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Chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH) is an underdiagnosed sequela of acute pulmonary embolism with varied clinical presentation causing significant morbidity among the affected population. There exist important differences in the occurrence, clinical features and diagnosis of CTEPH between men and women, with women carrying a greater predisposition for the disease. Ongoing studies have also pointed out variations among men and women, in the treatment offered and long-term outcomes including mortality. This focused review article highlights important sex-associated differences in multiple aspects of CTEPH including its epidemiology, clinical features, diagnosis, treatment and outcomes as reported in current literature and highlights the need for future research to facilitate a clearer understanding of these differences. Plain Language Summary Chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH) is a disease where blood clots remain stuck in the lungs after a previous clotting episode which leads to high blood pressure in the lung arteries. One interesting aspect is that CTEPH affects men and women differently. Women show different symptoms and may have better survival rates than men, especially if they receive surgery to remove the clots. The reasons for these differences are not fully understood. Diagnosing CTEPH is challenging because its symptoms are similar to other heart and lung conditions, which can cause treatment delays. It is important to consider referring patients with possible CTEPH to specialists early for accurate diagnosis and treatment. Developing new treatments and collecting data will help improve care for these patients. Article highlights Epidemiology Higher prevalence and higher odds of developing Chronic Thromboembolic Pulmonary Hypertension (CTEPH) in women. Older age at diagnosis in women. Clinical features Women reported more symptoms at presentation including chest pain, dizziness. Poorer performance on 6 minute walk test and worse World Health Organization (WHO) functional class in women. No significant difference in pulmonary artery pressures between men and women. Treatment Lower frequency of Pulmonary Endarterectomy (PEA) noted in women. Probability of women receiving PEA decreased with advancing age, a trend not seen in men. Higher proportion of women received medical management alone compared with men. Rates of Balloon Pulmonary Angioplasty (BPA) same across both sexes. Outcomes Without treatment, both women and men with CTEPH typically have a life expectancy of less than three years. Most studies suggest no major differences in long term survival after PEA. Women had lower all-cause mortality in non-operated patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Noneclear cell renal cell carcinoma (nccRCC) is a broad term that refers to a diverse group of tumors, each with its own distinct biologic and therapeutic profile. The management of nccRCCs is often based on extrapolating data from clinical trials in the more common clear cell renal cell carcinoma, but our emerging prospective and retrospective clinical experience in nccRCC allows us to make more precise recommendations tailored to each histology. The systemic therapy options for metastatic nccRCC include targeted therapies such as tyrosine kinase inhibitors, immune checkpoint inhibitors, and, for specific rare subtypes, cytotoxic chemotherapy. Each nccRCC histology may respond differently to these regimens, which makes accurate pathologic diagnosis imperative. In the present review, we discuss the available clinical and biological data that can help guide systemic therapy recommendations for specific nccRCC subtypes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]