3]. Physico-mechanical and flame retardancy were assessed. FTIR revealed that rHDPE brought some degree of oxidative degradation probably from its cleaning process and/or processing. By nuclear magnetic resonance at time domain, rHDPE showed three relaxation domains. Fillers induced the lowering of rHDPE relaxation time owing to polymer/filler by hydrogen bonds. Diffraction pattern of rHDPE/Al(OH)3 and rHDPE/ZrPOct/Al(OH)3 indicated better fillers' dispersion. Fillers changed rHDPE crystallinity degree and thermal stability but rheologic properties were invariable. For all composites, elastic modulus increased (up to 17%) indicating stiffening. Yield strength did not change but stress and strain at break decreased. For the composites, SEM/EDS showed better dispersion and distribution of ZrP and ZrPOct/Al(OH)3 particles. It was assumed that ZrP and ZrPOct/Al(OH)3 greatly increased the flame retardancy. The work corroborates the importance of polymers' upcycling, and it is in consonance with the objectives of 2030 Agenda released by United Nations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, a halogenated flame-retardant resin of Tetrabromobisphenol-A (TBBPA) was synthesized by ultrasonication method and the material was characterized by using state-of-the-art instrumental techniques. Zirconium phosphate nanoparticles (ZrP) were also synthesized by the sonication approach, and then, TBBPA epoxy resin was incorporated with zirconium phosphate nanoparticles in different proportions, leading to the formation of new halogenated flame-retardant metalloresins. The synthesized metalloresins were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and field-emission scanning electronic microscopy. The thermal stability of the metalloresins was determined by a simultaneous thermal analyzer. The layered structure and morphology were studied by powder X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy. UV–Visible spectroscopy was used for measuring the absorbance of synthesized metalloresins. Limiting oxygen index (LOI) and char yield measurements were used to study the mechanism of flame retardancy. The rheological properties of the bromoepoxy resin and the metalloresins were performed with Anton Paar Rheometer MCR102 at 25 °C. The addition of ZrP as nano-filler affects the rheological response of the metalloresins by switching the Newtonian behavior to non-Newtonian behavior. Moreover, the viscosity of the metalloresins was enhanced threefold as that of the pristine resin, thus making the metalloresins mechanically more robust. Therefore, the mechanical properties of the metalloresins were greatly enhanced. The structure and morphology are a testimony to the synthesis of the desired metalloresins. Further, the addition of ZrP nanoparticles improved the thermal stability from 285 to 335 °C as confirmed by thermogravimetry, whereas the increase in char yield and LOI (10.32–26.0% and 21.63–28.0%, respectively) revealed that flame retardancy has improved significantly. The ZrP interaction has been effective at increasing the fire safety of epoxy resins, and it also offers a unique paradigm for developing new flame-retardant metalloresins. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One-pot synthesis of a novel mesoporous hydroxyl oxidize iron functional Na-zirconium phosphate (FeOOH-NaZrH(PO4)2·H2O) composites was firstly characterized and investigated its Co(II) adsorption from aqueous solution. Compared to NaZrH(PO4)2·H2O (65.7 mg⋅g−1), the maximum Co(II) adsorption capacity of FeOOH-NaZrH(PO4)2·H2O was improved to be 95.1 mg⋅g−1. BET verified the mesoporous structures of FeOOH-NaZrH(PO4)2·H2O with a larger pore volume than NaZrH(PO4)2·H2O. High pH values, initial Co(II) concentration, and temperature benefited the Co(II) adsorption. Kinetics, isotherms, and thermodynamics indicated an endothermic, spontaneous chemisorption process. FeOOH-NaZrH(PO4)2·H2O has a better Co(II) adsorption selectivity than that of NaZrH(PO4)2·H2O. In particular, FeOOH-NaZrH(PO4)2·H2O exhibited an outstanding reusability after ten cycles of tests. The main possible mechanism for adsorbents uptake Co(II) involved in ion exchange, electrostatic interaction, and -OH, Zr-O bond coordination based on FTIR and XPS analysis. This work presents a feasible strategy to prepare novel modified zirconium phosphate composites for extracting Co(II) from solutions and providing a new insight into the understanding of Co(II) adsorption in the real nuclear Co(II)-containing wastewater. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The safety of ammonia was divided into a fire hazard (flammability) and a health hazard. The flammability of ammonia decreased compared to other hydrogen energy carriers and carbon-based fuels because of the high flash point. The health hazard (frostbite and toxicity) of ammonia was large (3) and same as those of liquid hydrogen, LNG and carbon monoxide. Tolerance concentration in ACGIH was used as a ranking of toxicity. The tolerance concentration increased with decreasing the vapor concentration and the fuel content in water. The insoluble ammonia-absorbed zirconium phosphate has a large ammonia storage capacity of 10 wt%, a small vapor concentration in the presence of water and a small ammonia content in water below 1 ppm. It will be a candidate to reduce the toxicity of the leaked ammonia in a closed space. • The fire hazard of ammonia was small because of the high flash point. • The health hazard of ammonia was large (3) and same as those of liquid H 2 and LNG. • Ammonia presents a health hazard above a certain concentration in the air. • Techniques for the safe removal of escaped ammonia are needed. • Zirconium phosphate will be used to reduce the toxicity of the leaked ammonia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) frequently features in dental restorative materials due to its favorable properties. However, its surface exhibits a propensity for bacterial colonization, and the material can fracture under masticatory pressure. This study incorporated commercially available RHA1F-II nano-silver loaded zirconium phosphate (Ag-ZrP) into roomtemperature cured PMMA at varying mass fractions. Various methods were employed to characterize Ag-ZrP. Subsequently, an examination of the effects of Ag-ZrP on the antimicrobial properties, biosafety, and mechanical properties of PMMA materials was conducted. The results indicated that the antibacterial rate against Streptococcus mutans was enhanced at Ag-ZrP additions of 0%wt, 0.5%wt, 1.0%wt, 1.5%wt, 2.0%wt, 2.5%wt, and 3.0%wt, achieving respective rates of 53.53%, 67.08%, 83.23%, 93.38%, 95.85%, and 98.00%. Similarly, the antibacterial rate against Escherichia coli registered at 31.62%, 50.14%, 64.00%, 75.09%, 86.30%, 92.98%. When Ag-ZrP was introduced at amounts ranging from 1.0% to 1.5%, PMMA materials exhibited peak mechanical properties. However, mechanical strength diminished beyond additions of 2.5%wt to 3.0%wt, relative to the 0%wt group, while PMMA demonstrated no notable cytotoxicity below a 3.0%wt dosage. Thus, it is inferred that optimal antimicrobial and mechanical properties of PMMA materials are achieved with nano-Ag-ZrP (RHA-1F-II) additions of 1.5%wt to 2.0%wt, without eliciting cytotoxicity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rupture of a micro/nano container can trigger the release of repair agents and provides the coating with a self-healing and anti-corrosion effect. However, the defect and inhomogeneity of the coating, produced by the rupture of the micro/nano container, may weaken its anti-corrosion performance. This study reports a rare protection mechanism, which optimizes the space occupying of zirconium phosphate, and the de-doping peculiarity of polyaniline without the rupture of the micro/nano container. Polyaniline/α-zirconium phosphate composites were constructed through in situ oxidation polymerization. Repair agents were added in the form of doped acids. According to the different repair agents in polyaniline/α-zirconium phosphate composites (citric ion, tartaric ion and phytic ion), the performance and protection mechanism of the composites were researched. Polyaniline/α-zirconium phosphate coating (with phytic ion) shows an excellent self-healing anti-corrosive effect, due to the large spatial structure and abundant chelating groups of the precipitation inhibitor. Considering the anti-corrosive application, the developed polyaniline/α-zirconium phosphate composite has a far-reaching influence on marine development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pollution of water resources by metal ions poses an enormous threat to sustainable development. It is extremely desirable to develop new composites for the integrated adsorption--detection of heavy metal ions. Herein, hybrid composites were prepared by a straightforward multistep approach to decorate carbon quantum dots on zirconium phosphate interlayer regions. The resulting CDs/ZrP composites combine the merits of the two components, with good Fe3+ adsorption performance and excellent fluorescence properties. Investigations were conducted to gain specific analytical and mechanistic insights on the Fe3+ adsorption and fluorescence detection performance. The CDs/ZrP composites showed good durability after 13 cycles of reutilization and a maximum adsorption capacity of 93.01 mg•g-1. Moreover, the CDs/ZrP composites could also be used as a low-cost, sensitive and selective sensing platform for Fe3+ detection in real environmental water samples, with a wide linear range of 0.25-80 mM and a low detection limit of 0.08 mM, demonstrating potential applications in pollution control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, layered zirconium phosphates were synthesized via a reflux method and calcined at different temperatures (200, 400, and 600°C). The catalytic activity of the prepared solids was tested in the condensation of o-phenylenediamine and o-aminothiophenol with various aromatic aldehydes. The reaction conditions were optimized taking into account some parameters that control the reaction, namely the nature and volume of the solvent and the mass of the catalyst. The results showed that solid ZrP-200 (layered zirconium phosphate calcined at 200°C) is the best performing catalyst for this reaction, because it has good catalytic activity and can be reused for at least five cycles with only a slight decrease in catalytic activity. In addition, a possible mechanism for the synthesis of benzimidazoles and benzothiazoles over ZrP-200 was proposed and discussed at the end of this study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Layered zirconium phosphate mercaptoalkylphosphonates, with general composition Zr(O3POH)2‐x(O3P(CH2)11SH)x, where x=0.4–1.4, are prepared according to two procedures: direct reaction between a zirconyl salt and a mixture of phosphoric/phosphonic acid in propanol, or topotactic ion exchange reaction of phosphate groups of nanocrystalline α‐Zr(O3POH)2 with mercaptoundecylphosphonate groups. FT‐IR analysis and XPS proves the presence of the mercapto groups and, according to X‐Ray diffraction analysis, they result randomly distributed on the layer surface. The solids are used as supports for gold nanoparticles synthesized according to three different methods: reaction of HAuCl4 with NaBH4, added after 24 hours (Procedure A), or concomitantly (Procedure B) to the addition of the Au(III) salt to the solid suspension, or by mixing the solid suspension with a colloidal dispersion of gold nanoparticles prepared according to the Turkevich method (Procedure C). The best results were obtained with Procedure B, that provided composites with gold nanoparticles having an average size of (6±2) nm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Composites of amorphous ZrP and N-doped carbon were prepared in a one-step pyrolysis process instead of general post-loading technique. Owing to their mesoporous structure (6–10 nm) and Zr content (up to 41 wt%), the amphoteric materials have potential use in the cycloaddition of CO2 to epoxides, which is an acid‒base tandem process including the ring opening of epoxides and the addition of CO2. Substantial work has been done on how starting materials impact the structure and performance of composite materials. The coordination between metal and melamine has been confirmed, and it can be implanted in the melamine-polymer initiation of formation of porous metal-carbon materials. The composite catalysts exhibit amphoteric properties, present broad-spectrum adsorption, and finally produce carbonates via cycloaddition of CO2 to epoxides. It is remarkable that the multiple characteristics of porous solids are stabilized, and no significant loss of catalytic performance is observed after four cycles.

Organic-inorganic composite membranes are used in various applications, especially as proton-conducting electrolyte membranes for proton-exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs). This study proposed a method to fill a flexible porous substrate solely with high amounts of inorganic (approximately 48 wt%) nano-zirconia precursor, surface-modified by acetylacetone (AcAc-Zr). AcAc-Zr can be converted to zirconium phosphate (ZrPi) in situ, and several other zirconium phosphonates, such as zirconium aminotris-methylene-phosphonate (ZrATMP) and zirconium 1-hydroxyethane-1,1-diphosphonate (ZrHEDP). Transmission electron microscopy-energy dispersive spectroscopy (TEM-EDS) analysis revealed that the pores were continuously filled with ZrPi, indicating that ZrPi has a percolated structure in the membrane, beneficial for their proton conduction. The proton conductivities of the membranes, including ZrPi, ZrHEDP, and ZrATMP, were sufficiently high, on the order of 1 mS cm−1 at 80 °C and 95% relative humidity. • In situ conversion of the Zr precursor to various derivatives. • High-content zirconium phosphonates (ZrPi, ZrATMP, and ZrHEDP) were solely filled in porous substrates. • Inorganics in the membrane formed continuous pathways for proton conduction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Zirconium phosphate (ZrP), especially its alpha allotropic modification, appears to be a very promising sorbent material for the sorption and separation of various radionuclides due to its properties such as an extremely high ion exchange capacity and good radiation stability. Actinium-225 and its daughter nuclide 213Bi are alpha emitting radioisotopes of high interest for application in targeted alpha therapy of cancer. Thus, the main aim of this paper is to study the sorption of 225Ac on the α-ZrP surface and its kinetics, while the kinetics of the sorption is studied using natEu as a non-radioactive homologue of 225Ac. The sorption properties of α-ZrP were tested in an acidic environment (hydrochloric and nitric acid) using batch sorption experiments and characterized using equilibrium weight distribution coefficients Dw (mL/g). The modeling of the experimental data shows that the kinetics of 225Ac sorption on the surface of α-ZrP can be described using a film diffusion model (FD). The equilibrium weight distribution coefficient Dw for 225Ac in both hydrochloric and nitric acid reached the highest values in the concentration range 5.0–7.5 mM (14,303 ± 153 and 65,272 ± 612 mL/g, respectively). Considering the results obtained in radioactive static sorption experiments with 225Ac and in non-radioactive kinetic experiments with natEu, α-ZrP seems to be a very promising material for further construction of a 225Ac/213Bi generator. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, zirconium phosphate (ZrP) supported Ag nanoparticle (NP) catalysts were constructed. The as-obtained catalysts were characterized thoroughly by XRD, HAADF-STEM, py-IR spectroscopy, etc. A coordination interaction was found between Ag NPs and the phosphate group on ZrP, and the acidic sites on ZrP played a very critical role not only in adsorbing nitrobenzene, but also in activating NaBH4 to facilitate hydrogen transfer to Ag sites. It was indicated that the ZrP-supported Ag NP catalysts were highly active for catalytically selective hydrogenation of the substituted nitroarenes into azoxybenzene compounds by using NaBH4 as a hydrogen source. Notably, the catalysts could afford a full conversion of nitrobenzene within 3 min and an exceptional selectivity to azoxybenzene. Moreover, 1%Ag/ZrP-R was recycled eight times without obvious loss of activity. No leaching of Ag species was observed in consecutive catalytic cycles. Methanol was found to be a superior solvent for this reaction and also acted as a hydrogen resource in the reaction. On the basis of the catalytic activity test and density functional theory (DFT) calculations, the reaction pathway was proposed as well. To our knowledge, the ZrP-supported metal catalysts are some of the best catalyst systems for selective hydrogenation of nitrobenzene into azoxybenzene compounds with exceptional activity and selectivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Zinc zirconium phosphate and copper zirconium phosphate were used as reusable and efficient heterogeneous catalysts for the synthesis of 5-substituted-1H-tetrazoles through the [3 + 2] cycloaddition between various nitriles and sodium azide in N,N- dimethylformamide as solvent at 120 °C. This synthetic pathway has significant benefits, such as simple methodology, easy work-up procedure, and high yields. In addition, these nanocatalysts have no toxic metals and can be efficiently recycled up to several consecutive runs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Salt lake brine originating from Qinghai, China has abundant cesium resources and huge total reserves. The inorganic ion exchangers ammonium molybdophosphate (AMP) and zirconium phosphate (ZrP) have the significant advantages of separating and extracting Cs+ as a special adsorbent. Nevertheless, their high solubility in water leads to a decrease in their ability to adsorb Cs+ in aqueous solutions, causing problems such as difficulty with using adsorbents alone and a difficult recovery. In this work, an environmentally friendly polyurethane sponge (PU sponge) with a large specific surface area is employed as an adsorbent carrier by physically impregnating dopamine-coated AMP and ZrP onto a PU sponge, respectively. The experiment found that under the same conditions, the AMP/PU sponge performs better than the ZrP/PU sponge for Cs+ adsorption. When the amount of adsorbent reaches 0.025 g, the adsorption capacity reaches saturation. The adsorption efficiency remains above 80% when the concentration of Cs+ is 5–35 mg/L. The kinetic calculations show that adsorption is spontaneous, feasible, and has a higher driving force at high temperatures. In addition, the power and mechanism of the interaction between adsorbent and adsorbent are explained using the density functional theory calculation. This efficient, stable, and selective Cs+ adsorbent provides design guidelines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nowadays, the presence of pollutants in water is an urgent problem to solve. The efficient removal of these contaminants from aqueous solutions requires advanced oxidation processes (AOPs). This can be accomplished by various approaches using materials that allow the rapid removal of pollutants with high degradation rates. In this work, we focused on the surface modification of TiO2 films for photocatalytic application in water remediation. In particular, with an appropriate surface functionalization with zirconium phosphate, we have improved the sensitivity to sunlight and the thermal stability of TiO2. The surface functionalization of the samples was verified by using TOF-SIMS, which allows us to obtain spatially resolved chemical information. This information is very helpful for an effective engineering of the material, in order to obtain the best performances for environmental remediation. To our knowledge, this is the first time that TOF-SIMS is used to monitor the evolution of photocatalytic reactions at the photoactive surface, getting information on degradation pathways taking place at the surface of the photoactive material under solar light irradiation. In this work, as a target molecule, we chose rhodamine B, a dye widely used in textile industry, among others. The investigation of the degradation pathways occurring directly at the samples' surface can provide relevant information about the rate determining step of the reaction and give hints for tailored functionalization of materials for improving their photocatalytic performances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Developing intumescent fire-retardant coatings (IFRCs) combining superior smoke suppression and water resistance is crucial for their industrial applications. Herein, novel 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO)-decorated zirconium phosphate (ZrP-D) nanosheets are synthesized and employed in the IFRCs. The ZrP-D nanosheets feature multifunctionality, which simultaneously improve the fire resistance, smoke suppression, thermal stability and water tolerance of IFRCs. Notably, introducing 3wt% ZrP-D decreases the backside temperature of IFRC from 293.9 to 166.3°C by ~ 43.4% in fire resistance test, followed by 47.9%, 33.5% and 89.4% reductions in peak heat release rate, total heat release and total smoke release. Moreover, this IFRC exhibits improved thermal stability and water tolerance, of which char yield and water contact angle reach up to 64% and 82.7°, respectively. When exposed to high-temperature flame, the ZrP-D nanoplatelets mainly function in condensed phase, which significantly increases the expansion and compactness of residual char due to the barrier and catalytic charring effects, thus suppressing the heat release and smoke diffusion. This work provides a rational design for creating intumescent fire-retardant coatings combining smoke suppression and water resistance, thus possessing broad prospects in industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The improvement of properties has been pursued through the addition of an immense variety of fillers in polymers. In this work we studied the effect of lamellar zirconium phosphate (ZrP) on the physico-mechanical properties of polyamide-6 (PA-6). The ZrP was synthesized and incorporated into PA-6 matrix at 1, 2 and 3 wt.%. Structural, thermal, relaxometric, tensile, melt flow and rheologic characteristics were assessed. Thermogravimetry indicated a low influence of the filler on thermal stability. The deconvolution of the melting peaks indicated transformation of the PA-6 α to γ phase and increase in crystallinity degree. Sample with 1 wt.% of ZrP showed an additional peak at higher relaxation time indicating restriction of polymer molecular mobility. By infrared, amine and carbonyl indices evaluation suggested ZrP interfered on the PA-6 hydrogen bonds. The elastic modulus increased slightly for all composition. Melt flow rate decreased with the amount of ZrP. The composite with 1 wt.% of ZrP exhibited the highest storage modulus and shear thinning effect noticed in the complex viscosity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The phenomenon of coupling of organic material (PVC) and inorganic material zirconium aluminiumtungsto phosphate (ZATP) for the preparation of composite cation exchange membranes is being utilized here to get enhanced stability and electrotransport properties. Selection of an appropriate ratio of polymer and filler for attaining the membrane of highest stability and selectivity has been done by comparing various ratios in terms of ion exchange capacity, water uptake percentage, porosity, membrane potential, chemical and thermal stability. Results revealed that 25% polymer and 75% filler (inorganic material) came out to be the most stable ratio, which was then characterized through using various techniques including SEM, TEM, FTIR, TGA, and EDS analysis for elucidating the composition and morphology of the synthesized membrane. Also, the electrochemical properties have been studied to render them applicable in different separation processes, which include the determination of membrane potential, fixed charge density, mobility ratio, and transport number using 1 : 1 electrolytes at various concentrations (1 M to 0.001 M). Experimental values were compared with theoretical values using a mathematical model called the TMS (Toerell, Maeyer, and Sievers) model for confirming the accuracy of the results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Lubrication Engineering (0254-0150) is the property of Editorial Office of LUBRICATION ENGINEERING and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Compounds crystallizing in the structure of NaZr 2 (PO 4) 3 (NZP) are considered as promising materials for solid state electrolytes in Li-ion batteries. Using density functional theory (DFT), a systematic computational screening of 18 NZP compounds, namely, LiX 2 (LO 4) 3 with X = Ti , V, Fe, Zr, Nb, Ru, Hf, Ta, Os, and L = P , Mn, is performed with respect to their activation energies for vacancy-mediated Li migration. It is shown how the different ionic radii of the cationic substitutions influence structural characteristics such as the octahedron volumes around Li ions on the initial-state and transition-state sites, which affect the activation energies ("composition–structure–property" relationships). The prevalent assumption that structural bottlenecks formed by triangularly arranged oxygen atoms at a certain location along the migration path determine the energy barriers for Li migration is not supported by the DFT results. Instead, the ionic neighborhood of the migrating ion in the initial and in the transition state needs to be taken into account to relate the structure to the activation energies. This conclusion applies to Na-containing NZP compounds as well. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The filler-rubber interaction and filler dispersion in natural rubber composites are important factors in determining the properties. Herein, an inorganic–organic hybrid filler was synthesized by attachment of styrene oxide to the surface of alpha zirconium phosphate nanoplatelets, and then it was incorporated in natural rubber/carbon black composites. The effect of surface modified zirconium phosphate on the morphology, thermal and mechanical properties of the composites were investigated using the scanning electron microscope, thermal gravimetric analysis, tensile tests and dynamic mechanical analysis. The scanning electron microscope analysis indicates that surface modified zirconium phosphate greatly improved the dispersion of carbon black in the composites. The addition of surface modified zirconium phosphate leads to the improvement of the abrasion resistance, tensile strength, elongation at break and dynamic mechanical properties of the composites. Furthermore, the low content of surface modified zirconium phosphate significantly improved the abrasion resistance, wet grip resistance and decreased rolling resistance of the composites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]