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Abstract Introduction Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) is an increasingly recognized cause of pulmonary disease in immunocompetent individuals. An acute form of MAC lung disease, MAC-associated pneumonitis, has generally been associated with the use of hot tubs. There is controversy in the literature about whether MAC-associated pneumonitis is a classic hypersensitivity pneumonitis or is a direct manifestation of mycobacterial infection. Case presentation We report the second case in the literature of MAC-associated pneumonitis not related to the use of hot tubs. The source of MAC in a 52-year-old immunocompetent patient was an intrapulmonary cyst containing numerous acid-fast bacilli. The patient developed disseminated miliary nodules throughout both lung fields. Histological examination of resected lung tissue revealed well-formed, acid-fast negative granulomas composed predominantly of CD4+ T-cells and CD68+ histiocytes. The granulomas were strongly positive for tumor necrosis factor-α, a pro-inflammatory cytokine. Conclusion The attempt to classify MAC-associated pneumonitis as either a classic hypersensitivity pneumonitis or a direct manifestation of mycobacterial infection is not particularly useful. Our case demonstrates that MAC-associated pneumonitis is characterized by a vigorous T-helper 1-like, pro-inflammatory, immune response to pulmonary mycobacterial infection. The immunopathology provides a rationale for clinical studies of anti-MAC therapy with the addition of anti-inflammatory agents (for example, corticosteroids) to hasten the resolution of infection and symptoms.

Aims: Although turmeric is commonly ingested and well tolerated, there is increasing evidence that over-the-counter turmeric supplements can cause drug-induced liver injury. We sought to thoroughly characterise clinicopathological features of patients for whom liver injury was attributed clinically to turmeric supplements., Methods and Results: We identified 11 patients via retrospective pathology archive review: 10 females (91%) and one male, with a median age of 58 years (range = 37-66 years). Six patients (55%) were asymptomatic with abnormal liver function tests, while five patients (45%) presented with malaise and/or jaundice. Ten patients (91%) showed predominant transaminase abnormalities, while one exhibited predominant alkaline phosphatase elevation. Histologically, biopsies showed acute hepatitis (eight cases, 73%, including five pan-lobular and three zone 3-predominant inflammation), scattered lobular aggregates of histiocytes (two; 18%) and a chronic hepatitis pattern of injury (one; 9%). Mild bile duct injury was present in five biopsies (45%). All patients stopped ingesting turmeric supplements after presenting with liver injury, and four patients additionally received steroid therapy; liver function tests normalised in all patients. Roussel Uclaf causality assessment method (RUCAM) analysis estimated the likelihood of turmeric supplement-associated liver injury to be probable (eight cases) and possible (three)., Conclusions: Histological features in the 'possible' cases were consistent with drug-induced injury, highlighting the added benefit of histological analysis relative to RUCAM analysis isolation. This study underscores the need to obtain a full history of over-the-counter medications and supplements when investigating aetiologies for liver injury, including supplements purportedly containing innocuous compounds such as turmeric., (© 2024 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Despite the development of cancer biomarkers and targeted therapies, most cancer patients do not have a specific biomarker directly associated with effective treatment options. We have developed VT1021 that induces the expression of thrombospondin-1 (TSP-1) in myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) recruited to the tumor microenvironment (TME). Our studies identified CD36 and CD47 as dual biomarkers that can be used as patient stratifying tools and prognostic biomarkers for VT1021 treatment., Competing Interests: Competing interests: Vigeo Therapeutics designed VT1021 and sponsored the trial in this article. V.Z. is a consultant for Vigeo Therapeutics. R.S.W. is a co-founder of, and consultant for, Vigeo Therapeutics, which has licensed technology from Boston Children’s Hospital. S.W., M.Y.V., D.C., J.J.C., M.C., J.M., and J.W. are employees of Vigeo Therapeutics., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Background: Preclinical studies have demonstrated that VT1021, a first-in-class therapeutic agent, inhibits tumor growth via stimulation of thrombospondin-1 (TSP-1) and reprograms the tumor microenvironment. We recently reported data from the dose escalation part of a phase I study of VT1021 in solid tumors. Here, we report findings from the dose expansion phase of the same study., Methods: We analyzed the safety and tolerability, clinical response, and biomarker profile of VT1021 in the expansion portion of the phase I study (NCT03364400). Safety/tolerability is determined by adverse events related to the treatment. Clinical response is determined by RECIST v1.1 and iRECIST. Biomarkers are measured by multiplexed ion beam imaging and enzyme-linked immunoassay (ELISA)., Results: First, we report the safety and tolerability data as the primary outcome of this study. Adverse events (AE) suspected to be related to the study treatment (RTEAEs) are mostly grade 1-2. There are no grade 4 or 5 adverse events. VT1021 is safe and well tolerated in patients with solid tumors in this study. We report clinical responses as a secondary efficacy outcome. VT1021 demonstrates promising single-agent clinical activity in recurrent GBM (rGBM) in this study. Among 22 patients with rGBM, the overall disease control rate (DCR) is 45% (95% confidence interval, 0.24-0.67). Finally, we report the exploratory outcomes of this study. We show the clinical confirmation of TSP-1 induction and TME remodeling by VT1021. Our biomarker analysis identifies several plasmatic cytokines as potential biomarkers for future clinical studies., Conclusions: VT1021 is safe and well-tolerated in patients with solid tumors in a phase I expansion study. VT1021 has advanced to a phase II/III clinical study in glioblastoma (NCT03970447)., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Background: Ewing sarcoma (ES) can be confirmed by identifying the EWSR1-FLI1 fusion transcript. This study is to investigate whether immunostaining (IHC) of PRKCB-a protein directly regulated by EWSR1-FLI1 is a surrogate maker for diagnosing ES in routine practice. Methods: Microarray gene expression analyses were conducted. RKCB IHC was applied to 69 ES confirmed by morphology and molecular methods, and 41 non-Ewing small round cell tumors. EWSR1 rearrangement, EWSR1-FLI1 fusion or t(11;22)(q24;q12) were identified by fluorescence in situ hybridization, reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction, or cytogenetic analysis, respectively. Results: Gene array analyses showed significant overexpression of the PRKCB in ES. PRKCB IHC was positive in 19 cases of ES with EWSR1-FLI1 fusion, 3 cases with cytogenetic 11:22 translocation and 59 cases with EWSR1 rearrangement while negative in only one EWSR1 rearranged case. PRKCB IHC is sensitive (98%) and specific (96%) in detecting EWSR1 rearranged ES. Conclusions: PRKCB is a reliable antibody for diagnosing ES in routine practice.

Deprotonation of aminophosphaalkenes (RMe(2)Si)(2)C=PN(H)(R') (R=Me, iPr; R'=tBu, 1-adamantyl (1-Ada), 2,4,6-tBu(3)C(6)H(2) (Mes*)) followed by reactions of the corresponding Li salts Li[(RMe(2)Si)(2)C=P(M)(R')] with one equivalent of the corresponding P-chlorophosphaalkenes (RMe(2)Si)(2)C=PCl provides bisphosphaalkenes (2,4-diphospha-3-azapentadienes) [(RMe(2)Si)(2)C=P](2)NR'. The thermally unstable tert-butyliminobisphosphaalkene [(Me(3)Si)(2)C=P](2)NtBu (4 a) undergoes isomerisation reactions by Me(3)Si-group migration that lead to mixtures of four-membered heterocyles, but in the presence of an excess amount of (Me(3)Si)(2)C=PCl, 4 a furnishes an azatriphosphabicyclohexene C(3)(SiMe(3))(5)P(3)NtBu (5) that gave red single crystals. Compound 5 contains a diphosphirane ring condensed with an azatriphospholene system that exhibits an endocylic P=C double bond and an exocyclic ylidic P((+))-C((-))(SiMe(3))(2) unit. Using the bulkier iPrMe(2)Si substituents at three-coordinated carbon leads to slightly enhanced thermal stability of 2,4-diphospha-3-azapentadienes [(iPrMe(2)Si)(2)C=P](2)NR' (R'=tBu: 4 b; R'=1-Ada: 8). According to a low-temperature crystal-structure determination, 8 adopts a non-planar structure with two distinctly differently oriented P=C sites, but (31)P NMR spectra in solution exhibit singlet signals. (31)P NMR spectra also reveal that bulky Mes* groups (Mes*=2,4,6-tBu(3)C(6)H(2)) at the central imino function lead to mixtures of symmetric and unsymmetric rotamers, thus implying hindered rotation around the P-N bonds in persistent compounds [(RMe(2)Si)(2)C=P](2)NMes* (11 a, 11 b). DFT calculations for the parent molecule [(H(3)Si)(2)C=P](2)NCH(3) suggest that the non-planar distortion of compound 8 will have steric grounds.

Active amyloid beta-peptide (Abeta) immunization of patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) caused meningoencephalitis in approximately 6% of immunized patients in a clinical trial. In addition, long-term studies of AD patients show varying degrees of Abeta Ab responses, which correlate with the extent of Abeta clearance from the brain. In this study, we examined the contribution of various HLA-DR alleles to these immune-response variations by assessing Abeta T cell reactivity, epitope specificity, and immunogenicity. Analysis of blood samples from 133 individuals disclosed that the abundant DR haplotypes DR15 (found in 36% of subjects), DR3 (in 18%), DR4 (12.5%), DR1 (11%), and DR13 (8%) were associated with Abeta-specific T cell responses elicited via distinct T cell epitopes within residues 15-42 of Abeta. Because the HLA-DRB1*1501 occurred most frequently, we examined the effect of Abeta challenge in humanized mice bearing this allele. The observed T cell response was remarkably strong, dominated by secretion of IFN-gamma and IL-17, and specific to the same T cell epitope as that observed in the HLA-DR15-bearing humans. Furthermore, following long-term therapeutic immunization of an AD mouse model bearing the DRB1*1501 allele, Abeta was effectively cleared from the brain parenchyma and brain microglial activation was reduced. The present study thus characterizes HLA-DR alleles directly associated with specific Abeta T cell epitopes and demonstrates the highly immunogenic properties of the abundant allele DRB1*1501 in a mouse model of AD. This new knowledge enables us to explore the basis for understanding the variations in naturally occurring Abeta-reactive T cells and Abeta immunogenicity among humans.

Historically, cytogenetic studies of plasma cell neoplasms have been hampered by the fact that terminally differentiated plasma cells do not proliferate well in vitro. Although the use of interphase FISH (iFISH) has greatly improved the ability to detect cytogenetic abnormalities, cases with low numbers of neoplastic cells often do not demonstrate abnormalities. Using a four-assay, nine-probe iFISH panel, we compared the abnormality detection rate for overnight unstimulated bone marrow cultures (ONC) to that for plasma-cell enriched fractions obtained with use of CD138-coated immunomagnetic beads (PCE). In the ONC, an abnormality was detected in 11 of 29 cases (38%); in the PCE, an abnormality was detected in 30 of 33 cases (91%). For 28 cases in which iFISH results from ONC were compared directly with PCE samples, the overall abnormality rate was 36% for ONC and 89% for PCE (P < 0.01). The conventional GTG-banded chromosome analysis revealed only 2 of 34 cases with an abnormal karyotype (6%); both cases were hyperdiploid. We conclude that the plasma cell enrichment step for iFISH should be incorporated into the routine cytogenetic work-up for all patients with plasma cell neoplasms.

Insulin-like growth factor-II mRNA-binding protein 3 (IMP3) is a newly identified oncofetal mRNA-binding protein that is involved in embryogenesis and carcinogenesis of some malignant neoplasms. To investigate the diagnostic and clinicopathologic significance of this protein in endometrial carcinomas, we evaluated immunohistochemical expression of IMP3 in the two most common forms of endometrial malignancies, endometrioid adenocarcinoma and serous carcinoma. We selected 167 endometrial adenocarcinoma cases including 122 cases of endometrioid adenocarcinoma and 45 cases of serous carcinoma. Twenty samples of benign endometrium obtained from 20 patients with nonmalignant uterine lesions were used as controls. Positive immunohistochemical stain for IMP3 was identified in all serous carcinoma cases, among which, 39 (86%) and 3 (7%) cases showed IMP3 immunoreactivity in >50%, and 21-50, or 6-20% of tumor cells, respectively. Immunohistochemical reaction intensity for IMP3 was identified to be strong in 38 (84%) and intermediate in 7 (16%) cases of serous carcinoma. Fifty-four (44%) cases of endometrioid adenocarcinoma were negative for IMP3. Thirty (25%), 20 (16%), 10 (8%), and 8 (7%) cases of endometrioid adenocarcinoma demonstrated positive immunoreactivity for IMP3 in 1-5, 6-20, 21-50, and >50% of the tumor cells. Strong IMP3-staining intensity was noted in 34 (28%), intermediate in 26 (21%), and weak in 8 (7%) cases of endometrioid adenocarcinoma. All 20 control cases were negative for IMP3. To compare p53 with IMP3 expressions, we found that 35 (78%) of the serous carcinoma cases showed strong p53 immunohistochemical activity in >50% of the tumor cell nuclei. In contrast, 11 of 112 (10%) endometrioid adenocarcinoma cases demonstrated strong p53 positivity in >50% of the tumor cell nuclei. In conclusion, our findings demonstrate significant expression of IMP3 in serous carcinoma as compared to endometrioid adenocarcinoma (P<0.0001). Expression of IMP3 and p53 may be helpful biomarkers in the distinction of endometrial serous carcinoma from endometrioid adenocarcinoma. In addition, expression of IMP3 in endometrioid adenocarcinoma correlates with higher nuclear and architecture grades of the tumor (P=0.0000 and P=0.0002, respectively).

Vaccination against amyloid beta-peptide (Abeta) has been shown to be successful in reducing Abeta burden and neurotoxicity in mouse models of Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, although Abeta immunization did not show T cell infiltrates in the brain of these mice, an Abeta vaccination trial resulted in meningoencephalitis in 6% of patients with AD. Here, we explore the characteristics and specificity of Abeta-induced, T cell-mediated encephalitis in a mouse model of the disease. We demonstrate that a strong Abeta-specific T cell response is critically dependent on the immunizing T cell epitope and that epitopes differ depending on MHC genetic background. Moreover, we show that a single immunization with the dominant T cell epitope Abeta10-24 induced transient meningoencephalitis only in amyloid precursor protein (APP)-transgenic (Tg) mice expressing limited amounts of IFN-gamma under an myelin basic protein (MBP) promoter. Furthermore, immune infiltrates were targeted primarily to sites of Abeta plaques in the brain and were associated with clearance of Abeta. Immune infiltrates were not targeted to the spinal cord, consistent with what was observed in AD patients vaccinated with Abeta. Using primary cultures of microglia, we show that IFN-gamma enhanced clearance of Abeta, microglia, and T cell motility, and microglia-T cell immunological synapse formation. Our study demonstrates that limited expression of IFN-gamma in the brain, as observed during normal brain aging, is essential to promote T cell-mediated immune infiltrates after Abeta immunization and provides a model to investigate both the beneficial and detrimental effects of Abeta-specific T cells.

Preoperative hookwire localization of breast lesions is a well established technique to aid surgeons in localizing breast tumors. We describe the innovative use of a standard hookwire with CT guidance to localize an intraperitoneal inclusion cyst.

Alzheimer's disease is marked by progressive accumulation of amyloid beta-peptide (Abeta) which appears to trigger neurotoxic and inflammatory cascades. Substantial activation of microglia as part of a local innate immune response is prominent at sites of Abeta plaques in the CNS. However, the role of activated microglia as Abeta APCs and the induction of adaptive immune responses has not been investigated. We have used primary microglial cultures to characterize Abeta-Ag presentation and interaction with Abeta-specific T cells. We found that IFN-gamma-treated microglia serve as efficient Abeta APCs of both Abeta1-40 and Abeta1-42, mediating CD86-dependent proliferation of Abeta-reactive T cells. When cultured with Th1 and Th2 subsets of Abeta-reactive T cells, Th1, but not Th2, cells, underwent apoptosis after stimulation, which was accompanied by increased levels of IFN-gamma, NO, and caspase-3. T cell apoptosis was prevented in the presence of an inducible NO synthase type 2 inhibitor. Microglia-mediated proliferation of Abeta-reactive Th2 cells was associated with expression of the Th2 cytokines IL-4 and IL-10, which counterbalanced the toxic levels of NO induced by Abeta. Our results demonstrate NO-dependent apoptosis of T cells by Abeta-stimulated microglia which may enhance CNS innate immune responses and neurotoxicity in Alzheimer's disease. Secretion of NO by stimulated microglia may underlie a more general pathway of T cell death in the CNS seen in neurodegenerative diseases. Furthermore, Th2 type T cell responses may have a beneficial effect on this process by down-regulation of NO and the proinflammatory environment.

Alzheimer disease (AD) is characterized by the progressive deposition of the 42-residue amyloid beta protein (Abeta) in brain regions serving memory and cognition. In animal models of AD, immunization with Abeta results in the clearance of Abeta deposits from the brain. However, a trial of vaccination with synthetic human Abeta1-42 in AD resulted in the development of meningoencephalitis in some patients. We measured cellular immune responses to Abeta in middle-aged and elderly healthy subjects and in patients with AD. A significantly higher proportion of healthy elderly subjects and patients with AD had strong Abeta-reactive T cell responses than occurred in middle-aged adults. The immunodominant Abeta epitopes in humans resided in amino acids 16-33. Epitope mapping enabled the identification of MHC/T cell receptor (TCR) contact residues. The occurrence of intrinsic T cell reactivity to the self-antigen Abeta in humans has implications for the design of Abeta vaccines, may itself be linked to AD susceptibility and course, and appears to be associated with the aging process.

Alzheimer's disease is a dementia that involves progressive deposition of amyloid beta-protein (Abeta) in brain regions important for memory and cognition, followed by secondary inflammation that contributes to the neuropathologic process. Immunization with Abeta can reduce cerebral Abeta burden and consequent neuropathologic changes in the brains of mice transgenic for the beta-amyloid precursor protein (APP). We found that transgenic expression of human APP in B6SJL mice, under the prion promoter, results in immune hyporesponsiveness to human Abeta, in terms of both antibody and cellular immune responses. The decreased antibody responses were related not to B cell tolerance but rather to the inability of Abeta-specific T cells to provide help for antibody production. The immune hyporesponsiveness could be overcome if T cell help was provided by coupling an Abeta B cell epitope to BSA. Our results suggest that expression of APP in transgenic mice is associated with an Abeta-specific impaired adaptive immune response that may contribute to the neuropathology. Moreover, humans with life-long elevation of brain and peripheral Abeta (e.g., patients with presenilin mutations or Down syndrome) could have reduced immune responses to Abeta vaccination.