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Chrysoviruses are isometric virus particles (35–50 nm in diameter) with a genome composed of double-stranded RNAs (dsRNA). These viruses belonged to the Chrysoviridae family, named after the first member isolated from Penicillium chrysogenum. Phylogenetic classification has divided the chrysoviruses into Alphachrysovirus and Betachrysovirus genera. Currently, these chrysoviruses have been found to infect many fungi, including Fusarium species, and cause changes in the phenotype and decline in the pathogenicity of the host. Thus, it is a microbial resource with great biocontrol potential against Fusarium species, causing destructive plant diseases and substantial economic losses. This review provides a comprehensive overview of three chrysovirus isolates (Fusarium graminearum virus 2 (FgV2), Fusarium graminearum virus-ch9 (FgV-ch9), and Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. dianthi mycovirus 1 (FodV1)) reported to decline the pathogenicity of Fusarium hosts. It also summarizes the recent studies on host response regulation, host RNA interference, and chrysovirus transmission. The information provided in the review will be a reference for analyzing the interaction of Fusarium species with chrysovirus and proposing opportunities for research on the biocontrol of Fusarium diseases. Finally, we present reasons for conducting further studies on exploring the interaction between chrysoviruses and Fusarium and improving the accumulation and transmission efficiency of these chrysoviruses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Paris polyphylla is a herb widely used in traditional Chinese medicine to treat various diseases. Stem rot diseases seriously affected the yield of P. polyphylla in subtropical areas of China. Therefore, cost-effective, chemical-free, eco-friendly strategies to control stem rot on P. polyphylla are valuable and urgently needed. Results: In this paper, we reported the biocontrol efficiency of Paenibacillus peoriae HJ-2 and its complete genome sequence. Strain HJ-2 could serve as a potential biocontrol agent against stem rot on P. polyphylla in the greenhouse and field. The genome of HJ-2 consists of a single 6,001,192 bp chromosome with an average GC content of 45% and 5,237 predicted protein coding genes, 39 rRNAs and 108 tRNAs. The phylogenetic tree indicated that HJ-2 is most closely related to P. peoriae IBSD35. Functional analysis of genome revealed numerous genes/gene clusters involved in plant colonization, biofilm formation, plant growth promotion, antibiotic and resistance inducers synthesis. Moreover, metabolic pathways that potentially contribute to biocontrol mechanisms were identified. Conclusions: This study revealed that P. peoriae HJ-2 could serve as a potential BCA against stem rot on P. polyphylla. Based on genome analysis, the genome of HJ-2 contains more than 70 genes and 12 putative gene clusters related to secondary metabolites, which have previously been described as being involved in chemotaxis motility, biofilm formation, growth promotion, antifungal activity and resistance inducers biosynthesis. Compared with other strains, variation in the genes/gene clusters may lead to different antimicrobial spectra and biocontrol efficacies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Proline dehydrogenase (Prodh) and Δ1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate dehydrogenase (P5Cdh) are two key enzymes in the cellular biogenesis of glutamate. Recombinant Prodh and P5Cdh proteins of the chestnut blight fungus Cryphonectria parasitica were investigated and showed activity in in vitro assays. Additionally, the C. parasitica Prodh and P5Cdh genes were able to complement the Saccharomyces cerevisiae put1 and put2 null mutants, respectively, to allow these proline auxotrophic yeast mutants to grow on media with proline as the sole source of nitrogen. Deletion of the Prodh gene in C. parasitica resulted in hypovirulence and a lower level of sporulation, whereas deletion of P5Cdh resulted in hypovirulence though no effect on sporulation; both Δprodh and Δp5cdh mutants were unable to grow on minimal medium with proline as the sole nitrogen source. In a wild-type strain, the intracellular level of proline and the activity of Prodh and P5Cdh increased after supplementation of exogenous proline, though the intracellular Δ1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate (P5C) content remained unchanged. Prodh and P5Cdh were both transcriptionally down-regulated in cells infected with hypovirus. The disruption of other genes with products involved in the conversion of arginine to ornithine, ornithine and glutamate to P5C, and P5C to proline in the cytosol did not appear to affect virulence; however, asexual sporulation was reduced in the Δpro1 and Δpro2 mutants. Taken together, our results showed that Prodh, P5Cdh and related mitochondrial functions are essential for virulence and that proline/glutamate pathway components may represent down-stream targets of hypovirus regulation in C. parasitica. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tungsten disulfide (WS 2), as one of the typical transition-metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs), possesses attractive physical properties and widely potential applications, especially in optoelectronic devices. However, the low photoluminescence (PL) quantum yield (QY) still limits the practical applications of WS 2. In this paper, WS 2 /WO 3 heterostructural (core/shell) quantum dots (QDs) are prepared by pulsed laser deposition (PLD) and rapid thermal annealing (RTA) techniques, which exhibit PL enhancement and higher PLQY. The improvement may originate from the WO 3 shells, which act as passivation layer to relieve the surface defect-states and many-body effects. Our work may provide a new pathway to utilize the heterostructural QDs to design physical properties of TMDCs, and these heterostructural QDs are promising candidates in optoelectronic applications such as photodetectors and light-emitting devices. Image 1 • The WS 2 /WO 3 heterostructural (core/shell) QDs were synthesized. • Remarkable PL enhancement are obtained in WO 3 /WS 2 heterostructural QDs. • The WO 3 /WS 2 heterostructural QDs can bring a longer PL lifetime. • It provides a new way for the photoelectric application of heterostructural QDs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The studies of nonlinear optical properties of alloyed AgCu nanoparticles embedded in Al 2 O 3 film with Ag to Cu atomic ratio of 1:1 are presented. To enhance nonlinear optical properties of alloyed AgCu nanoparticles, glassy nanoparticles are synthesized by adjusting the parameters of rapid thermal annealing. The nonlinear optical absorption coefficient of AgCu glassy nanoparticles is found to be twice than that of AgCu crystalline nanoparticles. In addition to conventional morphology modulation, this provides another dimension for modifying the nonlinear optical properties of metallic nanostructures. The optical nonlinear enhancement can be achieved by realizing the growth of glassy nanoparticles, which is of great significance for the application of nanostructures in optical limiting devices and all-optical switching devices. Image 1 • The alloyed AgCu glassy nanoparticles were synthesized for the first time. • Optical properties can be manipulated by controlling crystallinity of nanoparticles. • Nonlinear optical properties of AgCu glassy nanoparticles are enhanced significantly. • It provides another way to improve the nonlinear optical properties of nanomaterials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fusarium sacchari, a key pathogen of sugarcane, is responsible for the Pokkah boeng disease (PBD) in China. The 14-3-3 proteins have been implicated in critical developmental processes, including dimorphic transition, signal transduction, and carbon metabolism in various phytopathogenic fungi. However, their roles are poorly understood in F. sacchari. This study focused on the characterization of two 14-3-3 protein-encoding genes, FsBmh1 and FsBmh2, within F. sacchari. Both genes were found to be expressed during the vegetative growth stage, yet FsBmh1 was repressed at the sporulation stage in vitro. To elucidate the functions of these genes, the deletion mutants ΔFsBmh1 and ΔFsBmh2 were generated. The ΔFsBmh2 exhibited more pronounced phenotypic defects, such as impaired hyphal branching, septation, conidiation, spore germination, and colony growth, compared to the ΔFsBmh1. Notably, both knockout mutants showed a reduction in virulence, with transcriptome analysis revealing changes associated with the observed phenotypes. To further investigate the functional interplay between FsBmh1 and FsBmh2, we constructed and analyzed mutants with combined deletion and silencing (ΔFsBmh/siFsBmh) as well as overexpression (O-FsBmh). The combinations of ΔFsBmh1/siFsBmh2 or ΔFsBmh2/siFsBmh1 displayed more severe phenotypes than those with single allele deletions, suggesting a functional redundancy between the two 14-3-3 proteins. Yeast two-hybrid (Y2H) assays identified 20 proteins with pivotal roles in primary metabolism or diverse biological functions, 12 of which interacted with both FsBmh1 and FsBmh2. Three proteins were specifically associated with FsBmh1, while five interacted exclusively with FsBmh2. In summary, this research provides novel insights into the roles of FsBmh1 and FsBmh2 in F. sacchari and highlights potential targets for PBD management through the modulation of FsBmh functions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In a survey of mycoviruses in Fusarium species that cause sugarcane Pokkah boeng disease, twelve Fusarium strains from three Fusarium species (F. sacchari, F. andiyazi, and F. solani) were found to contain Fusarium sacchari hypovirus 1 (FsHV1), which we reported previously. The genomes of these variants range from 13,966 to 13,983 nucleotides, with 98.6% to 99.9% nucleotide sequence identity and 98.70% to 99.9% protein sequence similarity. Phylogenetic analysis placed these FsHV1 variants within the Alphahypovirus cluster of Hypoviridae. Intriguingly, no clear correlation was found between the geographic origin and host specificity of these viral variants. Additionally, six out of the twelve variants displayed segmental deletions of 1.5 to 1.8 kilobases, suggesting the existence of defective viral dsRNA. The presence of defective viral dsRNA led to a two-thirds reduction in the dsRNA of the wild-type viral genome, yet a tenfold increase in the total viral dsRNA content. To standardize virulence across natural strains, all FsHV1 strains were transferred into a single, virus-free Fusarium recipient strain, FZ06-VF, via mycelial fusion. Strains of Fusarium carrying FsHV1 exhibited suppressed pigment synthesis, diminished microspore production, and a marked decrease in virulence. Inoculation tests revealed varying capacities among different FsHV1 variants to modulate fungal virulence, with the strain harboring the FsHV1-FSA1 showing the lowest virulence, with a disease severity index (DSI) of 3.33, and the FsHV1-FS1 the highest (DSI = 17.66). The identification of highly virulent FsHV1 variants holds promise for the development of biocontrol agents for Pokkah boeng management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Here we report the synthesis of two-dimensional (2D) ultra-thin WO 3 nanosheets (∼4.9 nm) with dominant {002} crystal facets through a facile surfactant-induced self-assembly method. It was found that the ultra-thin WO 3 nanosheets showed remarkably enhanced xylene sensing performance and methyl orange photocatalytic degradation performance, which could be ascribed to the high percentage of reactive {002} crystal facets (>90%) and high specific surface area (121 m2/g). The mechanism of gas sensing and photocatalysis was systematically studied. This work will be intriguing for designing high-performance metal oxides-based gas sensing and photocatalytic materials through 2D structural modulation and crystal facets engineering, which is important to promote their practical applications in environmental issues. Graphical abstract Image 1 Highlights • Two-dimensional (2D) ultra-thin WO 3 nanosheets (∼4.9 nm) were synthesized. • A facile surfactant-induced self-assembly method was used. • The nanosheets had dominant {002} crystal facets. • The nanosheets showed remarkably enhanced xylene sensing performance. • They also showed excellent methyl orange photocatalytic degradation activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A major threat to rice production is the disease epidemics caused by insect-borne viruses that emerge and re-emerge with undefined origins. It is well known that some human viruses have zoonotic origins from wild animals. However, it remains unknown whether native plants host uncharacterized endemic viruses with spillover potential to rice (Oryza sativa) as emerging pathogens. Here, we discovered rice tiller inhibition virus (RTIV), a novel RNA virus species, from colonies of Asian wild rice (O. rufipogon) in a genetic reserve by metagenomic sequencing. We identified the specific aphid vector that is able to transmit RTIV and found that RTIV would cause low-tillering disease in rice cultivar after transmission. We further demonstrated that an infectious molecular clone of RTIV initiated systemic infection and causes low-tillering disease in an elite rice variety after Agrobacterium-mediated inoculation or stable plant transformation, and RTIV can also be transmitted from transgenic rice plant through its aphid vector to cause disease. Finally, global transcriptome analysis indicated that RTIV may disturb defense and tillering pathway to cause low tillering disease in rice cultivar. Thus, our results show that new rice viral pathogens can emerge from native habitats, and RTIV, a rare aphid-transmitted rice viral pathogen from native wild rice, can threaten the production of rice cultivar after spillover. Author summary: Emerging and re-emerging dangerous viruses cause epidemics or pandemics to threaten human and economically important crops and animals. Some of the most dangerous human viruses have zoonotic origins from wild animals. Native plants may also host new endemic viruses that can spread to cause epidemics in cultivated rice, one of the most important staple plants in the world. In the research, we discovered Rice tiller inhibition virus (RTIV), a new insect-borne positive-strand RNA virus, from Asian wild rice plants through metagenomic sequencing, and demonstrated that RTIV could be transmitted by a wide-distributed specific species of aphids to cultivated rice and inhibited tillering, an important agronomic trait of rice plants. We further rescued RTIV by developing infectious clone and confirmed that it can be a dangerous aphid-transmitted viral pathogen of cultivated rice plants. Thus, not only a rare aphid-transmitted viral pathogen of rice plants was discovered in the research, our findings also indicate that novel pathogenic viruses could spread out from native plants to threaten important crop plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Further uprating the catalytic activities of diatomic active sites while maintaining the atomic loading and diatomic coordination by external stimulation is a promising way to break the bottleneck in the improvement of diatomic site catalysts (DASCs). Herein, the as-prepared NiFe@MoS2 DASCs treated by external high-frequency alternating magnetic field (AMF) further expedite the alkaline water electrolysis process with a superior cell voltage of 1.576 V to afford a current density of 10 mA cm−2 than that treated without AMF (1.652 V). Theoretical simulation by COMSOL Multiphysics helps visualize the increase in temperature locally around the diatomic active sites, qualitatively revealing the magnetic heating effect that originates from the anchored magnetic Ni and Fe atoms. The selective magnetic heating of bifunctional diatomic active site proposed in this work can broaden horizons and endow another dimension in the design of highly efficient catalysts toward various complicated energy-related reactions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: This paper investigated the data processing method for a GPS/IMU/magnetometer integrated system with Kalman filtering (KF). As a result of GPS/IMU/magnetometer land vehicle system, dead-reckoning of magnetometer and accelerometer integrated subsystem bridged very well the GPS signal outage due to the trees on the two sides of the road. Both differential GPS data processing method and the carrier-phase method with magnetometers’ outputs for predicting the car position, velocity, and acceleration (PVA) are presented. The results from DGPS with Kinematical Positioning (KINPOS) software shown that the averages of the north, east, and down direction standard deviation (short for “std”) are 0.014, 0.010, and 0.018m, respectively. The std of velocities and accelerations derived by the position and velocity differentiation are 10, 7, 13mm/s, 7, 5, 9mm/s2, respectively. This method for getting velocities and accelerations requires higher accurate position coordinates. But the position accuracy has frequently been degraded in this case when the car drove under the trees or other similar kinematical environments. That caused the larger velocity and acceleration errors. While the results from the carrier-phase method are std of the velocities=2.1mm/s, 1.3mm/s, 3.7mm/s in north, east, down, and std of the accelerations=1.5mm/s2, 0.9mm/s2, 2.3mm/s2 for the static test period; as compared with KINPOS software results, std of the velocity difference between the carrier-phase method and the DGPS method=7mm/s, 6.9mm/s, 9.7mm/s in north, east, down direction, and std of acceleration difference=5.0mm/s2, 4.5mm/s2, 7.5mm/s2 in north, east, down direction for the kinematical test period. Obviously, errors come from both the carrier-phase method and DGPS velocity and acceleration results derived directly by the position differentiation. In addition, better accuracy of positions than that before KF has been got by means of velocities and accelerations derived by the carrier-phase method after KF. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

[Display omitted] • We proposed modified flower pollination algorithm (MFPA) for wavelength selection. • The MFPA reduced the complexity of calibration model. • Coupling of the MFPA and support vector machine outperformed others. • Number of selected variables by MFPA was 96% less than that in the baseline method. • Visible-near-infrared successfully recognized the sugarcane diseases. The proliferation of pathogenic fungi in sugarcane crops poses a significant threat to agricultural productivity and economic sustainability. Early identification and management of sugarcane diseases are therefore crucial to mitigate the adverse impacts of these pathogens. In this study, visible and near-infrared spectroscopy (380–1400 nm) combined with a novel wavelength selection method, referred to as modified flower pollination algorithm (MFPA), was utilized for sugarcane disease recognition. The selected wavelengths were incorporated into machine learning models, including Naïve Bayes, random forest, and support vector machine (SVM). The developed simplified SVM model, which utilized the MFPA wavelength selection method yielded the best performances, achieving a precision value of 0.9753, a sensitivity value of 0.9259, a specificity value of 0.9524, and an accuracy of 0.9487. These results outperformed those obtained by other wavelength selection approaches, including the selectivity ratio, variable importance in projection, and the baseline method of the flower pollination algorithm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Novel nitrogen-doped porous carbon nanofibers (NP-CNFs) were prepared by carbonization of the CNFs@polydopamine composite. The NP-CNFs were served as the anode material for sodium-ion batteries, showing a superior reversible discharge capacity of 174 mAh g−1 after 300 cycles at the current density of 50 mA g−1. Even at a high current density of 2 A g−1, a high reversible discharge capacity of 103 mAh g−1 can also be attained. Besides, even in the case of 500 mA g−1, this work also observes the prominent cycling stability in the long term (>1200 cycles). These results suggest that the NP-CNFs electrode shows prominent electrochemical performance. Such prominent electrochemical performance of NP-CNFs electrode may be attributed to the synergetic effect between the nitrogen-doping and the porous structure. The capacity can be greatly increased by the nitrogen-doping, and the porous structured NP-CNFs can be sufficiently contacted with the electrolyte and promote the sodium ion/electrons transportation. Novel nitrogen-doped porous carbon nanofibers (NP-CNFs) were prepared by carbonization of the CNFs@polydopamine composite. Such prominent electrochemical performance of NP-CNFs electrode is most likely attributed to the synergetic effect between the nitrogen-doping and the porous structure. Unlabelled Image • Nitrogen-doped porous carbon nanofibers (NP-CNFs) were prepared by carbonization of the CNFs@polydopamine composite. • The NP-CNFs were applied as the anode material for sodium-ion batteries. • The NP-CNFs electrode shows outstanding electrochemical performance. • The NP-CNFs electrode presents cycling stability >1200 cycles even at 500 mA g−1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Design and control of crystal facets is a promising way to optimize the gas sensing activity of metal oxides semiconductors. To study the crystal facets effects on the gas sensing properties, a series of anatase TiO 2 with designed crystal facets were synthesized by hydrothermal routes. The gas sensing properties of the three most important low-index crystal facets ({010}, {001} and {101} facets) of anatase TiO 2 were systematically studied and compared for the first time. It was found that {010} facets exhibited a surprisingly higher sensing activity in comparison with that of {101} facets and {001} facets, and the gas sensing activity order were determined to be {010} facets >{001} facets >{101} facets. The crystal facets-dependent gas sensing mechanism was investigated based on theory calculations from the atomic and electronic scale. It was found that the excellent gas adsorption properties and electron transfer properties both facilitated the gas response of {010} facets. The present results not only provide a new way to improve the gas response of TiO 2 by exposing of {010} facets, but also deepen the understanding of crystal facets-dependent gas sensing properties of TiO 2 , which will be useful for the design of metal oxides gas sensing materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Graphical abstract Active {1 1 1}-faceted ultra-thin NiO single-crystalline porous nanosheets supported highly dispersed Pt nanoparticles were designed and synthesized for efficient gas sensing and photocatalytic applications. Highlights • Ultra-thin NiO single-crystalline porous nanosheet with {1 1 1}-facet were prepared. • Highly dispersed Pt nanoparticles with tunable sizes were decorated on NiO surface. • Enhanced formaldehyde sensing and methyl orange degradation activity were shown. • The activity was related to the morphology, surface and interface structure design. • The work was important for the practical use of metal oxides in environmental issues. Abstract Proper morphology, surface and interface structure designing are required to obtain efficient gas sensing and photocatalytic materials. In the present work, ultra-thin NiO single-crystalline porous nanosheets with dominant {1 1 1} crystal facets (denoted as SP-NiO) and hierarchical NiO porous microspheres (denoted as HP-NiO) supported highly dispersed Pt nanoparticles with controllable sizes were designed and synthesized. Their gas sensing and photocatalytic performance were investigated. It was found that both the formaldehyde sensing and methyl orange photocatalytic degradation performance were greatly enhanced by decorating Pt nanoparticles on SP-NiO, while Pt nanoparticles decoration contributed little to the improved photocatalytic performance of HP-NiO. The results indicated that surface structure of the NiO support could also produce significant impact on the activity of Pt/NiO heterojunctions. Moreover, Pt decorated SP-NiO with stable structure showed a marked long-term stability with negligible attenuation of gas sensitivity (less than 5%) for 45 days, while Pt decorated HP-NiO exhibited obvious attenuation of gas sensitivity (more than 30%) due to the structural collapse. The work not only offers promising materials for gas sensing and photocatalytic application, but also brings new dawn for the designing of efficient p-type metal oxides gas sensing and photocatalytic materials through the synergistic effect of single-crystalline porous structures modulation, crystal facets engineering and facet-selective deposition of highly-dispersed Pt nanoparticles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A universal method for improving sensing performance has been computationally studied based on a common triple-layer metal-dielectric-metal (MDM) plasmonic perfect absorber (PA). Calculation results show that the originally idled resonant optical field in the middle dielectric spacer can be exploited to enhance the sensing capability via etching the dielectric spacer to open a channel for analyte. By comparing with the sensitivity ( S) of the common PA-based sensor, an enhancement factor up to 5.0 can be achieved for an etched PA-based sensor. Moreover, in order to maintain the mechanical stability of the structure, a modified PA-based sensor platform with a solid support for the suspended plasmonic disks array was further employed to study the sensing properties. In comparison with the referenced sensor without suspension technique, all the three sensing factors of the S, the figure of merit (FOM), and the spectral intensity difference related figure of merit (FOM*) are noticeably improved with the enhancement factors up to 2.5, 3, and 57, respectively. In addition, since there is no special dealing with the structure except the need of hollowing the dielectric spacer to open the sensing channel for the analysis, the predicted method profiles itself as a simple and universal strategy to improve the sensing performance of a wide variety of nanoplasmonic sensors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polarization-independent plasmonic light absorbers have been widely investigated in the past decades. Nevertheless, the feasibility for artificial manipulation of the optical properties by controlling the polarization state is desirable for numerous applications including the coloring, displaying, filtering, etc. Here, we present a straightforward method to achieve tunable multiple narrowband light absorption by using the polarization-dependent plasmonic cavity resonances in a common metal-dielectric-metal structure consisting of an elliptical disk array. Multiple light absorption bands with the maximal absorption of 98 % are achieved. Moreover, by controlling the illumination polarization state, artificial spectral modulation depth of these light absorption bands can be up to 90 % based on this structure platform. In addition, since this multispectral polarization-manipulated absorber is realized in such a common sub-wavelength plasmonic structure, it will open up a simple and universal approach for multispectral nanophotonic devices including the high-compact polychromatic color filtering, imaging, and detecting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mulberry vein banding associated virus (MVBaV) that infects mulberry plants with typical vein banding symptoms had been identified as a tentative species of the genus Tospovirus based on the homology of N gene sequence to those of tospoviruses. In this study, the complete sequence of the tripartite RNA genome of MVBaV was determined and analyzed. The L RNA has 8905 nucleotides (nt) and encodes the putative RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) of 2877 aa amino acids (aa) in the viral complementary (vc) strand. The RdRp of MVBaV shares the highest aa sequence identity (85.9%) with that of Watermelon silver mottle virus (WSMoV), and contains conserved motifs shared with those of the species of the genus Tospovirus. The M RNA contains 4731 nt and codes in ambisense arrangement for the NSm protein of 309 aa in the sense strand and the Gn/Gc glycoprotein precursor (GP) of 1,124 aa in the vc strand. The NSm and GP of MVBaV share the highest aa sequence identities with those of Capsicum chlorosis virus (CaCV) and Groundnut bud necrosis virus (GBNV) (83.2% and 84.3%, respectively). The S RNA is 3294 nt in length and contains two open reading frames (ORFs) in an ambisense coding strategy, encoding a 439-aa non-structural protein (NSs) and the 277-aa nucleocapsid protein (N), respectively. The NSs and N also share the highest aa sequence identity (71.1% and 74.4%, respectively) with those of CaCV. Phylogenetic analysis of the RdRp, NSm, GP, NSs, and N proteins showed that MVBaV is most closely related to CaCV and GBNV and that these proteins cluster with those of the WSMoV serogroup, and that MVBaV seems to be a species bridging the two subgroups within the WSMoV serogroup of tospoviruses in evolutionary aspect, suggesting that MVBaV represents a distinct tospovirus. Analysis of S RNA sequence uncovered the highly conserved 5’-/3’-ends and the coding regions, and the variable region of IGR with divergent patterns among MVBaV isolates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]