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758 results on '"Zuccarello, P"'

1. How to Drawjectory? -- Trajectory Planning using Programming by Demonstration

Author

Alkewitz, Leonhard, Zuccarello, Timo, Raschke, Alexander, and Tichy, Matthias

Subjects
Computer Science - Software Engineering, Computer Science - Robotics, D.1.7, D.2.3
Abstract

A flight trajectory defines how exactly a quadrocopter moves in the three-dimensional space from one position to another. Automatic flight trajectory planning faces challenges such as high computational effort and a lack of precision. Hence, when low computational effort or precise control is required, programming the flight route trajectory manually might be preferable. However, this requires in-depth knowledge of how to accurately plan flight trajectories in three-dimensional space. We propose planning quadrocopter flight trajectories manually using the Programming by Demonstration (PbD) approach -- simply drawing the trajectory in the three-dimensional space by hand. This simplifies the planning process and reduces the level of in-depth knowledge required. We implemented the approach in the context of the Quadcopter Lab at Ulm University. In order to evaluate our approach, we compare the precision and accuracy of the trajectories drawn by a user using our approach as well as the required time with those manually programmed using a domain specific language. The evaluation shows that the Drawjectory workflow is, on average, 78.7 seconds faster without a significant loss of precision, shown by an average deviation 6.67 cm.

Published
2024

4. Automatic Counting and Classification of Mosquito Eggs in Field Traps

Author

Naranjo-Alcazar, Javier, Grau-Haro, Jordi, Zuccarello, Pedro, Almenar, David, and Lopez-Ballester, Jesus

Subjects
Computer Science - Artificial Intelligence
Abstract

Insect pest control poses a global challenge, affecting public health, food safety, and the environment. Diseases transmitted by mosquitoes are expanding beyond tropical regions due to climate change. Agricultural pests further exacerbate economic losses by damaging crops. The Sterile Insect Technique (SIT) emerges as an eco-friendly alternative to chemical pesticides, involving the sterilization and release of male insects to curb population growth. This work focuses on the automation of the analysis of field ovitraps used to follow-up a SIT program for the Aedes albopictus mosquito in the Valencian Community, Spain, funded by the Conselleria de Agricultura, Agua, Ganaderia y Pesca. Previous research has leveraged deep learning algorithms to automate egg counting in ovitraps, yet faced challenges such as manual handling and limited analysis capacity. Innovations in our study include classifying eggs as hatched or unhatched and reconstructing ovitraps from partial images, mitigating issues of duplicity and cut eggs. Also, our device can analyze multiple ovitraps simultaneously without the need of manual replacement. This approach significantly enhances the accuracy of egg counting and classification, providing a valuable tool for large-scale field studies. This document describes part of the work of the project Application of Industry 4.0 techniques to the production of tiger mosquitoes for the Sterile Insect Technique (MoTIA2,IMDEEA/2022/70), financed by the Valencian Institute for Business Competitiveness (IVACE) and the FEDER funds. The participation of J.Naranjo-Alcazar, J.Grau-Haro and P.Zuccarello has been possible thanks to funding from IVACE and FEDER funds. The participation of D.Almenar has been financed by the Conselleria de Agricultura, Agua, Ganaderia y Pesca of the Generalitat Valenciana and the Subdireccion de Innovacion y Desarrollo de Servicios (TRAGSA group).

Published
2024

5. A Data-Centric Framework for Machine Listening Projects: Addressing Large-Scale Data Acquisition and Labeling through Active Learning

Author

Naranjo-Alcazar, Javier, Grau-Haro, Jordi, Ribes-Serrano, Ruben, and Zuccarello, Pedro

Subjects
Computer Science - Sound, Computer Science - Machine Learning, Electrical Engineering and Systems Science - Audio and Speech Processing
Abstract

Machine Listening focuses on developing technologies to extract relevant information from audio signals. A critical aspect of these projects is the acquisition and labeling of contextualized data, which is inherently complex and requires specific resources and strategies. Despite the availability of some audio datasets, many are unsuitable for commercial applications. The paper emphasizes the importance of Active Learning (AL) using expert labelers over crowdsourcing, which often lacks detailed insights into dataset structures. AL is an iterative process combining human labelers and AI models to optimize the labeling budget by intelligently selecting samples for human review. This approach addresses the challenge of handling large, constantly growing datasets that exceed available computational resources and memory. The paper presents a comprehensive data-centric framework for Machine Listening projects, detailing the configuration of recording nodes, database structure, and labeling budget optimization in resource-constrained scenarios. Applied to an industrial port in Valencia, Spain, the framework successfully labeled 6540 ten-second audio samples over five months with a small team, demonstrating its effectiveness and adaptability to various resource availability situations. Acknowledgments: The participation of Javier Naranjo-Alcazar, Jordi Grau-Haro and Pedro Zuccarello in this research was funded by the Valencian Institute for Business Competitiveness (IVACE) and the FEDER funds by means of project Soroll-IA2 (IMDEEA/2023/91). The research carried out for this publication has been partially funded by the project STARRING-NEURO (PID2022-137048OA-C44) funded by the Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities of Spain and the European Union., Comment: Paper accepted at 8th Future of Information and Communication Conference 2025, 28-29 April, Berlin

Published
2024

6. The Lunar Gravitational-wave Antenna: Mission Studies and Science Case

Author

Ajith, Parameswaran, Seoane, Pau Amaro, Sedda, Manuel Arca, Arcodia, Riccardo, Badaracco, Francesca, Banerjee, Biswajit, Belgacem, Enis, Benetti, Giovanni, Benetti, Stefano, Bobrick, Alexey, Bonforte, Alessandro, Bortolas, Elisa, Braito, Valentina, Branchesi, Marica, Burrows, Adam, Cappellaro, Enrico, Della Ceca, Roberto, Chakraborty, Chandrachur, Subrahmanya, Shreevathsa Chalathadka, Coughlin, Michael W., Covino, Stefano, Derdzinski, Andrea, Doshi, Aayushi, Falanga, Maurizio, Foffa, Stefano, Franchini, Alessia, Frigeri, Alessandro, Futaana, Yoshifumi, Gerberding, Oliver, Gill, Kiranjyot, Di Giovanni, Matteo, Giudice, Ines Francesca, Giustini, Margherita, Gläser, Philipp, Harms, Jan, van Heijningen, Joris, Iacovelli, Francesco, Kavanagh, Bradley J., Kawamura, Taichi, Kenath, Arun, Keppler, Elisabeth-Adelheid, Kobayashi, Chiaki, Komatsu, Goro, Korol, Valeriya, Krishnendu, N. V., Kumar, Prayush, Longo, Francesco, Maggiore, Michele, Mancarella, Michele, Maselli, Andrea, Mastrobuono-Battisti, Alessandra, Mazzarini, Francesco, Melandri, Andrea, Melini, Daniele, Menina, Sabrina, Miniutti, Giovanni, Mitra, Deeshani, Morán-Fraile, Javier, Mukherjee, Suvodip, Muttoni, Niccolò, Olivieri, Marco, Onori, Francesca, Papa, Maria Alessandra, Patat, Ferdinando, Perali, Andrea, Piran, Tsvi, Piranomonte, Silvia, Pol, Alberto Roper, Pookkillath, Masroor C., Prasad, R., Prasad, Vaishak, De Rosa, Alessandra, Chowdhury, Sourav Roy, Serafinelli, Roberto, Sesana, Alberto, Severgnini, Paola, Stallone, Angela, Tissino, Jacopo, Tkalčić, Hrvoje, Tomasella, Lina, Toscani, Martina, Vartanyan, David, Vignali, Cristian, Zaccarelli, Lucia, Zeoli, Morgane, and Zuccarello, Luciano

Subjects
General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology, Astrophysics - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics
Abstract

The Lunar Gravitational-wave Antenna (LGWA) is a proposed array of next-generation inertial sensors to monitor the response of the Moon to gravitational waves (GWs). Given the size of the Moon and the expected noise produced by the lunar seismic background, the LGWA would be able to observe GWs from about 1 mHz to 1 Hz. This would make the LGWA the missing link between space-borne detectors like LISA with peak sensitivities around a few millihertz and proposed future terrestrial detectors like Einstein Telescope or Cosmic Explorer. In this article, we provide a first comprehensive analysis of the LGWA science case including its multi-messenger aspects and lunar science with LGWA data. We also describe the scientific analyses of the Moon required to plan the LGWA mission.

Published
2024

7. Understanding the thermal and magnetic properties of a X-class flare in the low solar atmosphere

Author

Ferrente, F., Noda, C. Quintero, Zuccarello, F., and Guglielmino, S. L.

Subjects
Astrophysics - Solar and Stellar Astrophysics
Abstract

We analyse the spatial distribution and vertical stratification of the physical parameters of the solar atmosphere when an X-class flare occurs. We made use of observations acquired by the Interferometric Bidimensional Spectropolarimeter instrument when observing the full Stokes parameters for the Fe I 6173 A and Ca II 8542 A transitions. We analysed the observed spectra using the newly developed DeSIRe code to infer the atmospheric parameters at photospheric and chromospheric layers over the entire observed field of view. Our findings reveal that the chromosphere is characterised by temperature enhancements and strong upflows in the flare ribbon area, which indicates that the flaring event is producing hot material that is moving outwards from the Sun. We did not detect any trace of temperature enhancements or strong velocities (of any sign) at photospheric layers, signalling that the impact of the flaring event mainly happens at the middle and upper layers. The information about the magnetic field vector revealed relatively smooth stratifications with height for both magnetic field strength and inclination. Still, when examining the spatial distribution of the magnetic field inclination, we observed the presence of large-scale mixed polarities in the regions where the flare ribbon is located. These results suggest that the interaction between those mixed polarities could be the flare's triggering mechanism., Comment: 14 pages, 9 figures

Published
2024
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11. Female mosquito detection by means of AI techniques inside release containers in the context of a Sterile Insect Technique program

Author

Naranjo-Alcazar, Javier, Grau-Haro, Jordi, Almenar, David, and Zuccarello, Pedro

Subjects
Computer Science - Sound, Computer Science - Machine Learning, Electrical Engineering and Systems Science - Audio and Speech Processing
Abstract

The Sterile Insect Technique (SIT) is a biological pest control technique based on the release into the environment of sterile males of the insect species whose population is to be controlled. The entire SIT process involves mass-rearing within a biofactory, sorting of the specimens by sex, sterilization, and subsequent release of the sterile males into the environment. The reason for avoiding the release of female specimens is because, unlike males, females bite, with the subsequent risk of disease transmission. In the case of Aedes mosquito biofactories for SIT, the key point of the whole process is sex separation. This process is nowadays performed by a combination of mechanical devices and AI-based vision systems. However, there is still a possibility of false negatives, so a last stage of verification is necessary before releasing them into the environment. It is known that the sound produced by the flapping of adult male mosquitoes is different from that produced by females, so this feature can be used to detect the presence of females in containers prior to environmental release. This paper presents a study for the detection of females in Aedes mosquito release vessels for SIT programs. The containers used consist of PVC a tubular design of 8.8cm diameter and 12.5cm height. The containers were placed in an experimental setup that allowed the recording of the sound of mosquito flight inside of them. Each container was filled with 250 specimens considering the cases of (i) only male mosquitoes, (ii) only female mosquitoes, and (iii) 75% males and 25% females. Case (i) was used for training and testing, whereas cases (ii) and (iii) were used only for testing. Two algorithms were implemented for the detection of female mosquitoes: an unsupervised outlier detection algorithm (iForest) and a one-class SVM trained with male-only recordings., Comment: Accepted EUSIPCO 2024

Published
2023

12. Confinedness of an X3.1 class solar flare occurred in NOAA 12192: Analysis from multi-instruments observations

Author

Vasantharaju, N., Zuccarello, F., Ferrente, F., and Guglielmino, S. L.

Subjects
Astrophysics - Solar and Stellar Astrophysics
Abstract

The non-association of coronal mass ejections with high energetic flares is sparse. For this reason, the magnetic conditions required for the confinedness of major flares is a topic of active research. Using multi-instrument observations, we investigated the evolution and effects of confinedness in an X3.1 flare, which occurred in active region (AR) 12192. The decrease of net fluxes in the brightening regions, near the footpoints of the multi-sigmoidal AR in photosphere and chromosphere, indicative of flux cancellation favouring tether-cutting reconnection (TCR), is observed using the magnetic field observations of HMI/SDO and SOT/Hinode, respectively. The analysis of spectropolarimetric data obtained by the Interferometric Bidimensional Spectrometer over the brightening regions suggests untwisting of field lines, which further supports TCR. Filaments near polarity inversion line region, resulted from TCR of low lying sheared loops, undergo merging and form an elongated filament. The temperature and density differences between footpoints of the merged filament, revealed by DEM analysis, caused streaming and counter-streaming of plasma flow along the filament and unloads at its footpoints with an average velocity of $\approx$ 40 km s$^{-1}$. This results in decrease of mass of the filament (density decreased by $>50\%$), leading to its rise and expansion outwards. However, due to strong strapping flux, the filament separates itself instead of erupting. Further, the evolution of non-potential parameters describes the characteristics of confinedness of the flare. Our study suggests that the sigmoid-filament system exhibits upward catastrophe due to mass unloading, but gets suppressed by strong confinement of external poloidal field., Comment: Manuscript has 20 pages, 10 figures and accepted for Publication in the ApJ on 23 April 2023

Published
2023
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13. Past climate-driven range shifts structuring intraspecific biodiversity levels of the giant kelp (Macrocystis pyrifera) at global scales.

Author

Assis, Jorge, Alberto, Filipe, Macaya, Erasmo, Castilho Coelho, Nelson, Faugeron, Sylvain, Pearson, Gareth, Ladah, Lydia, Reed, Daniel, Mansilla, Andrés, Brickle, Paul, Zuccarello, Giuseppe, Serrão, Ester, and Raimondi, Peter

Subjects
Macrocystis, Ecosystem, Biodiversity, Forests, Climate Change, Kelp
Abstract

The paradigm of past climate-driven range shifts structuring the distribution of marine intraspecific biodiversity lacks replication in biological models exposed to comparable limiting conditions in independent regions. This may lead to confounding effects unlinked to climate drivers. We aim to fill in this gap by asking whether the global distribution of intraspecific biodiversity of giant kelp (Macrocystis pyrifera) is explained by past climate changes occurring across the two hemispheres. We compared the species population genetic diversity and structure inferred with microsatellite markers, with range shifts and long-term refugial regions predicted with species distribution modelling (SDM) from the last glacial maximum (LGM) to the present. The broad antitropical distribution of Macrocystis pyrifera is composed by six significantly differentiated genetic groups, for which current genetic diversity levels match the expectations of past climate changes. Range shifts from the LGM to the present structured low latitude refugial regions where genetic relics with higher and unique diversity were found (particularly in the Channel Islands of California and in Peru), while post-glacial expansions following ~ 40% range contraction explained extensive regions with homogenous reduced diversity. The estimated effect of past climate-driven range shifts was comparable between hemispheres, largely demonstrating that the distribution of intraspecific marine biodiversity can be structured by comparable evolutionary forces across the global ocean. Additionally, the differentiation and endemicity of regional genetic groups, confers high conservation value to these localized intraspecific biodiversity hotspots of giant kelp forests.

Published
2023

15. DCASE 2022: Comparative Analysis Of CNNs For Acoustic Scene Classification Under Low-Complexity Considerations

Author

Zaragoza-Paredes, Josep, Naranjo-Alcazar, Javier, Naranjo, Valery, and Zuccarello, Pedro

Subjects
Computer Science - Sound, Computer Science - Machine Learning, Electrical Engineering and Systems Science - Audio and Speech Processing
Abstract

Acoustic scene classification is an automatic listening problem that aims to assign an audio recording to a pre-defined scene based on its audio data. Over the years (and in past editions of the DCASE) this problem has often been solved with techniques known as ensembles (use of several machine learning models to combine their predictions in the inference phase). While these solutions can show performance in terms of accuracy, they can be very expensive in terms of computational capacity, making it impossible to deploy them in IoT devices. Due to the drift in this field of study, this task has two limitations in terms of model complexity. It should be noted that there is also the added complexity of mismatching devices (the audios provided are recorded by different sources of information). This technical report makes a comparative study of two different network architectures: conventional CNN and Conv-mixer. Although both networks exceed the baseline required by the competition, the conventional CNN shows a higher performance, exceeding the baseline by 8 percentage points. Solutions based on Conv-mixer architectures show worse performance although they are much lighter solutions.

Published
2022

16. Quantifying Properties of Photospheric Magnetic Cancellations in the Quiet Sun Internetwork

Author

Ledvina, Vincent E., Kazachenko, Maria D., Criscuoli, Serena, Tilipman, Dennis, Ermolli, Ilaria, Falco, Mariachiara, Guglielmino, Salvatore, Jafarzadeh, Shahin, van der Voort, Luc Rouppe, and Zuccarello, Francesca

Subjects
Astrophysics - Solar and Stellar Astrophysics
Abstract

We analyzed spectropolarimetric data from the Swedish 1-meter Solar Telescope to investigate physical properties of small-scale magnetic cancellations in the quiet Sun photosphere. Specifically, we looked at the full Stokes polarization profiles along the Fe I 557.6 nm and of the Fe I 630.1 nm lines measured by CRisp Imaging SpectroPolarimeter (CRISP) to study temporal evolution of the line-of-sight (LOS) magnetic field during 42.5 minutes of quiet Sun evolution. From this magnetogram sequence, we visually identified 38 cancellation events. We then used Yet Another Feature Tracking Algorithm (YAFTA) to characterize physical properties of these magnetic cancellations. We found on average $1.6\times10^{16}$ Mx of magnetic flux cancelled in each event with an average cancellation rate of $3.8\times10^{14}$ Mx s$^{-1}$. The derived cancelled flux is associated with strong downflows, with an average speed of $V_\mathrm{LOS}\approx1.1$ km s$^{-1}$. Our results show that the average lifetime of each event is $9.2$ minutes with an average $44.8\%$ of initial magnetic flux being cancelled. Our estimates of magnetic fluxes provide a lower limit since studied magnetic cancellation events have magnetic field values that are very close to the instrument noise level. We observed no horizontal magnetic fields at the cancellation sites and therefore can not conclude whether the events are associated structures that could cause magnetic reconnection., Comment: 19 pages, 18 figures, 2 tables, accepted into ApJ on 06/08/2022

Published
2022
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18. On the evolution of a sub-C class flare: a showcase for the capabilities of the revamped Catania Solar Telescope

Author

Romano, Paolo, Guglielmino, Salvo L., Costa, Pierfrancesco, Falco, Mariachiara, Buttaccio, Salvatore, Costa, Alessandro, Martinetti, Eugenio, Occhipinti, Giovanni, Spadaro, Daniele, Ventura, Rita, Capuano, Giuseppe E., and Zuccarello, Francesca

Subjects
Astrophysics - Solar and Stellar Astrophysics, Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics
Abstract

Solar flares are occasionally responsible for severe Space Weather events, which can affect space-borne and ground-based infrastructures, endangering anthropic technological activities and even human health and safety. Thus, an essential activity in the framework of Space Weather monitoring is devoted to the observation of the activity level of the Sun. In this context, the acquisition system of the Catania Solar Telescope has been recently upgraded in order to improve its contribution to the European Space Agency (ESA) - Space Weather Service Network through the ESA Portal, which represents the main asset for Space Weather in Europe. Here, we describe the hardware and software upgrades of the Catania Solar Telescope and the main data products provided by this facility, which include full-disc images of the photosphere and chromosphere, together with a detailed characterization of the sunspot groups. As a showcase of the observational capabilities of the revamped Catania Solar Telescope, we report the analysis of a B5.4 class flare occurred on 2020 December 7, simultaneously observed by the IRIS and SDO satellites.

Published
2021
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19. Comparative case study of two methods to assess the eruptive potential of selected active regions

Author

Zuccarello, Francesca, Ermolli, Ilaria, Korsos, Marianna B., Giorgi, Fabrizio, Guglielmino, Salvo L., Erdelyi, Robertus, and Romano, Paolo

Subjects
Astrophysics - Solar and Stellar Astrophysics
Abstract

Solar eruptive events, like flares and coronal mass ejections, are characterized by the rapid release of energy that can give rise to emission of radiation across the entire electromagnetic spectrum and to an abrupt significant increase in the kinetic energy of particles. These energetic phenomena can have important effects on the Space Weather conditions and therefore it is necessary to understand their origin, in particular, what is the eruptive potential of an active region (AR). In these case studies, we compare two distinct methods that were used in previous works to investigate the variations of some characteristic physical parameters during the pre-flare states of flaring ARs. These methods consider: i) the magnetic flux evolution and the magnetic helicity accumulation, and ii) the fractal and multi-fractal properties of flux concentrations in ARs. Our comparative analysis is based on time series of photospheric data obtained by the Solar Dynamics Observatory between March 2011 and June 2013. We selected two distinct samples of ARs: one is distinguished by the occurrence of more energetic M- and X-class flare events, that may have a rapid effect on not just the near-Earth space, but also on the terrestrial environment; the second is characterized by no-flares or having just few C- and B-class flares. We found that the two tested methods complement each other in their ability to assess the eruptive potentials of ARs and could be employed to identify ARs prone to flaring activity. Based on the presented case study, we suggest that using a combination of different methods may aid to identify more reliably the eruptive potentials of ARs and help to better understand the pre-flare states.

Published
2021
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20. Task 1A DCASE 2021: Acoustic Scene Classification with mismatch-devices using squeeze-excitation technique and low-complexity constraint

Author

Naranjo-Alcazar, Javier, Perez-Castanos, Sergi, Cobos, Maximo, Ferri, Francesc J., and Zuccarello, Pedro

Subjects
Computer Science - Sound, Computer Science - Machine Learning, Electrical Engineering and Systems Science - Audio and Speech Processing
Abstract

Acoustic scene classification (ASC) is one of the most popular problems in the field of machine listening. The objective of this problem is to classify an audio clip into one of the predefined scenes using only the audio data. This problem has considerably progressed over the years in the different editions of DCASE. It usually has several subtasks that allow to tackle this problem with different approaches. The subtask presented in this report corresponds to a ASC problem that is constrained by the complexity of the model as well as having audio recorded from different devices, known as mismatch devices (real and simulated). The work presented in this report follows the research line carried out by the team in previous years. Specifically, a system based on two steps is proposed: a two-dimensional representation of the audio using the Gamamtone filter bank and a convolutional neural network using squeeze-excitation techniques. The presented system outperforms the baseline by about 17 percentage points., Comment: Submitted to Task 1a DCASE 2021 Challenge

Published
2021

21. TASK3 DCASE2021 Challenge: Sound event localization and detection using squeeze-excitation residual CNNs

Author

Naranjo-Alcazar, Javier, Perez-Castanos, Sergi, Zuccarello, Pedro, Ferri, Francesc J., and Cobos, Maximo

Subjects
Computer Science - Sound, Computer Science - Machine Learning, Electrical Engineering and Systems Science - Audio and Speech Processing
Abstract

Sound event localisation and detection (SELD) is a problem in the field of automatic listening that aims at the temporal detection and localisation (direction of arrival estimation) of sound events within an audio clip, usually of long duration. Due to the amount of data present in the datasets related to this problem, solutions based on deep learning have positioned themselves at the top of the state of the art. Most solutions are based on 2D representations of the audio (different spectrograms) that are processed by a convolutional-recurrent network. The motivation of this submission is to study the squeeze-excitation technique in the convolutional part of the network and how it improves the performance of the system. This study is based on the one carried out by the same team last year. This year, it has been decided to study how this technique improves each of the datasets (last year only the MIC dataset was studied). This modification shows an improvement in the performance of the system compared to the baseline using MIC dataset., Comment: Submitted to Task3 DCASE Challenge 2021

Published
2021

22. Squeeze-Excitation Convolutional Recurrent Neural Networks for Audio-Visual Scene Classification

Author

Naranjo-Alcazar, Javier, Perez-Castanos, Sergi, Lopez-Garcia, Aaron, Zuccarello, Pedro, Cobos, Maximo, and Ferri, Francesc J.

Subjects
Computer Science - Multimedia, Computer Science - Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, Computer Science - Sound, Electrical Engineering and Systems Science - Audio and Speech Processing, Electrical Engineering and Systems Science - Image and Video Processing
Abstract

The use of multiple and semantically correlated sources can provide complementary information to each other that may not be evident when working with individual modalities on their own. In this context, multi-modal models can help producing more accurate and robust predictions in machine learning tasks where audio-visual data is available. This paper presents a multi-modal model for automatic scene classification that exploits simultaneously auditory and visual information. The proposed approach makes use of two separate networks which are respectively trained in isolation on audio and visual data, so that each network specializes in a given modality. The visual subnetwork is a pre-trained VGG16 model followed by a bidiretional recurrent layer, while the residual audio subnetwork is based on stacked squeeze-excitation convolutional blocks trained from scratch. After training each subnetwork, the fusion of information from the audio and visual streams is performed at two different stages. The early fusion stage combines features resulting from the last convolutional block of the respective subnetworks at different time steps to feed a bidirectional recurrent structure. The late fusion stage combines the output of the early fusion stage with the independent predictions provided by the two subnetworks, resulting in the final prediction. We evaluate the method using the recently published TAU Audio-Visual Urban Scenes 2021, which contains synchronized audio and video recordings from 12 European cities in 10 different scene classes. The proposed model has been shown to provide an excellent trade-off between prediction performance (86.5%) and system complexity (15M parameters) in the evaluation results of the DCASE 2021 Challenge.

Published
2021

23. Study of energy response and resolution of the ATLAS Tile Calorimeter to hadrons of energies from 16 to 30 GeV

Author

Abdallah, Jalal, Angelidakis, Stylianos, Arabidze, Giorgi, Atanov, Nikolay, Bernhard, Johannes, Bonnefoy, Romeo, Bossio, Jonathan, Bouabid, Ryan, Carrio, Fernando, Davidek, Tomas, Dubovsky, Michal, Fiorini, Luca, Aparisi, Francisco Brandan Garcia, Carli, Tancredi, Gerbershagen, Alexander, Goksu, Hazal, Hadavand, Haleh, Harkusha, Siarhei, Hlaluku, Dingane, Hibbard, Michael James, Hildebrand, Kevin, Jejelava, Juansher, Kamenshchikov, Andrey, Kazakos, Stergios, Kello, Tomas, Korolkov, Ilya, Kulchitsky, Yuri, Lazar, Hadar, Lekalakala, Nthabiseng, Little, Jared, Madar, Romain, Manen, Samuel, Martins, Filipe, Masuku, Thabo, Minashvili, Irakli, Mkrtchyan, Tigran, Mlynarikova, Michaela, Moayedi, Seyedali, Nemecek, Stanislav, Nodulman, Lawrence, Oganezov, Robert, Olsson, Mats Joakim Robert, Oreglia, Mark, Pani, Priscilla, Paramonov, Alexander, Pottgen, Ruth, Reid, Tres, Bosca, Sergi Rodriguez, Perez, Andrea Rodriguez, Rosten, Rachel Christine, Saha, Puja, Santoni, Claudio, Sargsyan, Laura, Schaefer, Douglas Michael, Shalanda, Nikolay, Smith, Andrew Caldon, Solodkov, Alexander, Solovyanov, Oleg, Starovoitov, Pavel, Starchenko, Evgeny, Tas, Petr, Tereshchenko, Viacheslav, Tlou, Sijiye Humphry, Ughetto, Michael, Uhliarova, Lea, Usai, Giulio, Santurio, Eduardo Valdes, Biot, Alberto Valero, Volpi, Guido, Zakareishvili, Tamar, and Zuccarello, Pedro Diego

Subjects
Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, High Energy Physics - Experiment, High Energy Physics - Phenomenology
Abstract

Three spare modules of the ATLAS Tile Calorimeter were exposed to test beams from the Super Proton Synchrotron accelerator at CERN in 2017. The measurements of the energy response and resolution of the detector to positive pions and kaons and protons with energy in the range 16 to 30 GeV are reported. The results have uncertainties of few percent. They were compared to the predictions of the Geant4-based simulation program used in ATLAS to estimate the response of the detector to proton-proton events at Large Hadron Collider. The determinations obtained using experimental and simulated data agree within the uncertainties.

Published
2021
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24. Measurement of the cosmic-ray energy spectrum above $2.5{\times} 10^{18}$ eV using the Pierre Auger Observatory

Author

The Pierre Auger Collaboration, Aab, A., Abreu, P., Aglietta, M., Albury, J. M., Allekotte, I., Almela, A., Castillo, J. Alvarez, Alvarez-Muñiz, J., Batista, R. Alves, Anastasi, G. A., Anchordoqui, L., Andrada, B., Andringa, S., Aramo, C., Ferreira, P. R. Araújo, Asorey, H., Assis, P., Avila, G., Badescu, A. M., Bakalova, A., Balaceanu, A., Barbato, F., Luz, R. J. Barreira, Becker, K. H., Bellido, J. A., Berat, C., Bertaina, M. E., Bertou, X., Biermann, P. L., Bister, T., Biteau, J., Blanco, A., Blazek, J., Bleve, C., Boháčová, M., Boncioli, D., Bonifazi, C., Arbeletche, L. Bonneau, Borodai, N., Botti, A. M., Brack, J., Bretz, T., Briechle, F. L., Buchholz, P., Bueno, A., Buitink, S., Buscemi, M., Caballero-Mora, K. S., Caccianiga, L., Calcagni, L., Cancio, A., Canfora, F., Caracas, I., Carceller, J. M., Caruso, R., Castellina, A., Catalani, F., Cataldi, G., Cazon, L., Cerda, M., Chinellato, J. A., Choi, K., Chudoba, J., Chytka, L., Clay, R. W., Cerutti, A. C. Cobos, Colalillo, R., Coleman, A., Coluccia, M. R., Conceição, R., Condorelli, A., Consolati, G., Contreras, F., Convenga, F., Covault, C. E., Dasso, S., Daumiller, K., Dawson, B. R., Day, J. A., de Almeida, R. M., de Jesús, J., de Jong, S. J., De Mauro, G., Neto, J. R. T. de Mello, De Mitri, I., de Oliveira, J., Franco, D. de Oliveira, de Souza, V., De Vito, E., Debatin, J., del Río, M., Deligny, O., Dembinski, H., Dhital, N., Di Giulio, C., Di Matteo, A., Castro, M. L. Díaz, Dobrigkeit, C., D'Olivo, J. C., Dorosti, Q., Anjos, R. C. dos, Dova, M. T., Ebr, J., Engel, R., Epicoco, I., Erdmann, M., Escobar, C. O., Etchegoyen, A., Falcke, H., Farmer, J., Farrar, G., Fauth, A. C., Fazzini, N., Feldbusch, F., Fenu, F., Fick, B., Figueira, J. M., Filipčič, A., Fodran, T., Freire, M. M., Fujii, T., Fuster, A., Galea, C., Galelli, C., García, B., Vegas, A. L. Garcia, Gemmeke, H., Gesualdi, F., Gherghel-Lascu, A., Ghia, P. L., Giaccari, U., Giammarchi, M., Giller, M., Glombitza, J., Gobbi, F., Gollan, F., Golup, G., Berisso, M. Gómez, Vitale, P. F. Gómez, Gongora, J. P., González, N., Goos, I., Góra, D., Gorgi, A., Gottowik, M., Grubb, T. D., Guarino, F., Guedes, G. P., Guido, E., Hahn, S., Halliday, R., Hampel, M. R., Hansen, P., Harari, D., Harvey, V. M., Haungs, A., Hebbeker, T., Heck, D., Hill, G. C., Hojvat, C., Hörandel, J. R., Horvath, P., Hrabovský, M., Huege, T., Hulsman, J., Insolia, A., Isar, P. G., Johnsen, J. A., Jurysek, J., Kääpä, A., Kampert, K. H., Keilhauer, B., Kemp, J., Klages, H. O., Kleifges, M., Kleinfeller, J., Köpke, M., Mezek, G. Kukec, Lago, B. L., LaHurd, D., Lang, R. G., de Oliveira, M. A. Leigui, Lenok, V., Letessier-Selvon, A., Lhenry-Yvon, I., Presti, D. Lo, Lopes, L., López, R., Lorek, R., Luce, Q., Lucero, A., Payeras, A. Machado, Malacari, M., Mancarella, G., Mandat, D., Manning, B. C., Manshanden, J., Mantsch, P., Marafico, S., Mariazzi, A. G., Mariş, I. C., Marsella, G., Martello, D., Martinez, H., Bravo, O. Martínez, Mastrodicasa, M., Mathes, H. J., Matthews, J., Matthiae, G., Mayotte, E., Mazur, P. O., Medina-Tanco, G., Melo, D., Menshikov, A., Merenda, K. -D., Michal, S., Micheletti, M. I., Miramonti, L., Mockler, D., Mollerach, S., Montanet, F., Morello, C., Mostafá, M., Müller, A. L., Muller, M. A., Mulrey, K., Mussa, R., Muzio, M., Namasaka, W. M., Nellen, L., Nguyen, P. H., Niculescu-Oglinzanu, M., Niechciol, M., Nitz, D., Nosek, D., Novotny, V., Nožka, L., Nucita, A, Núñez, L. A., Palatka, M., Pallotta, J., Panetta, M. P., Papenbreer, P., Parente, G., Parra, A., Pech, M., Pedreira, F., Pękala, J., Pelayo, R., Peña-Rodriguez, J., Armand, J. Perez, Perlin, M., Perrone, L., Peters, C., Petrera, S., Pierog, T., Pimenta, M., Pirronello, V., Platino, M., Pont, B., Pothast, M., Privitera, P., Prouza, M., Puyleart, A., Querchfeld, S., Rautenberg, J., Ravignani, D., Reininghaus, M., Ridky, J., Riehn, F., Risse, M., Ristori, P., Rizi, V., de Carvalho, W. Rodrigues, Fernandez, G. Rodriguez, Rojo, J. Rodriguez, Roncoroni, M. J., Roth, M., Roulet, E., Rovero, A. C., Ruehl, P., Saffi, S. J., Saftoiu, A., Salamida, F., Salazar, H., Salina, G., Gomez, J. D. Sanabria, Sánchez, F., Santos, E. M., Santos, E., Sarazin, F., Sarmento, R., Sarmiento-Cano, C., Sato, R., Savina, P., Schäfer, C., Scherini, V., Schieler, H., Schimassek, M., Schimp, M., Schlüter, F., Schmidt, D., Scholten, O., Schovánek, P., Schröder, F. G., Schröder, S., Schulz, A., Sciutto, S. J., Scornavacche, M., Shellard, R. C., Sigl, G., Silli, G., Sima, O., Šmída, R., Sommers, P., Soriano, J. F., Souchard, J., Squartini, R., Stadelmaier, M., Stanca, D., Stanič, S., Stasielak, J., Stassi, P., Streich, A., Suárez-Durán, M., Sudholz, T., Suomijärvi, T., Supanitsky, A. D., Šupík, J., Szadkowski, Z., Taboada, A., Tapia, A., Timmermans, C., Tkachenko, O., Tobiska, P., Peixoto, C. J. Todero, Tomé, B., Elipe, G. Torralba, Travaini, A., Travnicek, P., Trimarelli, C., Trini, M., Tueros, M., Ulrich, R., Unger, M., Urban, M., Vaclavek, L., Vacula, M., Galicia, J. F. Valdés, Valiño, I., Valore, L., van Vliet, A., Varela, E., Cárdenas, B. Vargas, Vásquez-Ramírez, A., Veberič, D., Ventura, C., Quispe, I. D. Vergara, Verzi, V., Vicha, J., Villaseñor, L., Vink, J., Vorobiov, S., Wahlberg, H., Watson, A. A., Weber, M., Weindl, A., Wiencke, L., Wilczyński, H., Winchen, T., Wirtz, M., Wittkowski, D., Wundheiler, B., Yushkov, A., Zapparrata, O., Zas, E., Zavrtanik, D., Zavrtanik, M., Zehrer, L., Zepeda, A., Ziolkowski, M., and Zuccarello, F.

Subjects
Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena
Abstract

We report a measurement of the energy spectrum of cosmic rays for energies above $2.5 {\times} 10^{18}~$eV based on 215,030 events recorded with zenith angles below $60^\circ$. A key feature of the work is that the estimates of the energies are independent of assumptions about the unknown hadronic physics or of the primary mass composition. The measurement is the most precise made hitherto with the accumulated exposure being so large that the measurements of the flux are dominated by systematic uncertainties except at energies above $5 {\times} 10^{19}~$eV. The principal conclusions are: (1) The flattening of the spectrum near $5 {\times} 10^{18}~$eV, the so-called "ankle", is confirmed. (2) The steepening of the spectrum at around $5 {\times} 10^{19}~$eV is confirmed. (3) A new feature has been identified in the spectrum: in the region above the ankle the spectral index $\gamma$ of the particle flux ($\propto E^{-\gamma}$) changes from $2.51 \pm 0.03~{\rm (stat.)} \pm 0.05~{\rm (sys.)}$ to $3.05 \pm 0.05~{\rm (stat.)} \pm 0.10~{\rm (sys.)}$ before changing sharply to $5.1 \pm 0.3~{\rm (stat.)} \pm 0.1~{\rm (sys.)}$ above $5 {\times} 10^{19}~$eV. (4) No evidence for any dependence of the spectrum on declination has been found other than a mild excess from the Southern Hemisphere that is consistent with the anisotropy observed above $8 {\times} 10^{18}~$eV., Comment: Published version; 16 figures, 6 table

Published
2020
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25. Features of the energy spectrum of cosmic rays above $2.5{\times} 10^{18}$ eV using the Pierre Auger Observatory

Author

The Pierre Auger Collaboration, Aab, A., Abreu, P., Aglietta, M., Albury, J. M., Allekotte, I., Almela, A., Castillo, J. Alvarez, Alvarez-Muñiz, J., Batista, R. Alves, Anastasi, G. A., Anchordoqui, L., Andrada, B., Andringa, S., Aramo, C., Ferreira, P. R. Araújo, Asorey, H., Assis, P., Avila, G., Badescu, A. M., Bakalova, A., Balaceanu, A., Barbato, F., Luz, R. J. Barreira, Becker, K. H., Bellido, J. A., Berat, C., Bertaina, M. E., Bertou, X., Biermann, P. L., Bister, T., Biteau, J., Blanco, A., Blazek, J., Bleve, C., Boháčová, M., Boncioli, D., Bonifazi, C., Arbeletche, L. Bonneau, Borodai, N., Botti, A. M., Brack, J., Bretz, T., Briechle, F. L., Buchholz, P., Bueno, A., Buitink, S., Buscemi, M., Caballero-Mora, K. S., Caccianiga, L., Calcagni, L., Cancio, A., Canfora, F., Caracas, I., Carceller, J. M., Caruso, R., Castellina, A., Catalani, F., Cataldi, G., Cazon, L., Cerda, M., Chinellato, J. A., Choi, K., Chudoba, J., Chytka, L., Clay, R. W., Cerutti, A. C. Cobos, Colalillo, R., Coleman, A., Coluccia, M. R., Conceição, R., Condorelli, A., Consolati, G., Contreras, F., Convenga, F., Covault, C. E., Dasso, S., Daumiller, K., Dawson, B. R., Day, J. A., de Almeida, R. M., de Jesús, J., de Jong, S. J., De Mauro, G., Neto, J. R. T. de Mello, De Mitri, I., de Oliveira, J., Franco, D. de Oliveira, de Souza, V., De Vito, E., Debatin, J., del Río, M., Deligny, O., Dembinski, H., Dhital, N., Di Giulio, C., Di Matteo, A., Castro, M. L. Díaz, Dobrigkeit, C., D'Olivo, J. C., Dorosti, Q., Anjos, R. C. dos, Dova, M. T., Ebr, J., Engel, R., Epicoco, I., Erdmann, M., Escobar, C. O., Etchegoyen, A., Falcke, H., Farmer, J., Farrar, G., Fauth, A. C., Fazzini, N., Feldbusch, F., Fenu, F., Fick, B., Figueira, J. M., Filipčič, A., Fodran, T., Freire, M. M., Fujii, T., Fuster, A., Galea, C., Galelli, C., García, B., Vegas, A. L. Garcia, Gemmeke, H., Gesualdi, F., Gherghel-Lascu, A., Ghia, P. L., Giaccari, U., Giammarchi, M., Giller, M., Glombitza, J., Gobbi, F., Gollan, F., Golup, G., Berisso, M. Gómez, Vitale, P. F. Gómez, Gongora, J. P., González, N., Goos, I., Góra, D., Gorgi, A., Gottowik, M., Grubb, T. D., Guarino, F., Guedes, G. P., Guido, E., Hahn, S., Halliday, R., Hampel, M. R., Hansen, P., Harari, D., Harvey, V. M., Haungs, A., Hebbeker, T., Heck, D., Hill, G. C., Hojvat, C., Hörandel, J. R., Horvath, P., Hrabovský, M., Huege, T., Hulsman, J., Insolia, A., Isar, P. G., Johnsen, J. A., Jurysek, J., Kääpä, A., Kampert, K. H., Keilhauer, B., Kemp, J., Klages, H. O., Kleifges, M., Kleinfeller, J., Köpke, M., Mezek, G. Kukec, Lago, B. L., LaHurd, D., Lang, R. G., de Oliveira, M. A. Leigui, Lenok, V., Letessier-Selvon, A., Lhenry-Yvon, I., Presti, D. Lo, Lopes, L., López, R., Lorek, R., Luce, Q., Lucero, A., Payeras, A. Machado, Malacari, M., Mancarella, G., Mandat, D., Manning, B. C., Manshanden, J., Mantsch, P., Marafico, S., Mariazzi, A. G., Mariş, I. C., Marsella, G., Martello, D., Martinez, H., Bravo, O. Martínez, Mastrodicasa, M., Mathes, H. J., Matthews, J., Matthiae, G., Mayotte, E., Mazur, P. O., Medina-Tanco, G., Melo, D., Menshikov, A., Merenda, K. -D., Michal, S., Micheletti, M. I., Miramonti, L., Mockler, D., Mollerach, S., Montanet, F., Morello, C., Mostafá, M., Müller, A. L., Muller, M. A., Mulrey, K., Mussa, R., Muzio, M., Namasaka, W. M., Nellen, L., Nguyen, P. H., Niculescu-Oglinzanu, M., Niechciol, M., Nitz, D., Nosek, D., Novotny, V., Nožka, L., Nucita, A, Núñez, L. A., Palatka, M., Pallotta, J., Panetta, M. P., Papenbreer, P., Parente, G., Parra, A., Pech, M., Pedreira, F., Pękala, J., Pelayo, R., Peña-Rodriguez, J., Armand, J. Perez, Perlin, M., Perrone, L., Peters, C., Petrera, S., Pierog, T., Pimenta, M., Pirronello, V., Platino, M., Pont, B., Pothast, M., Privitera, P., Prouza, M., Puyleart, A., Querchfeld, S., Rautenberg, J., Ravignani, D., Reininghaus, M., Ridky, J., Riehn, F., Risse, M., Ristori, P., Rizi, V., de Carvalho, W. Rodrigues, Fernandez, G. Rodriguez, Rojo, J. Rodriguez, Roncoroni, M. J., Roth, M., Roulet, E., Rovero, A. C., Ruehl, P., Saffi, S. J., Saftoiu, A., Salamida, F., Salazar, H., Salina, G., Gomez, J. D. Sanabria, Sánchez, F., Santos, E. M., Santos, E., Sarazin, F., Sarmento, R., Sarmiento-Cano, C., Sato, R., Savina, P., Schäfer, C., Scherini, V., Schieler, H., Schimassek, M., Schimp, M., Schlüter, F., Schmidt, D., Scholten, O., Schovánek, P., Schröder, F. G., Schröder, S., Schulz, A., Sciutto, S. J., Scornavacche, M., Shellard, R. C., Sigl, G., Silli, G., Sima, O., Šmída, R., Sommers, P., Soriano, J. F., Souchard, J., Squartini, R., Stadelmaier, M., Stanca, D., Stanič, S., Stasielak, J., Stassi, P., Streich, A., Suárez-Durán, M., Sudholz, T., Suomijärvi, T., Supanitsky, A. D., Šupík, J., Szadkowski, Z., Taboada, A., Tapia, A., Timmermans, C., Tkachenko, O., Tobiska, P., Peixoto, C. J. Todero, Tomé, B., Elipe, G. Torralba, Travaini, A., Travnicek, P., Trimarelli, C., Trini, M., Tueros, M., Ulrich, R., Unger, M., Urban, M., Vaclavek, L., Vacula, M., Galicia, J. F. Valdés, Valiño, I., Valore, L., van Vliet, A., Varela, E., Cárdenas, B. Vargas, Vásquez-Ramírez, A., Veberič, D., Ventura, C., Quispe, I. D. Vergara, Verzi, V., Vicha, J., Villaseñor, L., Vink, J., Vorobiov, S., Wahlberg, H., Watson, A. A., Weber, M., Weindl, A., Wiencke, L., Wilczyński, H., Winchen, T., Wirtz, M., Wittkowski, D., Wundheiler, B., Yushkov, A., Zapparrata, O., Zas, E., Zavrtanik, D., Zavrtanik, M., Zehrer, L., Zepeda, A., Ziolkowski, M., and Zuccarello, F.

Subjects
Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena
Abstract

We report a measurement of the energy spectrum of cosmic rays above $2.5{\times} 10^{18}$ eV based on $215,030$ events. New results are presented: at about $1.3{\times} 10^{19}$ eV, the spectral index changes from $2.51 \pm 0.03 \textrm{ (stat.)} \pm 0.05 \textrm{ (sys.)}$ to $3.05 \pm 0.05 \textrm{ (stat.)}\pm 0.10\textrm{ (sys.)}$, evolving to $5.1\pm0.3\textrm{ (stat.)} \pm 0.1\textrm{ (sys.)}$ beyond $5{\times} 10^{19}$ eV, while no significant dependence of spectral features on the declination is seen in the accessible range. These features of the spectrum can be reproduced in models with energy-dependent mass composition. The energy density in cosmic rays above $5{\times} 10^{18}$ eV is $(5.66 \pm 0.03 \textrm{ (stat.)} \pm 1.40 \textrm{ (sys.)} ) {\times} 10^{53}~$erg Mpc$^{-3}$., Comment: Published version; 2 figures, 1 table

Published
2020
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26. Reconstruction of Events Recorded with the Surface Detector of the Pierre Auger Observatory

Author

The Pierre Auger Collaboration, Aab, A., Abreu, P., Aglietta, M., Albury, J. M., Allekotte, I., Almela, A., Castillo, J. Alvarez, Alvarez-Muñiz, J., Batista, R. Alves, Anastasi, G. A., Anchordoqui, L., Andrada, B., Andringa, S., Aramo, C., Ferreira, P. R. Araújo, Asorey, H., Assis, P., Avila, G., Badescu, A. M., Bakalova, A., Balaceanu, A., Barbato, F., Luz, R. J. Barreira, Becker, K. H., Bellido, J. A., Berat, C., Bertaina, M. E., Bertou, X., Biermann, P. L., Billoir, P., Bister, T., Biteau, J., Blanco, A., Blazek, J., Bleve, C., Boháčová, M., Boncioli, D., Bonifazi, C., Arbeletche, L. Bonneau, Borodai, N., Botti, A. M., Brack, J., Bretz, T., Briechle, F. L., Bridgeman, A., Buchholz, P., Bueno, A., Buitink, S., Buscemi, M., Caballero-Mora, K. S., Caccianiga, L., Calcagni, L., Cancio, A., Canfora, F., Caracas, I., Carceller, J. M., Caruso, R., Castellina, A., Catalani, F., Cataldi, G., Cazon, L., Cerda, M., Chinellato, J. A., Choi, K., Chudoba, J., Chytka, L., Clay, R. W., Cerutti, A. C. Cobos, Colalillo, R., Coleman, A., Coluccia, M. R., Conceição, R., Condorelli, A., Consolati, G., Contreras, F., Convenga, F., Covault, C. E., Dasso, S., Daumiller, K., Dawson, B. R., Day, J. A., de Almeida, R. M., de Jesús, J., de Jong, S. J., De Mauro, G., Neto, J. R. T. de Mello, De Mitri, I., de Oliveira, J., Franco, D. de Oliveira, de Souza, V., De Vito, E., Debatin, J., del Río, M., Deligny, O., Dhital, N., Di Matteo, A., Castro, M. L. Díaz, Dobrigkeit, C., D'Olivo, J. C., Dorosti, Q., Anjos, R. C. dos, Dova, M. T., Ebr, J., Engel, R., Epicoco, I., Erdmann, M., Escobar, C. O., Etchegoyen, A., Falcke, H., Farmer, J., Farrar, G., Fauth, A. C., Fazzini, N., Feldbusch, F., Fenu, F., Fick, B., Figueira, J. M., Filipčič, A., Fodran, T., Freire, M. M., Fujii, T., Fuster, A., Galea, C., Galelli, C., García, B., Vegas, A. L. Garcia, Gemmeke, H., Gesualdi, F., Gherghel-Lascu, A., Ghia, P. L., Giaccari, U., Giammarchi, M., Giller, M., Glombitza, J., Gobbi, F., Gollan, F., Golup, G., Berisso, M. Gómez, Vitale, P. F. Gómez, Gongora, J. P., González, N., Goos, I., Góra, D., Gorgi, A., Gottowik, M., Grubb, T. D., Guarino, F., Guedes, G. P., Guido, E., Hahn, S., Halliday, R., Hampel, M. R., Hansen, P., Harari, D., Harvey, V. M., Haungs, A., Hebbeker, T., Heck, D., Hill, G. C., Hojvat, C., Hörandel, J. R., Horvath, P., Hrabovský, M., Huege, T., Hulsman, J., Insolia, A., Isar, P. G., Johnsen, J. A., Jurysek, J., Kääpä, A., Kampert, K. H., Keilhauer, B., Kemp, J., Klages, H. O., Kleifges, M., Kleinfeller, J., Köpke, M., Mezek, G. Kukec, Lago, B. L., LaHurd, D., Lang, R. G., de Oliveira, M. A. Leigui, Lenok, V., Letessier-Selvon, A., Lhenry-Yvon, I., Presti, D. Lo, Lopes, L., López, R., Lorek, R., Luce, Q., Lucero, A., Payeras, A. Machado, Malacari, M., Mancarella, G., Mandat, D., Manning, B. C., Manshanden, J., Mantsch, P., Marafico, S., Mariazzi, A. G., Mariş, I. C., Marsella, G., Martello, D., Martinez, H., Bravo, O. Martínez, Mastrodicasa, M., Mathes, H. J., Matthews, J., Matthiae, G., Mayotte, E., Mazur, P. O., Medina-Tanco, G., Melo, D., Menshikov, A., Merenda, K. -D., Michal, S., Micheletti, M. I., Miramonti, L., Mockler, D., Mollerach, S., Montanet, F., Morello, C., Mostafá, M., Müller, A. L., Muller, M. A., Mulrey, K., Mussa, R., Muzio, M., Namasaka, W. M., Nellen, L., Niculescu-Oglinzanu, M., Niechciol, M., Nitz, D., Nosek, D., Novotny, V., Nožka, L., Nucita, A, Núñez, L. A., Palatka, M., Pallotta, J., Panetta, M. P., Papenbreer, P., Parente, G., Parra, A., Pech, M., Pedreira, F., Pękala, J., Pelayo, R., Peña-Rodriguez, J., Armand, J. Perez, Perlin, M., Perrone, L., Peters, C., Petrera, S., Pierog, T., Pimenta, M., Pirronello, V., Platino, M., Pont, B., Pothast, M., Privitera, P., Prouza, M., Puyleart, A., Querchfeld, S., Rautenberg, J., Ravignani, D., Reininghaus, M., Ridky, J., Riehn, F., Risse, M., Ristori, P., Rizi, V., de Carvalho, W. Rodrigues, Rojo, J. Rodriguez, Roncoroni, M. J., Roth, M., Roulet, E., Rovero, A. C., Ruehl, P., Saffi, S. J., Saftoiu, A., Salamida, F., Salazar, H., Salina, G., Gomez, J. D. Sanabria, Sánchez, F., Santos, E. M., Santos, E., Sarazin, F., Sarmento, R., Sarmiento-Cano, C., Sato, R., Savina, P., Schäfer, C., Scherini, V., Schieler, H., Schimassek, M., Schimp, M., Schlüter, F., Schmidt, D., Scholten, O., Schovánek, P., Schröder, F. G., Schröder, S., Schulz, A., Sciutto, S. J., Scornavacche, M., Shellard, R. C., Sigl, G., Silli, G., Sima, O., Šmída, R., Sommers, P., Soriano, J. F., Souchard, J., Squartini, R., Stadelmaier, M., Stanca, D., Stanič, S., Stasielak, J., Stassi, P., Streich, A., Suárez-Durán, M., Sudholz, T., Suomijärvi, T., Supanitsky, A. D., Šupík, J., Szadkowski, Z., Taboada, A., Tapia, A., Timmermans, C., Tkachenko, O., Tobiska, P., Peixoto, C. J. Todero, Tomé, B., Elipe, G. Torralba, Travaini, A., Travnicek, P., Trimarelli, C., Trini, M., Tueros, M., Ulrich, R., Unger, M., Urban, M., Vaclavek, L., Vacula, M., Galicia, J. F. Valdés, Valiño, I., Valore, L., van Vliet, A., Varela, E., Cárdenas, B. Vargas, Vásquez-Ramírez, A., Veberič, D., Ventura, C., Quispe, I. D. Vergara, Verzi, V., Vicha, J., Villaseñor, L., Vink, J., Vorobiov, S., Wahlberg, H., Watson, A. A., Weber, M., Weindl, A., Wiencke, L., Wilczyński, H., Winchen, T., Wirtz, M., Wittkowski, D., Wundheiler, B., Yushkov, A., Zapparrata, O., Zas, E., Zavrtanik, D., Zavrtanik, M., Zehrer, L., Zepeda, A., Ziolkowski, M., and Zuccarello, F.

Subjects
Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, High Energy Physics - Experiment
Abstract

Cosmic rays arriving at Earth collide with the upper parts of the atmosphere, thereby inducing extensive air showers. When secondary particles from the cascade arrive at the ground, they are measured by surface detector arrays. We describe the methods applied to the measurements of the surface detector of the Pierre Auger Observatory to reconstruct events with zenith angles less than $60^\circ$ using the timing and signal information recorded using the water-Cherenkov detector stations. In addition, we assess the accuracy of these methods in reconstructing the arrival directions of the primary cosmic ray particles and the sizes of the induced showers., Comment: Published version, 36 pages, 14 figures

Published
2020
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27. Studies on the response of a water-Cherenkov detector of the Pierre Auger Observatory to atmospheric muons using an RPC hodoscope

Author

The Pierre Auger Collaboration, Aab, A., Abreu, P., Aglietta, M., Albury, J. M., Allekotte, I., Almela, A., Castillo, J. Alvarez, Alvarez-Muñiz, J., Batista, R. Alves, Anastasi, G. A., Anchordoqui, L., Andrada, B., Andringa, S., Aramo, C., Ferreira, P. R. Araújo, Asorey, H., Assis, P., Avila, G., Badescu, A. M., Bakalova, A., Balaceanu, A., Barbato, F., Luz, R. J. Barreira, Becker, K. H., Bellido, J. A., Berat, C., Bertaina, M. E., Bertou, X., Biermann, P. L., Bister, T., Biteau, J., Blanco, A., Blazek, J., Bleve, C., Boháčová, M., Boncioli, D., Bonifazi, C., Arbeletche, L. Bonneau, Borodai, N., Botti, A. M., Brack, J., Bretz, T., Briechle, F. L., Buchholz, P., Bueno, A., Buitink, S., Buscemi, M., Caballero-Mora, K. S., Caccianiga, L., Calcagni, L., Cancio, A., Canfora, F., Caracas, I., Carceller, J. M., Caruso, R., Castellina, A., Catalani, F., Cataldi, G., Cazon, L., Cerda, M., Chinellato, J. A., Choi, K., Chudoba, J., Chytka, L., Clay, R. W., Cerutti, A. C. Cobos, Colalillo, R., Coleman, A., Coluccia, M. R., Conceição, R., Condorelli, A., Consolati, G., Contreras, F., Convenga, F., Covault, C. E., Dasso, S., Daumiller, K., Dawson, B. R., Day, J. A., de Almeida, R. M., de Jesús, J., de Jong, S. J., De Mauro, G., Neto, J. R. T. de Mello, De Mitri, I., de Oliveira, J., Franco, D. de Oliveira, de Souza, V., De Vito, E., Debatin, J., del Río, M., Deligny, O., Dhital, N., Di Matteo, A., Castro, M. L. Díaz, Dobrigkeit, C., D'Olivo, J. C., Dorosti, Q., Anjos, R. C. dos, Dova, M. T., Ebr, J., Engel, R., Epicoco, I., Erdmann, M., Escobar, C. O., Etchegoyen, A., Falcke, H., Farmer, J., Farrar, G., Fauth, A. C., Fazzini, N., Feldbusch, F., Fenu, F., Fick, B., Figueira, J. M., Filipčič, A., Fodran, T., Freire, M. M., Fujii, T., Fuster, A., Galea, C., Galelli, C., García, B., Vegas, A. L. Garcia, Gemmeke, H., Gesualdi, F., Gherghel-Lascu, A., Ghia, P. L., Giaccari, U., Giammarchi, M., Giller, M., Glombitza, J., Gobbi, F., Gollan, F., Golup, G., Berisso, M. Gómez, Vitale, P. F. Gómez, Gongora, J. P., González, N., Goos, I., Góra, D., Gorgi, A., Gottowik, M., Grubb, T. D., Guarino, F., Guedes, G. P., Guido, E., Hahn, S., Halliday, R., Hampel, M. R., Hansen, P., Harari, D., Harvey, V. M., Haungs, A., Hebbeker, T., Heck, D., Hill, G. C., Hojvat, C., Hörandel, J. R., Horvath, P., Hrabovský, M., Huege, T., Hulsman, J., Insolia, A., Isar, P. G., Johnsen, J. A., Jurysek, J., Kääpä, A., Kampert, K. H., Keilhauer, B., Kemp, J., Klages, H. O., Kleifges, M., Kleinfeller, J., Köpke, M., Mezek, G. Kukec, Lago, B. L., LaHurd, D., Lang, R. G., de Oliveira, M. A. Leigui, Lenok, V., Letessier-Selvon, A., Lhenry-Yvon, I., Presti, D. Lo, Lopes, L., López, R., Lorek, R., Luce, Q., Lucero, A., Payeras, A. Machado, Malacari, M., Mancarella, G., Mandat, D., Manning, B. C., Manshanden, J., Mantsch, P., Marafico, S., Mariazzi, A. G., Mariş, I. C., Marsella, G., Martello, D., Martinez, H., Bravo, O. Martínez, Mastrodicasa, M., Mathes, H. J., Matthews, J., Matthiae, G., Mayotte, E., Mazur, P. O., Medina-Tanco, G., Melo, D., Menshikov, A., Merenda, K. -D., Michal, S., Micheletti, M. I., Miramonti, L., Mockler, D., Mollerach, S., Montanet, F., Morello, C., Mostafá, M., Müller, A. L., Muller, M. A., Mulrey, K., Mussa, R., Muzio, M., Namasaka, W. M., Nellen, L., Niculescu-Oglinzanu, M., Niechciol, M., Nitz, D., Nosek, D., Novotny, V., Nožka, L., Nucita, A, Núñez, L. A., Palatka, M., Pallotta, J., Panetta, M. P., Papenbreer, P., Parente, G., Parra, A., Pech, M., Pedreira, F., Pękala, J., Pelayo, R., Peña-Rodriguez, J., Armand, J. Perez, Perlin, M., Perrone, L., Peters, C., Petrera, S., Pierog, T., Pimenta, M., Pirronello, V., Platino, M., Pont, B., Pothast, M., Privitera, P., Prouza, M., Puyleart, A., Querchfeld, S., Rautenberg, J., Ravignani, D., Reininghaus, M., Ridky, J., Riehn, F., Risse, M., Ristori, P., Rizi, V., de Carvalho, W. Rodrigues, Rojo, J. Rodriguez, Roncoroni, M. J., Roth, M., Roulet, E., Rovero, A. C., Ruehl, P., Saffi, S. J., Saftoiu, A., Salamida, F., Salazar, H., Salina, G., Gomez, J. D. Sanabria, Sánchez, F., Santos, E. M., Santos, E., Sarazin, F., Sarmento, R., Sarmiento-Cano, C., Sato, R., Savina, P., Schäfer, C., Scherini, V., Schieler, H., Schimassek, M., Schimp, M., Schlüter, F., Schmidt, D., Scholten, O., Schovánek, P., Schröder, F. G., Schröder, S., Sciutto, S. J., Scornavacche, M., Shellard, R. C., Sigl, G., Silli, G., Sima, O., Šmída, R., Sommers, P., Soriano, J. F., Souchard, J., Squartini, R., Stadelmaier, M., Stanca, D., Stanič, S., Stasielak, J., Stassi, P., Streich, A., Suárez-Durán, M., Sudholz, T., Suomijärvi, T., Supanitsky, A. D., Šupík, J., Szadkowski, Z., Taboada, A., Tapia, A., Timmermans, C., Tkachenko, O., Tobiska, P., Peixoto, C. J. Todero, Tomé, B., Elipe, G. Torralba, Travaini, A., Travnicek, P., Trimarelli, C., Trini, M., Tueros, M., Ulrich, R., Unger, M., Urban, M., Vaclavek, L., Vacula, M., Galicia, J. F. Valdés, Valiño, I., Valore, L., van Vliet, A., Varela, E., Cárdenas, B. Vargas, Vásquez-Ramírez, A., Veberič, D., Ventura, C., Quispe, I. D. Vergara, Verzi, V., Vicha, J., Villaseñor, L., Vink, J., Vorobiov, S., Wahlberg, H., Watson, A. A., Weber, M., Weindl, A., Wiencke, L., Wilczyński, H., Winchen, T., Wirtz, M., Wittkowski, D., Wundheiler, B., Yushkov, A., Zapparrata, O., Zas, E., Zavrtanik, D., Zavrtanik, M., Zehrer, L., Zepeda, A., Ziolkowski, M., and Zuccarello, F.

Subjects
Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors
Abstract

Extensive air showers, originating from ultra-high energy cosmic rays, have been successfully measured through the use of arrays of water-Cherenkov detectors (WCDs). Sophisticated analyses exploiting WCD data have made it possible to demonstrate that shower simulations, based on different hadronic-interaction models, cannot reproduce the observed number of muons at the ground. The accurate knowledge of the WCD response to muons is paramount in establishing the exact level of this discrepancy. In this work, we report on a study of the response of a WCD of the Pierre Auger Observatory to atmospheric muons performed with a hodoscope made of resistive plate chambers (RPCs), enabling us to select and reconstruct nearly 600 thousand single muon trajectories with zenith angles ranging from 0$^\circ$ to 55$^\circ$. Comparison of distributions of key observables between the hodoscope data and the predictions of dedicated simulations allows us to demonstrate the accuracy of the latter at a level of 2%. As the WCD calibration is based on its response to atmospheric muons, the hodoscope data are also exploited to show the long-term stability of the procedure., Comment: Published version, 25 pages, 9 figures

Published
2020
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28. Listen carefully and tell: an audio captioning system based on residual learning and gammatone audio representation

Author

Perez-Castanos, Sergi, Naranjo-Alcazar, Javier, Zuccarello, Pedro, and Cobos, Maximo

Subjects
Electrical Engineering and Systems Science - Audio and Speech Processing, Computer Science - Machine Learning, Computer Science - Sound
Abstract

Automated audio captioning is machine listening task whose goal is to describe an audio using free text. An automated audio captioning system has to be implemented as it accepts an audio as input and outputs as textual description, that is, the caption of the signal. This task can be useful in many applications such as automatic content description or machine-to-machine interaction. In this work, an automatic audio captioning based on residual learning on the encoder phase is proposed. The encoder phase is implemented via different Residual Networks configurations. The decoder phase (create the caption) is run using recurrent layers plus attention mechanism. The audio representation chosen has been Gammatone. Results show that the framework proposed in this work surpass the baseline system in challenge results., Comment: Submitted to DCASE2020 Workshop, Workshop on Detection and Classification of Acoustic Scenes and Events

Published
2020

29. Anomalous Sound Detection using unsupervised and semi-supervised autoencoders and gammatone audio representation

Author

Perez-Castanos, Sergi, Naranjo-Alcazar, Javier, Zuccarello, Pedro, and Cobos, Maximo

Subjects
Electrical Engineering and Systems Science - Audio and Speech Processing, Computer Science - Machine Learning, Computer Science - Sound
Abstract

Anomalous sound detection (ASD) is, nowadays, one of the topical subjects in machine listening discipline. Unsupervised detection is attracting a lot of interest due to its immediate applicability in many fields. For example, related to industrial processes, the early detection of malfunctions or damage in machines can mean great savings and an improvement in the efficiency of industrial processes. This problem can be solved with an unsupervised ASD solution since industrial machines will not be damaged simply by having this audio data in the training stage. This paper proposes a novel framework based on convolutional autoencoders (both unsupervised and semi-supervised) and a Gammatone-based representation of the audio. The results obtained by these architectures substantially exceed the results presented as a baseline., Comment: Submitted to DCASE2020 Workshop, Workshop on Detection and Classification of Acoustic Scenes and Events

Published
2020

30. Sound Event Localization and Detection using Squeeze-Excitation Residual CNNs

Author

Naranjo-Alcazar, Javier, Perez-Castanos, Sergi, Ferrandis, Jose, Zuccarello, Pedro, and Cobos, Maximo

Subjects
Computer Science - Sound, Electrical Engineering and Systems Science - Audio and Speech Processing
Abstract

Sound Event Localization and Detection (SELD) is a problem related to the field of machine listening whose objective is to recognize individual sound events, detect their temporal activity, and estimate their spatial location. Thanks to the emergence of more hard-labeled audio datasets, deep learning techniques have become state-of-the-art solutions. The most common ones are those that implement a convolutional recurrent network (CRNN) having previously transformed the audio signal into multichannel 2D representation. The squeeze-excitation technique can be considered as a convolution enhancement that aims to learn spatial and channel feature maps independently rather than together as standard convolutions do. This is usually achieved by combining some global clustering operators, linear operators and a final calibration between the block input and its learned relationships. This work aims to improve the accuracy results of the baseline CRNN presented in DCASE 2020 Task 3 by adding residual squeeze-excitation (SE) blocks in the convolutional part of the CRNN. The followed procedure involves a grid search of the ratio parameter (used in the linear relationships) of the residual SE block, whereas the hyperparameters of the network remain the same as in the baseline. Experiments show that by simply introducing the residual SE blocks, the results obtained are able to improve the baseline considerably., Comment: Accepted in URSI 2021, Vigo, Spain

Published
2020

31. Restoring process of sunspot penumbra

Author

Romano, P., Murabito, M., Guglielmino, S. L., Zuccarello, F., and Falco, M.

Subjects
Astrophysics - Solar and Stellar Astrophysics
Abstract

We describe the disappearance of a sector of sunspot penumbra and its restoring process observed in the preceding sunspot of active region NOAA 12348. The evolution of the magnetic field and the plasma flows support the idea that the penumbra forms due to a change of inclination of the magnetic field of the canopy. Moving magnetic features have been observed during the disintegration phase of that sector of sunspot penumbra. During the restoring phase we have not observed any magnetic flux emergence around the sunspot. The restoring process of the penumbra sector completed in about 72 hours and it was accompanied by the transition from the counter-Evershed flow to the classical Evershed flow. The inversion of photospheric spectropolarimetric measurements taken by IBIS allowed us to reconstruct how the uncombed configuration of the magnetic field forms during the new settlement of the penumbra, i.e., the vertical component of the magnetic field seems to be progressively replaced by some horizontal field lines, corresponding to the intra-spines., Comment: 34 pages, 11 figures, accepted for ApJ

Published
2020
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32. Differences in periodic magnetic helicity injection behaviour between flaring and non-flaring Active Regions: Case Study

Author

Korsos, M. B., Romano, P., Morgan, H., Ye, Y., Erdelyi, R., and Zuccarello, F.

Subjects
Astrophysics - Solar and Stellar Astrophysics
Abstract

The evolution of magnetic helicity has a close relationship with solar eruptions and is of interest as a predictive diagnostic. In this case study, we analyse the evolution of the normalised emergence, shearing and total magnetic helicity components in the case of three flaring and three non-flaring active regions (ARs) using SHARPs (Spaceweather Helioseismic Magnetic Imager Active Region Patches) vector magnetic field data. The evolution of the three magnetic helicity components is analysed with wavelet transforms, revealing significant common periodicities of the normalised emergence, shearing and total helicity fluxes before flares in the flaring ARs. The three non-flaring ARs do not show such common periodic behaviour. This case study suggests that the presence of significant periodicities in the power spectrum of magnetic helicity components could serve as a valuable precursor for flares.

Published
2020
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33. On the Magnetic Nature of an Exploding Granule as Revealed by Sunrise/IMaX

Author

Guglielmino, S. L., Pillet, V. Martínez, Cobo, B. Ruiz, Rubio, L. R. Bellot, Iniesta, J. C. del Toro, Solanki, S. K., Riethmüller, T. L., and Zuccarello, F.

Subjects
Astrophysics - Solar and Stellar Astrophysics
Abstract

We study the photospheric evolution of an exploding granule observed in the quiet Sun at high spatial ($0.3^{\prime\prime}$) and temporal (31.5 s) resolution by the imaging magnetograph Sunrise/IMaX in June 2009. These observations show that the exploding granule is cospatial to a magnetic flux emergence event occurring at mesogranular scale (up to 12 Mm$^{2}$ area). Using a modified version of the SIR code for inverting the IMaX spectropolarimetric measurements, we obtain information about the magnetic configuration of this photospheric feature. In particular, we find evidence of highly inclined emerging fields in the structure, carrying a magnetic flux content up to $4 \times 10^{18}$ Mx. The balance between gas and magnetic pressure in the region of flux emergence, compared with a very quiet region of the Sun, indicates that the additional pressure carried by the emerging flux increases by about 5% the total pressure and appears to allow the granulation to be modified, as predicted by numerical simulations. The overall characteristics suggest that a multi-polar structure emerges into the photosphere, resembling an almost horizontal flux sheet. This seems to be associated with exploding granules. Finally, we discuss the origin of such flux emergence events., Comment: 19 pages, 12 figure + Appendix, accepted for ApJ. Figure 1 and Figure 5 are a low-quality version of the original ones

Published
2020
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34. Search for magnetically-induced signatures in the arrival directions of ultra-high-energy cosmic rays measured at the Pierre Auger Observatory

Author

The Pierre Auger Collaboration, Aab, A., Abreu, P., Aglietta, M., Albury, J. M., Allekotte, I., Almela, A., Castillo, J. Alvarez, Alvarez-Muñiz, J., Batista, R. Alves, Anastasi, G. A., Anchordoqui, L., Andrada, B., Andringa, S., Aramo, C., Ferreira, P. R. Araújo, Asorey, H., Assis, P., Avila, G., Badescu, A. M., Bakalova, A., Balaceanu, A., Barbato, F., Luz, R. J. Barreira, Becker, K. H., Bellido, J. A., Berat, C., Bertaina, M. E., Bertou, X., Biermann, P. L., Bister, T., Biteau, J., Blanco, A., Blazek, J., Bleve, C., Boháčová, M., Boncioli, D., Bonifazi, C., Arbeletche, L. Bonneau, Borodai, N., Botti, A. M., Brack, J., Bretz, T., Briechle, F. L., Buchholz, P., Bueno, A., Buitink, S., Buscemi, M., Caballero-Mora, K. S., Caccianiga, L., Calcagni, L., Cancio, A., Canfora, F., Caracas, I., Carceller, J. M., Caruso, R., Castellina, A., Catalani, F., Cataldi, G., Cazon, L., Cerda, M., Chinellato, J. A., Choi, K., Chudoba, J., Chytka, L., Clay, R. W., Cerutti, A. C. Cobos, Colalillo, R., Coleman, A., Coluccia, M. R., Conceição, R., Condorelli, A., Consolati, G., Contreras, F., Convenga, F., Covault, C. E., Dasso, S., Daumiller, K., Dawson, B. R., Day, J. A., de Almeida, R. M., de Jesús, J., de Jong, S. J., De Mauro, G., Neto, J. R. T. de Mello, De Mitri, I., de Oliveira, J., Franco, D. de Oliveira, de Souza, V., Debatin, J., del Río, M., Deligny, O., Dhital, N., Di Matteo, A., Castro, M. L. Díaz, Dobrigkeit, C., D'Olivo, J. C., Dorosti, Q., Anjos, R. C. dos, Dova, M. T., Ebr, J., Engel, R., Epicoco, I., Erdmann, M., Escobar, C. O., Etchegoyen, A., Falcke, H., Farmer, J., Farrar, G., Fauth, A. C., Fazzini, N., Feldbusch, F., Fenu, F., Fick, B., Figueira, J. M., Filipčič, A., Fodran, T., Freire, M. M., Fujii, T., Fuster, A., Galea, C., Galelli, C., García, B., Vegas, A. L. Garcia, Gemmeke, H., Gesualdi, F., Gherghel-Lascu, A., Ghia, P. L., Giaccari, U., Giammarchi, M., Giller, M., Glombitza, J., Gobbi, F., Golup, G., Berisso, M. Gómez, Vitale, P. F. Gómez, Gongora, J. P., González, N., Goos, I., Góra, D., Gorgi, A., Gottowik, M., Grubb, T. D., Guarino, F., Guedes, G. P., Guido, E., Hahn, S., Halliday, R., Hampel, M. R., Hansen, P., Harari, D., Harvey, V. M., Haungs, A., Hebbeker, T., Heck, D., Hill, G. C., Hojvat, C., Hörandel, J. R., Horvath, P., Hrabovský, M., Huege, T., Hulsman, J., Insolia, A., Isar, P. G., Johnsen, J. A., Jurysek, J., Kääpä, A., Kampert, K. H., Keilhauer, B., Kemp, J., Klages, H. O., Kleifges, M., Kleinfeller, J., Köpke, M., Mezek, G. Kukec, Lago, B. L., LaHurd, D., Lang, R. G., de Oliveira, M. A. Leigui, Lenok, V., Letessier-Selvon, A., Lhenry-Yvon, I., Presti, D. Lo, Lopes, L., López, R., Lorek, R., Luce, Q., Lucero, A., Payeras, A. Machado, Malacari, M., Mancarella, G., Mandat, D., Manning, B. C., Manshanden, J., Mantsch, P., Marafico, S., Mariazzi, A. G., Mariş, I. C., Marsella, G., Martello, D., Martinez, H., Bravo, O. Martínez, Mastrodicasa, M., Mathes, H. J., Matthews, J., Matthiae, G., Mayotte, E., Mazur, P. O., Medina-Tanco, G., Melo, D., Menshikov, A., Merenda, K. -D., Michal, S., Micheletti, M. I., Miramonti, L., Mockler, D., Mollerach, S., Montanet, F., Morello, C., Mostafá, M., Müller, A. L., Muller, M. A., Mulrey, K., Mussa, R., Muzio, M., Namasaka, W. M., Nellen, L., Niculescu-Oglinzanu, M., Niechciol, M., Nitz, D., Nosek, D., Novotny, V., Nožka, L., Nucita, A, Núñez, L. A., Palatka, M., Pallotta, J., Panetta, M. P., Papenbreer, P., Parente, G., Parra, A., Pech, M., Pedreira, F., Pękala, J., Pelayo, R., Peña-Rodriguez, J., Armand, J. Perez, Perlin, M., Perrone, L., Peters, C., Petrera, S., Pierog, T., Pimenta, M., Pirronello, V., Platino, M., Pont, B., Pothast, M., Privitera, P., Prouza, M., Puyleart, A., Querchfeld, S., Rautenberg, J., Ravignani, D., Reininghaus, M., Ridky, J., Riehn, F., Risse, M., Ristori, P., Rizi, V., de Carvalho, W. Rodrigues, Rojo, J. Rodriguez, Roncoroni, M. J., Roth, M., Roulet, E., Rovero, A. C., Ruehl, P., Saffi, S. J., Saftoiu, A., Salamida, F., Salazar, H., Salina, G., Gomez, J. D. Sanabria, Sánchez, F., Santos, E. M., Santos, E., Sarazin, F., Sarmento, R., Sarmiento-Cano, C., Sato, R., Savina, P., Schäfer, C., Scherini, V., Schieler, H., Schimassek, M., Schimp, M., Schlüter, F., Schmidt, D., Scholten, O., Schovánek, P., Schröder, F. G., Schröder, S., Sciutto, S. J., Scornavacche, M., Shellard, R. C., Sigl, G., Silli, G., Sima, O., Šmída, R., Sommers, P., Soriano, J. F., Souchard, J., Squartini, R., Stadelmaier, M., Stanca, D., Stanič, S., Stasielak, J., Stassi, P., Streich, A., Suárez-Durán, M., Sudholz, T., Suomijärvi, T., Supanitsky, A. D., Šupík, J., Szadkowski, Z., Taboada, A., Tapia, A., Timmermans, C., Tobiska, P., Peixoto, C. J. Todero, Tomé, B., Elipe, G. Torralba, Travaini, A., Travnicek, P., Trimarelli, C., Trini, M., Tueros, M., Ulrich, R., Unger, M., Urban, M., Vaclavek, L., Vacula, M., Galicia, J. F. Valdés, Valiño, I., Valore, L., van Vliet, A., Varela, E., Cárdenas, B. Vargas, Vásquez-Ramírez, A., Veberič, D., Ventura, C., Quispe, I. D. Vergara, Verzi, V., Vicha, J., Villaseñor, L., Vink, J., Vorobiov, S., Wahlberg, H., Watson, A. A., Weber, M., Weindl, A., Wiencke, L., Wilczyński, H., Winchen, T., Wirtz, M., Wittkowski, D., Wundheiler, B., Yushkov, A., Zapparrata, O., Zas, E., Zavrtanik, D., Zavrtanik, M., Zehrer, L., Zepeda, A., Ziolkowski, M., and Zuccarello, F.

Subjects
Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena
Abstract

We search for signals of magnetically-induced effects in the arrival directions of ultra-high-energy cosmic rays detected at the Pierre Auger Observatory. We apply two different methods. One is a search for sets of events that show a correlation between their arrival direction and the inverse of their energy, which would be expected if they come from the same point-like source, they have the same electric charge and their deflection is relatively small and coherent. We refer to these sets of events as "multiplets". The second method, called "thrust", is a principal axis analysis aimed to detect the elongated patterns in a region of interest. We study the sensitivity of both methods using a benchmark simulation and we apply them to data in two different searches. The first search is done assuming as source candidates a list of nearby active galactic nuclei and starburst galaxies. The second is an all-sky blind search. We report the results and we find no statistically significant features. We discuss the compatibility of these results with the indications on the mass composition inferred from data of the Pierre Auger Observatory., Comment: Published version; correction of a minor typo

Published
2020
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35. Acoustic Scene Classification with Squeeze-Excitation Residual Networks

Author

Naranjo-Alcazar, Javier, Perez-Castanos, Sergi, Zuccarello, Pedro, and Cobos, Maximo

Subjects
Computer Science - Sound, Computer Science - Machine Learning, Electrical Engineering and Systems Science - Audio and Speech Processing
Abstract

Acoustic scene classification (ASC) is a problem related to the field of machine listening whose objective is to classify/tag an audio clip in a predefined label describing a scene location (e. g. park, airport, etc.). Many state-of-the-art solutions to ASC incorporate data augmentation techniques and model ensembles. However, considerable improvements can also be achieved only by modifying the architecture of convolutional neural networks (CNNs). In this work we propose two novel squeeze-excitation blocks to improve the accuracy of a CNN-based ASC framework based on residual learning. The main idea of squeeze-excitation blocks is to learn spatial and channel-wise feature maps independently instead of jointly as standard CNNs do. This is usually achieved by some global grouping operators, linear operators and a final calibration between the input of the block and its obtained relationships. The behavior of the block that implements such operators and, therefore, the entire neural network, can be modified depending on the input to the block, the established residual configurations and the selected non-linear activations. The analysis has been carried out using the TAU Urban Acoustic Scenes 2019 dataset (https://zenodo.org/record/2589280) presented in the 2019 edition of the DCASE challenge. All configurations discussed in this document exceed the performance of the baseline proposed by the DCASE organization by 13\% percentage points. In turn, the novel configurations proposed in this paper outperform the residual configurations proposed in previous works.

Published
2020
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36. Cosmic-ray anisotropies in right ascension measured by the Pierre Auger Observatory

Author

The Pierre Auger Collaboration, Aab, A., Abreu, P., Aglietta, M., Albuquerque, I. F. M., Albury, J. M., Allekotte, I., Almela, A., Castillo, J. Alvarez, Alvarez-Muñiz, J., Anastasi, G. A., Anchordoqui, L., Andrada, B., Andringa, S., Aramo, C., Ferreira, P. R. Araújo, Asorey, H., Assis, P., Avila, G., Badescu, A. M., Bakalova, A., Balaceanu, A., Barbato, F., Luz, R. J. Barreira, Becker, K. H., Bellido, J. A., Berat, C., Bertaina, M. E., Bertou, X., Biermann, P. L., Bister, T., Biteau, J., Blanco, A., Blazek, J., Bleve, C., Boháčová, M., Boncioli, D., Bonifazi, C., Arbeletche, L. Bonneau, Borodai, N., Botti, A. M., Brack, J., Bretz, T., Briechle, F. L., Buchholz, P., Bueno, A., Buitink, S., Buscemi, M., Caballero-Mora, K. S., Caccianiga, L., Calcagni, L., Cancio, A., Canfora, F., Caracas, I., Carceller, J. M., Caruso, R., Castellina, A., Catalani, F., Cataldi, G., Cazon, L., Cerda, M., Chinellato, J. A., Choi, K., Chudoba, J., Chytka, L., Clay, R. W., Cerutti, A. C. Cobos, Colalillo, R., Coleman, A., Coluccia, M. R., Conceição, R., Condorelli, A., Consolati, G., Contreras, F., Convenga, F., Covault, C. E., Dasso, S., Daumiller, K., Dawson, B. R., Day, J. A., de Almeida, R. M., de Jesús, J., de Jong, S. J., De Mauro, G., Neto, J. R. T. de Mello, De Mitri, I., de Oliveira, J., Franco, D. de Oliveira, de Souza, V., Debatin, J., del Río, M., Deligny, O., Dhital, N., Di Matteo, A., Castro, M. L. Díaz, Dobrigkeit, C., D'Olivo, J. C., Dorosti, Q., Anjos, R. C. dos, Dova, M. T., Ebr, J., Engel, R., Epicoco, I., Erdmann, M., Escobar, C. O., Etchegoyen, A., Falcke, H., Farmer, J., Farrar, G., Fauth, A. C., Fazzini, N., Feldbusch, F., Fenu, F., Fick, B., Figueira, J. M., Filipčič, A., Freire, M. M., Fujii, T., Fuster, A., Galea, C., Galelli, C., García, B., Vegas, A. L. Garcia, Gemmeke, H., Gesualdi, F., Gherghel-Lascu, A., Ghia, P. L., Giaccari, U., Giammarchi, M., Giller, M., Glombitza, J., Gobbi, F., Golup, G., Berisso, M. Gómez, Vitale, P. F. Gómez, Gongora, J. P., González, N., Goos, I., Góra, D., Gorgi, A., Gottowik, M., Grubb, T. D., Guarino, F., Guedes, G. P., Guido, E., Hahn, S., Halliday, R., Hampel, M. R., Hansen, P., Harari, D., Harvey, V. M., Haungs, A., Hebbeker, T., Heck, D., Hill, G. C., Hojvat, C., Hörandel, J. R., Horvath, P., Hrabovský, M., Huege, T., Hulsman, J., Insolia, A., Isar, P. G., Johnsen, J. A., Jurysek, J., Kääpä, A., Kampert, K. H., Keilhauer, B., Kemp, J., Klages, H. O., Kleifges, M., Kleinfeller, J., Köpke, M., Mezek, G. Kukec, Awad, A. Kuotb, Lago, B. L., LaHurd, D., Lang, R. G., de Oliveira, M. A. Leigui, Lenok, V., Letessier-Selvon, A., Lhenry-Yvon, I., Presti, D. Lo, Lopes, L., López, R., Casado, A. López, Lorek, R., Luce, Q., Lucero, A., Payeras, A. Machado, Malacari, M., Mancarella, G., Mandat, D., Manning, B. C., Manshanden, J., Mantsch, P., Mariazzi, A. G., Mariş, I. C., Marsella, G., Martello, D., Martinez, H., Bravo, O. Martínez, Mastrodicasa, M., Mathes, H. J., Matthews, J., Matthiae, G., Mayotte, E., Mazur, P. O., Medina-Tanco, G., Melo, D., Menshikov, A., Merenda, K. -D., Michal, S., Micheletti, M. I., Miramonti, L., Mockler, D., Mollerach, S., Montanet, F., Morello, C., Morlino, G., Mostafá, M., Müller, A. L., Muller, M. A., Müller, S., Mussa, R., Muzio, M., Namasaka, W. M., Nellen, L., Niculescu-Oglinzanu, M., Niechciol, M., Nitz, D., Nosek, D., Novotny, V., Nožka, L., Nucita, A, Núñez, L. A., Palatka, M., Pallotta, J., Panetta, M. P., Papenbreer, P., Parente, G., Parra, A., Pech, M., Pedreira, F., Pękala, J., Pelayo, R., Peña-Rodriguez, J., Pereira, L. A. S., Armand, J. Perez, Perlin, M., Perrone, L., Peters, C., Petrera, S., Pierog, T., Pimenta, M., Pirronello, V., Platino, M., Pont, B., Pothast, M., Privitera, P., Prouza, M., Puyleart, A., Querchfeld, S., Rautenberg, J., Ravignani, D., Reininghaus, M., Ridky, J., Riehn, F., Risse, M., Ristori, P., Rizi, V., de Carvalho, W. Rodrigues, Rojo, J. Rodriguez, Roncoroni, M. J., Roth, M., Roulet, E., Rovero, A. C., Ruehl, P., Saffi, S. J., Saftoiu, A., Salamida, F., Salazar, H., Salina, G., Gomez, J. D. Sanabria, Sánchez, F., Santos, E. M., Santos, E., Sarazin, F., Sarmento, R., Sarmiento-Cano, C., Sato, R., Savina, P., Schäfer, C., Scherini, V., Schieler, H., Schimassek, M., Schimp, M., Schlüter, F., Schmidt, D., Scholten, O., Schovánek, P., Schröder, F. G., Schröder, S., Sciutto, S. J., Scornavacche, M., Shellard, R. C., Sigl, G., Silli, G., Sima, O., Šmída, R., Sommers, P., Soriano, J. F., Souchard, J., Squartini, R., Stadelmaier, M., Stanca, D., Stanič, S., Stasielak, J., Stassi, P., Streich, A., Suárez-Durán, M., Sudholz, T., Suomijärvi, T., Supanitsky, A. D., Šupík, J., Szadkowski, Z., Taboada, A., Taborda, O. A., Tapia, A., Timmermans, C., Tobiska, P., Peixoto, C. J. Todero, Tomé, B., Elipe, G. Torralba, Travaini, A., Travnicek, P., Trimarelli, C., Trini, M., Tueros, M., Ulrich, R., Unger, M., Urban, M., Vaclavek, L., Galicia, J. F. Valdés, Valiño, I., Valore, L., van Vliet, A., Varela, E., Cárdenas, B. Vargas, Vásquez-Ramírez, A., Veberič, D., Ventura, C., Quispe, I. D. Vergara, Verzi, V., Vicha, J., Villaseñor, L., Vink, J., Vorobiov, S., Wahlberg, H., Watson, A. A., Weber, M., Weindl, A., Wiencke, L., Wilczyński, H., Winchen, T., Wirtz, M., Wittkowski, D., Wundheiler, B., Yushkov, A., Zas, E., Zavrtanik, D., Zavrtanik, M., Zehrer, L., Zepeda, A., Ziolkowski, M., and Zuccarello, F.

Subjects
Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena
Abstract

We present measurements of the large-scale cosmic-ray anisotropies in right ascension, using data collected by the surface detector array of the Pierre Auger Observatory over more than 14 years. We determine the equatorial dipole component, $\vec{d}_\perp$, through a Fourier analysis in right ascension that includes weights for each event so as to account for the main detector-induced systematic effects. For the energies at which the trigger efficiency of the array is small, the ``East-West'' method is employed. Besides using the data from the array with detectors separated by 1500 m, we also include data from the smaller but denser sub-array of detectors with 750 m separation, which allows us to extend the analysis down to $\sim 0.03$ EeV. The most significant equatorial dipole amplitude obtained is that in the cumulative bin above 8~EeV, $d_\perp=6.0^{+1.0}_{-0.9}$%, which is inconsistent with isotropy at the 6$\sigma$ level. In the bins below 8 EeV, we obtain 99% CL upper-bounds on $d_\perp$ at the level of 1 to 3 percent. At energies below 1 EeV, even though the amplitudes are not significant, the phases determined in most of the bins are not far from the right ascension of the Galactic center, at $\alpha_{\rm GC}=-94^\circ$, suggesting a predominantly Galactic origin for anisotropies at these energies. The reconstructed dipole phases in the energy bins above 4 EeV point instead to right ascensions that are almost opposite to the Galactic center one, indicative of an extragalactic cosmic ray origin., Comment: Accepted by ApJ

Published
2020
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37. Spectro-Polarimetric Analysis of an Umbral Filament

Author

Guglielmino, S. L., Romano, P., Cobo, B. Ruiz, Zuccarello, F., and Murabito, M.

Subjects
Astrophysics - Solar and Stellar Astrophysics
Abstract

High-resolution observations of the solar photosphere have recently revealed the presence of elongated filamentary bright structures inside sunspot umbrae. These features, which have been called umbral filaments (UFs), differ in morphology, evolution, and magnetic configuration from light bridges that are usually observed to intrude in sunspots. To study an UF observed in the leading sunspot of active region NOAA 12529, we have analyzed spectro-polarimetric observations taken in the photosphere with the spectropolarimeter (SP) aboard the Hinode satellite. High-resolution observations in the upper chromosphere and transition region taken with the IRIS telescope and observations acquired by SDO/HMI and SDO/AIA have been used to complement the spectro-polarimetric analysis. The results obtained from the inversion of the Hinode/SP measurements allow us to discard the hypothesis that UFs are a kind of light bridge. In fact, we find no field-free or low-field strength region cospatial to the observed UF. In contrast, we detect in the structure Stokes profiles that indicate the presence of strong horizontal fields, larger than 2500 G. Furthermore, a significant portion of the UF has opposite polarity with respect to the hosting umbra. In the upper atmospheric layers, we observe filaments being cospatial to the UF in the photosphere. We interpret these findings as suggesting that the UF could be the photospheric manifestation of a flux rope hanging above the sunspot, which triggers the formation of penumbral-like filaments within the umbra via magneto-convection., Comment: 4 pages, 1 figure, Proceedings of the 9th Solar Polarization Workshop SPW9

Published
2020
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38. Science Requirement Document (SRD) for the European Solar Telescope (EST) (2nd edition, December 2019)

Author

Schlichenmaier, R., Rubio, L. R. Bellot, Collados, M., Erdelyi, R., Feller, A., Fletcher, L., Jurcak, J., Khomenko, E., Leenaarts, J., Matthews, S., Belluzzi, L., Carlsson, M., Dalmasse, K., Danilovic, S., Gömöry, P., Kuckein, C., Sainz, R. Manso, Gonzalez, M. Martinez, Mathioudakis, M., Ortiz, A., Riethmüller, T. L., van der Voort, L. Rouppe, Simoes, P. J. A., Bueno, J. Trujillo, Utz, D., and Zuccarello, F.

Subjects
Astrophysics - Solar and Stellar Astrophysics, Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics
Abstract

The European Solar Telescope (EST) is a research infrastructure for solar physics. It is planned to be an on-axis solar telescope with an aperture of 4 m and equipped with an innovative suite of spectro-polarimetric and imaging post-focus instrumentation. The EST project was initiated and is driven by EAST, the European Association for Solar Telescopes. EAST was founded in 2006 as an association of 14 European countries. Today, as of December 2019, EAST consists of 26 European research institutes from 18 European countries. The Preliminary Design Phase of EST was accomplished between 2008 and 2011. During this phase, in 2010, the first version of the EST Science Requirement Document (SRD) was published. After EST became a project on the ESFRI roadmap 2016, the preparatory phase started. The goal of the preparatory phase is to accomplish a final design for the telescope and the legal governance structure of EST. A major milestone on this path is to revisit and update the Science Requirement Document (SRD). The EST Science Advisory Group (SAG) has been constituted by EAST and the Board of the PRE-EST EU project in November 2017 and has been charged with the task of providing with a final statement on the science requirements for EST. Based on the conceptual design, the SRD update takes into account recent technical and scientific developments, to ensure that EST provides significant advancement beyond the current state-of-the-art. The present update of the EST SRD has been developed and discussed during a series of EST SAG meetings. The SRD develops the top-level science objectives of EST into individual science cases. Identifying critical science requirements is one of its main goals. Those requirements will define the capabilities of EST and the post-focus instrument suite. The technical requirements for the final design of EST will be derived from the SRD., Comment: 2nd edition, December 2019, 138 pages

Published
2019

39. Continuum enhancements, line profiles and magnetic field evolution during consecutive flares

Author

Zuccarello, Francesca, Guglielmino, Salvo L., Capparelli, Vincenzo, Mathioudakis, Mihalis, Keys, Peter H., Criscuoli, Serena, Falco, Mariachiara, and Murabito, Mariarita

Subjects
Astrophysics - Solar and Stellar Astrophysics, Physics - Space Physics
Abstract

During solar flares, magnetic energy can be converted into electromagnetic radiation from radio waves to $\gamma$ rays. Enhancements in the continuum at visible wavelengths give rise to white-light flares, as well as continuum enhancements in the FUV and NUV passbands. In addition, the strong energy release in these events can lead to the rearrangement of the magnetic field at the photospheric level, causing morphological changes in large and stable magnetic structures like sunspots. In this context, we describe observations acquired by satellite instruments (IRIS, SDO/HMI, Hinode/SOT) and ground-based telescopes (ROSA/DST) during two consecutive C7.0 and X1.6 flares occurred in active region NOAA 12205 on 2014 November 7. The flare was accompanied by an eruption. The results of the analysis show the presence of continuum enhancements during the evolution of the events, observed both in ROSA images and in \textit{IRIS} spectra. In the latter, a prominent blue-shifted component is observed at the onset of the eruption. We investigate the role played by the evolution of the $\delta$ sunspots of the active region in the flare triggering, and finally we discuss the changes in the penumbrae surrounding these sunspots as a further consequence of these flares., Comment: 19 pages, accepted for ApJ; some figures are in B/W to accomplish size limits

Published
2019
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40. The Pierre Auger Observatory: Contributions to the 36th International Cosmic Ray Conference (ICRC 2019)

Author

The Pierre Auger Collaboration, Aab, A., Abreu, P., Aglietta, M., Albuquerque, I. F. M., Albury, J. M., Allekotte, I., Almela, A., Castillo, J. Alvarez, Alvarez-Muñiz, J., Anastasi, G. A., Anchordoqui, L., Andrada, B., Andringa, S., Aramo, C., Asorey, H., Assis, P., Avila, G., Badescu, A. M., Bakalova, A., Balaceanu, A., Barbato, F., Luz, R. J. Barreira, Baur, S., Becker, K. H., Bellido, J. A., Berat, C., Bertaina, M. E., Bertou, X., Biermann, P. L., Bister, T., Biteau, J., Blanco, A., Blazek, J., Bleve, C., Boháčová, M., Boncioli, D., Bonifazi, C., Borodai, N., Botti, A. M., Brack, J., Bretz, T., Briechle, F. L., Buchholz, P., Bueno, A., Buitink, S., Buscemi, M., Caballero-Mora, K. S., Caccianiga, L., Calcagni, L., Cancio, A., Canfora, F., Caracas, I., Carceller, J. M., Caruso, R., Castellina, A., Catalani, F., Cataldi, G., Cazon, L., Cerda, M., Chinellato, J. A., Choi, K., Chudoba, J., Chytka, L., Clay, R. W., Cerutti, A. C. Cobos, Colalillo, R., Coleman, A., Coluccia, M. R., Conceição, R., Condorelli, A., Consolati, G., Contreras, F., Convenga, F., Cooper, M. J., Coutu, S., Covault, C. E., Daniel, B., Dasso, S., Daumiller, K., Dawson, B. R., Day, J. A., de Almeida, R. M., de Jong, S. J., De Mauro, G., Neto, J. R. T. de Mello, De Mitri, I., de Oliveira, J., de Souza, V., Debatin, J., del Río, M., Deligny, O., Dhital, N., Di Matteo, A., Castro, M. L. Díaz, Dobrigkeit, C., D'Olivo, J. C., Dorosti, Q., Anjos, R. C. dos, Dova, M. T., Dundovic, A., Ebr, J., Engel, R., Erdmann, M., Escobar, C. O., Etchegoyen, A., Falcke, H., Farmer, J., Farrar, G., Fauth, A. C., Fazzini, N., Feldbusch, F., Fenu, F., Ferreyro, L. P., Figueira, J. M., Filipčič, A., Freire, M. M., Fujii, T., Fuster, A., García, B., Gemmeke, H., Gesualdi, F., Gherghel-Lascu, A., Ghia, P. L., Giaccari, U., Giammarchi, M., Giller, M., Głas, D., Glombitza, J., Gobbi, F., Golup, G., Berisso, M. Gómez, Vitale, P. F. Gómez, Gongora, J. P., González, N., Goos, I., Góra, D., Gorgi, A., Gottowik, M., Grubb, T. D., Guarino, F., Guedes, G. P., Guido, E., Hahn, S., Halliday, R., Hampel, M. R., Hansen, P., Harari, D., Harrison, T. A., Harvey, V. M., Haungs, A., Hebbeker, T., Heck, D., Hill, G. C., Hojvat, C., Holt, E. M., Hörandel, J. R., Horvath, P., Hrabovský, M., Huege, T., Hulsman, J., Insolia, A., Isar, P. G., Johnsen, J. A., Jurysek, J., Kääpä, A., Kampert, K. H., Keilhauer, B., Kemmerich, N., Kemp, J., Klages, H. O., Kleifges, M., Kleinfeller, J., Mezek, G. Kukec, Awad, A. Kuotb, Lago, B. L., LaHurd, D., Lang, R. G., Legumina, R., de Oliveira, M. A. Leigui, Lenok, V., Letessier-Selvon, A., Lhenry-Yvon, I., Lippmann, O. C., Presti, D. Lo, Lopes, L., López, R., Casado, A. López, Lorek, R., Luce, Q., Lucero, A., Malacari, M., Mancarella, G., Mandat, D., Manning, B. C., Manshanden, J., Mantsch, P., Mariazzi, A. G., Mariş, I. C., Marsella, G., Martello, D., Martinez, H., Bravo, O. Martínez, Mastrodicasa, M., Mathes, H. J., Mathys, S., Matthews, J., Matthiae, G., Mayotte, E., Mazur, P. O., Medina-Tanco, G., Melo, D., Menshikov, A., Merenda, K. -D., Michal, S., Micheletti, M. I., Miramonti, L., Mockler, D., Mollerach, S., Montanet, F., Morello, C., Morlino, G., Mostafá, M., Müller, A. L., Muller, M. A., Müller, S., Mussa, R., Namasaka, W. M., Nellen, L., Niculescu-Oglinzanu, M., Niechciol, M., Nitz, D., Nosek, D., Novotny, V., Nožka, L., Nucita, A, Núñez, L. A., Olinto, A., Palatka, M., Pallotta, J., Panetta, M. P., Papenbreer, P., Parente, G., Parra, A., Pech, M., Pedreira, F., Pękala, J., Pelayo, R., Peña-Rodriguez, J., Pereira, L. A. S., Perlin, M., Perrone, L., Peters, C., Petrera, S., Phuntsok, J., Pierog, T., Pimenta, M., Pirronello, V., Platino, M., Poh, J., Pont, B., Pothast, M., Prado, R. R., Privitera, P., Prouza, M., Puyleart, A., Querchfeld, S., Ramos-Pollan, R., Rautenberg, J., Ravignani, D., Reininghaus, M., Ridky, J., Riehn, F., Risse, M., Ristori, P., Rizi, V., de Carvalho, W. Rodrigues, Rojo, J. Rodriguez, Roncoroni, M. J., Roth, M., Roulet, E., Rovero, A. C., Ruehl, P., Saffi, S. J., Saftoiu, A., Salamida, F., Salazar, H., Salina, G., Gomez, J. D. Sanabria, Sánchez, F., Santos, E. M., Santos, E., Sarazin, F., Sarmento, R., Sarmiento-Cano, C., Sato, R., Savina, P., Schauer, M., Scherini, V., Schieler, H., Schimassek, M., Schimp, M., Schlüter, F., Schmidt, D., Scholten, O., Schovánek, P., Schröder, F. G., Schröder, S., Schumacher, J., Sciutto, S. J., Scornavacche, M., Shellard, R. C., Sigl, G., Silli, G., Sima, O., Šmída, R., Snow, G. R., Sommers, P., Soriano, J. F., Souchard, J., Squartini, R., Stadelmaier, M., Stanca, D., Stanič, S., Stasielak, J., Stassi, P., Stolpovskiy, M., Streich, A., Suárez-Durán, M., Sudholz, T., Suomijärvi, T., Supanitsky, A. D., Šupík, J., Szadkowski, Z., Taboada, A., Taborda, O. A., Tapia, A., Timmermans, C., Tobiska, P., Peixoto, C. J. Todero, Tomé, B., Elipe, G. Torralba, Travaini, A., Travnicek, P., Trini, M., Tueros, M., Ulrich, R., Unger, M., Urban, M., Galicia, J. F. Valdés, Valiño, I., Valore, L., Berg, A. M. van den, van Vliet, A., Varela, E., Cárdenas, B. Vargas, Vásquez-Ramírez, A., Veberič, D., Ventura, C., Quispe, I. D. Vergara, Verzi, V., Vicha, J., Villaseñor, L., Vink, J., Vorobiov, S., Wahlberg, H., Watson, A. A., Weber, M., Weindl, A., Wiedeński, M., Wiencke, L., Wilczyński, H., Winchen, T., Wirtz, M., Wittkowski, D., Wundheiler, B., Yang, L., Yushkov, A., Zas, E., Zavrtanik, D., Zavrtanik, M., Zehrer, L., Zepeda, A., Zimmermann, B., Ziolkowski, M., and Zuccarello, F.

Subjects
Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Astrophysics - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics, Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics
Abstract

Contributions of the Pierre Auger Collaboration to the 36th International Cosmic Ray Conference (ICRC 2019), 24 July - 1 August 2019, Madison, Wisconsin, USA., Comment: compendium of 29 proceedings for the ICRC 2019

Published
2019

41. On the performance of residual block design alternatives in convolutional neural networks for end-to-end audio classification

Author

Naranjo-Alcazar, Javier, Perez-Castanos, Sergi, Martin-Morato, Irene, Zuccarello, Pedro, and Cobos, Maximo

Subjects
Computer Science - Sound, Computer Science - Machine Learning, Electrical Engineering and Systems Science - Audio and Speech Processing
Abstract

Residual learning is a recently proposed learning framework to facilitate the training of very deep neural networks. Residual blocks or units are made of a set of stacked layers, where the inputs are added back to their outputs with the aim of creating identity mappings. In practice, such identity mappings are accomplished by means of the so-called skip or residual connections. However, multiple implementation alternatives arise with respect to where such skip connections are applied within the set of stacked layers that make up a residual block. While ResNet architectures for image classification using convolutional neural networks (CNNs) have been widely discussed in the literature, few works have adopted ResNet architectures so far for 1D audio classification tasks. Thus, the suitability of different residual block designs for raw audio classification is partly unknown. The purpose of this paper is to analyze and discuss the performance of several residual block implementations within a state-of-the-art CNN-based architecture for end-to-end audio classification using raw audio waveforms. For comparison purposes, we analyze as well the performance of the residual blocks under a similar 2D architecture using a conventional time-frequency audio represen-tation as input. The results show that the achieved accuracy is considerably dependent, not only on the specific residual block implementation, but also on the selected input normalization.

Published
2019

42. Probing the origin of ultra-high-energy cosmic rays with neutrinos in the EeV energy range using the Pierre Auger Observatory

Author

The Pierre Auger Collaboration, Aab, A., Abreu, P., Aglietta, M., Albuquerque, I. F. M., Albury, J. M., Allekotte, I., Almela, A., Castillo, J. Alvarez, Alvarez-Muñiz, J., Anastasi, G. A., Anchordoqui, L., Andrada, B., Andringa, S., Aramo, C., Asorey, H., Assis, P., Avila, G., Badescu, A. M., Bakalova, A., Balaceanu, A., Barbato, F., Luz, R. J. Barreira, Baur, S., Becker, K. H., Bellido, J. A., Berat, C., Bertaina, M. E., Bertou, X., Biermann, P. L., Biteau, J., Blanco, A., Blazek, J., Bleve, C., Boháčová, M., Boncioli, D., Bonifazi, C., Borodai, N., Botti, A. M., Brack, J., Bretz, T., Bridgeman, A., Briechle, F. L., Buchholz, P., Bueno, A., Buitink, S., Buscemi, M., Caballero-Mora, K. S., Caccianiga, L., Calcagni, L., Cancio, A., Canfora, F., Caracas, I., Carceller, J. M., Caruso, R., Castellina, A., Catalani, F., Cataldi, G., Cazon, L., Cerda, M., Chinellato, J. A., Choi, K., Chudoba, J., Chytka, L., Clay, R. W., Cerutti, A. C. Cobos, Colalillo, R., Coleman, A., Coluccia, M. R., Conceição, R., Condorelli, A., Consolati, G., Contreras, F., Convenga, F., Cooper, M. J., Coutu, S., Covault, C. E., Daniel, B., Dasso, S., Daumiller, K., Dawson, B. R., Day, J. A., de Almeida, R. M., de Jong, S. J., De Mauro, G., Neto, J. R. T. de Mello, De Mitri, I., de Oliveira, J., de Souza, V., Debatin, J., del Río, M., Deligny, O., Dhital, N., Di Matteo, A., Castro, M. L. Díaz, Dobrigkeit, C., D'Olivo, J. C., Dorosti, Q., Anjos, R. C. dos, Dova, M. T., Dundovic, A., Ebr, J., Engel, R., Erdmann, M., Escobar, C. O., Etchegoyen, A., Falcke, H., Farmer, J., Farrar, G., Fauth, A. C., Fazzini, N., Feldbusch, F., Fenu, F., Ferreyro, L. P., Figueira, J. M., Filipčič, A., Freire, M. M., Fujii, T., Fuster, A., García, B., Gemmeke, H., Gesualdi, F., Gherghel-Lascu, A., Ghia, P. L., Giaccari, U., Giammarchi, M., Giller, M., Głas, D., Glombitza, J., Gobbi, F., Golup, G., Berisso, M. Gómez, Vitale, P. F. Gómez, Gongora, J. P., González, N., Goos, I., Góra, D., Gorgi, A., Gottowik, M., Grubb, T. D., Guarino, F., Guedes, G. P., Guido, E., Hahn, S., Halliday, R., Hampel, M. R., Hansen, P., Harari, D., Harrison, T. A., Harvey, V. M., Haungs, A., Hebbeker, T., Heck, D., Heimann, P., Hill, G. C., Hojvat, C., Holt, E. M., Homola, P., Hörandel, J. R., Horvath, P., Hrabovský, M., Huege, T., Hulsman, J., Insolia, A., Isar, P. G., Johnsen, J. A., Jurysek, J., Kääpä, A., Kampert, K. H., Keilhauer, B., Kemmerich, N., Kemp, J., Klages, H. O., Kleifges, M., Kleinfeller, J., Kuempel, D., Mezek, G. Kukec, Awad, A. Kuotb, Lago, B. L., LaHurd, D., Lang, R. G., Legumina, R., de Oliveira, M. A. Leigui, Lenok, V., Letessier-Selvon, A., Lhenry-Yvon, I., Lippmann, O. C., Presti, D. Lo, Lopes, L., López, R., Casado, A. López, Lorek, R., Luce, Q., Lucero, A., Malacari, M., Mancarella, G., Mandat, D., Manning, B. C., Manshanden, J., Mantsch, P., Mariazzi, A. G., Mariş, I. C., Marsella, G., Martello, D., Martinez, H., Bravo, O. Martínez, Mastrodicasa, M., Mathes, H. J., Mathys, S., Matthews, J., Matthiae, G., Mayotte, E., Mazur, P. O., Medina-Tanco, G., Melo, D., Menshikov, A., Merenda, K. -D., Michal, S., Micheletti, M. I., Miramonti, L., Mockler, D., Mollerach, S., Montanet, F., Morello, C., Morlino, G., Mostafá, M., Müller, A. L., Muller, M. A., Müller, S., Mussa, R., Namasaka, W. M., Nellen, L., Niculescu-Oglinzanu, M., Niechciol, M., Nitz, D., Nosek, D., Novotny, V., Nožka, L., Nucita, A, Núñez, L. A., Olinto, A., Palatka, M., Pallotta, J., Panetta, M. P., Papenbreer, P., Parente, G., Parra, A., Pech, M., Pedreira, F., Pękala, J., Pelayo, R., Peña-Rodriguez, J., Pereira, L. A. S., Perlin, M., Perrone, L., Peters, C., Petrera, S., Phuntsok, J., Pierog, T., Pimenta, M., Pirronello, V., Platino, M., Poh, J., Pont, B., Porowski, C., Pothast, M., Prado, R. R., Privitera, P., Prouza, M., Puyleart, A., Querchfeld, S., Quinn, S., Ramos-Pollan, R., Rautenberg, J., Ravignani, D., Reininghaus, M., Ridky, J., Riehn, F., Risse, M., Ristori, P., Rizi, V., de Carvalho, W. Rodrigues, Rojo, J. Rodriguez, Roncoroni, M. J., Roth, M., Roulet, E., Rovero, A. C., Ruehl, P., Saffi, S. J., Saftoiu, A., Salamida, F., Salazar, H., Salina, G., Gomez, J. D. Sanabria, Sánchez, F., Santos, E. M., Santos, E., Sarazin, F., Sarmento, R., Sarmiento-Cano, C., Sato, R., Savina, P., Schauer, M., Scherini, V., Schieler, H., Schimassek, M., Schimp, M., Schlüter, F., Schmidt, D., Scholten, O., Schovánek, P., Schröder, F. G., Schröder, S., Schumacher, J., Sciutto, S. J., Scornavacche, M., Shellard, R. C., Sigl, G., Silli, G., Sima, O., Šmída, R., Snow, G. R., Sommers, P., Soriano, J. F., Souchard, J., Squartini, R., Stadelmaier, M., Stanca, D., Stanič, S., Stasielak, J., Stassi, P., Stolpovskiy, M., Streich, A., Suárez-Durán, M., Sudholz, T., Suomijärvi, T., Supanitsky, A. D., Šupík, J., Szadkowski, Z., Taboada, A., Taborda, O. A., Tapia, A., Timmermans, C., Tobiska, P., Peixoto, C. J. Todero, Tomé, B., Elipe, G. Torralba, Travaini, A., Travnicek, P., Trini, M., Tueros, M., Ulrich, R., Unger, M., Urban, M., Galicia, J. F. Valdés, Valiño, I., Valore, L., van Bodegom, P., Berg, A. M. van den, van Vliet, A., Varela, E., Cárdenas, B. Vargas, Vásquez-Ramírez, A., Veberič, D., Ventura, C., Quispe, I. D. Vergara, Verzi, V., Vicha, J., Villaseñor, L., Vink, J., Vorobiov, S., Wahlberg, H., Watson, A. A., Weber, M., Weindl, A., Wiedeński, M., Wiencke, L., Wilczyński, H., Winchen, T., Wirtz, M., Wittkowski, D., Wundheiler, B., Yang, L., Yushkov, A., Zas, E., Zavrtanik, D., Zavrtanik, M., Zehrer, L., Zepeda, A., Zimmermann, B., Ziolkowski, M., and Zuccarello, F.

Subjects
Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena
Abstract

Neutrinos with energies above $10^{17}$ eV are detectable with the Surface Detector Array of the Pierre Auger Observatory. The identification is efficiently performed for neutrinos of all flavors interacting in the atmosphere at large zenith angles, as well as for Earth-skimming $\tau$ neutrinos with nearly tangential trajectories relative to the earth. No neutrino candidates were found in $\sim\,14.7$ years of data taken up to 31 August 2018. This leads to restrictive upper bounds on their flux. The $90\%$ C.L. single-flavor limit to the diffuse flux of ultra-high-energy neutrinos with an $E_\nu^{-2}$ spectrum in the energy range $1.0 \times 10^{17}~{\rm eV} - 2.5 \times 10^{19}~{\rm eV}$ is $E^2 {\rm d}N_\nu/{\rm d}E_\nu < 4.4 \times 10^{-9}~{\rm GeV~cm^{-2}~s^{-1}~sr^{-1}}$, placing strong constraints on several models of neutrino production at EeV energies and on the properties of the sources of ultra-high-energy cosmic rays., Comment: Published version, 27 pages, 7 figures, 2 tables

Published
2019
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43. Limits on point-like sources of ultra-high-energy neutrinos with the Pierre Auger Observatory

Author

The Pierre Auger Collaboration, Aab, A., Abreu, P., Aglietta, M., Albuquerque, I. F. M., Albury, J. M., Allekotte, I., Almela, A., Castillo, J. Alvarez, Alvarez-Muñiz, J., Anastasi, G. A., Anchordoqui, L., Andrada, B., Andringa, S., Aramo, C., Asorey, H., Assis, P., Avila, G., Badescu, A. M., Bakalova, A., Balaceanu, A., Barbato, F., Luz, R. J. Barreira, Baur, S., Becker, K. H., Bellido, J. A., Berat, C., Bertaina, M. E., Bertou, X., Biermann, P. L., Biteau, J., Blanco, A., Blazek, J., Bleve, C., Boháčová, M., Boncioli, D., Bonifazi, C., Borodai, N., Botti, A. M., Brack, J., Bretz, T., Bridgeman, A., Briechle, F. L., Buchholz, P., Bueno, A., Buitink, S., Buscemi, M., Caballero-Mora, K. S., Caccianiga, L., Calcagni, L., Cancio, A., Canfora, F., Caracas, I., Carceller, J. M., Caruso, R., Castellina, A., Catalani, F., Cataldi, G., Cazon, L., Cerda, M., Chinellato, J. A., Choi, K., Chudoba, J., Chytka, L., Clay, R. W., Cerutti, A. C. Cobos, Colalillo, R., Coleman, A., Coluccia, M. R., Conceição, R., Condorelli, A., Consolati, G., Contreras, F., Convenga, F., Cooper, M. J., Coutu, S., Covault, C. E., Daniel, B., Dasso, S., Daumiller, K., Dawson, B. R., Day, J. A., de Almeida, R. M., de Jong, S. J., De Mauro, G., Neto, J. R. T. de Mello, De Mitri, I., de Oliveira, J., de Souza, V., Debatin, J., del Río, M., Deligny, O., Dhital, N., Di Matteo, A., Castro, M. L. Díaz, Dobrigkeit, C., D'Olivo, J. C., Dorosti, Q., Anjos, R. C. dos, Dova, M. T., Dundovic, A., Ebr, J., Engel, R., Erdmann, M., Escobar, C. O., Etchegoyen, A., Falcke, H., Farmer, J., Farrar, G., Fauth, A. C., Fazzini, N., Feldbusch, F., Fenu, F., Ferreyro, L. P., Figueira, J. M., Filipčič, A., Freire, M. M., Fujii, T., Fuster, A., García, B., Gemmeke, H., Gesualdi, F., Gherghel-Lascu, A., Ghia, P. L., Giaccari, U., Giammarchi, M., Giller, M., Głas, D., Glombitza, J., Gobbi, F., Golup, G., Berisso, M. Gómez, Vitale, P. F. Gómez, Gongora, J. P., González, N., Goos, I., Góra, D., Gorgi, A., Gottowik, M., Grubb, T. D., Guarino, F., Guedes, G. P., Guido, E., Hahn, S., Halliday, R., Hampel, M. R., Hansen, P., Harari, D., Harrison, T. A., Harvey, V. M., Haungs, A., Hebbeker, T., Heck, D., Heimann, P., Hill, G. C., Hojvat, C., Holt, E. M., Homola, P., Hörandel, J. R., Horvath, P., Hrabovský, M., Huege, T., Hulsman, J., Insolia, A., Isar, P. G., Johnsen, J. A., Jurysek, J., Kääpä, A., Kampert, K. H., Keilhauer, B., Kemmerich, N., Kemp, J., Klages, H. O., Kleifges, M., Kleinfeller, J., Kuempel, D., Mezek, G. Kukec, Awad, A. Kuotb, Lago, B. L., LaHurd, D., Lang, R. G., Legumina, R., de Oliveira, M. A. Leigui, Lenok, V., Letessier-Selvon, A., Lhenry-Yvon, I., Lippmann, O. C., Presti, D. Lo, Lopes, L., López, R., Casado, A. López, Lorek, R., Luce, Q., Lucero, A., Malacari, M., Mancarella, G., Mandat, D., Manning, B. C., Manshanden, J., Mantsch, P., Mariazzi, A. G., Mariş, I. C., Marsella, G., Martello, D., Martinez, H., Bravo, O. Martínez, Mastrodicasa, M., Mathes, H. J., Mathys, S., Matthews, J., Matthiae, G., Mayotte, E., Mazur, P. O., Medina-Tanco, G., Melo, D., Menshikov, A., Merenda, K. -D., Michal, S., Micheletti, M. I., Miramonti, L., Mockler, D., Mollerach, S., Montanet, F., Morello, C., Morlino, G., Mostafá, M., Müller, A. L., Muller, M. A., Müller, S., Mussa, R., Namasaka, W. M., Nellen, L., Niculescu-Oglinzanu, M., Niechciol, M., Nitz, D., Nosek, D., Novotny, V., Nožka, L., Nucita, A, Núñez, L. A., Olinto, A., Palatka, M., Pallotta, J., Panetta, M. P., Papenbreer, P., Parente, G., Parra, A., Pech, M., Pedreira, F., Pękala, J., Pelayo, R., Peña-Rodriguez, J., Pereira, L. A. S., Perlin, M., Perrone, L., Peters, C., Petrera, S., Phuntsok, J., Pierog, T., Pimenta, M., Pirronello, V., Platino, M., Poh, J., Pont, B., Porowski, C., Pothast, M., Prado, R. R., Privitera, P., Prouza, M., Puyleart, A., Querchfeld, S., Quinn, S., Ramos-Pollan, R., Rautenberg, J., Ravignani, D., Reininghaus, M., Ridky, J., Riehn, F., Risse, M., Ristori, P., Rizi, V., de Carvalho, W. Rodrigues, Rojo, J. Rodriguez, Roncoroni, M. J., Roth, M., Roulet, E., Rovero, A. C., Ruehl, P., Saffi, S. J., Saftoiu, A., Salamida, F., Salazar, H., Salina, G., Gomez, J. D. Sanabria, Sánchez, F., Santos, E. M., Santos, E., Sarazin, F., Sarmento, R., Sarmiento-Cano, C., Sato, R., Savina, P., Schauer, M., Scherini, V., Schieler, H., Schimassek, M., Schimp, M., Schlüter, F., Schmidt, D., Scholten, O., Schovánek, P., Schröder, F. G., Schröder, S., Schumacher, J., Sciutto, S. J., Scornavacche, M., Shellard, R. C., Sigl, G., Silli, G., Sima, O., Šmída, R., Snow, G. R., Sommers, P., Soriano, J. F., Souchard, J., Squartini, R., Stadelmaier, M., Stanca, D., Stanič, S., Stasielak, J., Stassi, P., Stolpovskiy, M., Streich, A., Suárez-Durán, M., Sudholz, T., Suomijärvi, T., Supanitsky, A. D., Šupík, J., Szadkowski, Z., Taboada, A., Taborda, O. A., Tapia, A., Timmermans, C., Tobiska, P., Peixoto, C. J. Todero, Tomé, B., Elipe, G. Torralba, Travaini, A., Travnicek, P., Trini, M., Tueros, M., Ulrich, R., Unger, M., Urban, M., Galicia, J. F. Valdés, Valiño, I., Valore, L., van Bodegom, P., Berg, A. M. van den, van Vliet, A., Varela, E., Cárdenas, B. Vargas, Vásquez-Ramírez, A., Veberič, D., Ventura, C., Quispe, I. D. Vergara, Verzi, V., Vicha, J., Villaseñor, L., Vink, J., Vorobiov, S., Wahlberg, H., Watson, A. A., Weber, M., Weindl, A., Wiedeński, M., Wiencke, L., Wilczyński, H., Winchen, T., Wirtz, M., Wittkowski, D., Wundheiler, B., Yang, L., Yushkov, A., Zas, E., Zavrtanik, D., Zavrtanik, M., Zehrer, L., Zepeda, A., Zimmermann, B., Ziolkowski, M., and Zuccarello, F.

Subjects
Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena
Abstract

With the Surface Detector array (SD) of the Pierre Auger Observatory we can detect neutrinos with energy between $10^{17}\,$eV and $10^{20}\,$eV from point-like sources across the sky, from close to the Southern Celestial Pole up to $60^\circ$ in declination, with peak sensitivities at declinations around $\sim -53^\circ$ and $\sim+55^\circ$, and an unmatched sensitivity for arrival directions in the Northern hemisphere. A search has been performed for highly-inclined air showers induced by neutrinos of all flavours with no candidate events found in data taken between 1 Jan 2004 and 31 Aug 2018. Upper limits on the neutrino flux from point-like steady sources have been derived as a function of source declination. An unrivaled sensitivity is achieved in searches for transient sources with emission lasting over an hour or less, if they occur within the field of view corresponding to the zenith angle range between $60^\circ$ and $~95^\circ$ where the SD of the Pierre Auger Observatory is most sensitive to neutrinos., Comment: 25 pages, 9 figures

Published
2019
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44. CNN depth analysis with different channel inputs for Acoustic Scene Classification

Author

Perez-Castanos, Sergi, Naranjo-Alcazar, Javier, Zuccarello, Pedro, Cobos, Maximo, and Ferri, Frances J.

Subjects
Computer Science - Sound, Computer Science - Machine Learning, Electrical Engineering and Systems Science - Audio and Speech Processing
Abstract

Acoustic scene classification (ASC) has been approached in the last years using deep learning techniques such as convolutional neural networks or recurrent neural networks. Many state-of-the-art solutions are based on image classification frameworks and, as such, a 2D representation of the audio signal is considered for training these networks. Finding the most suitable audio representation is still a research area of interest. In this paper, different log-Mel representations and combinations are analyzed. Experiments show that the best results are obtained using the harmonic and percussive components plus the difference between left and right stereo channels, (L-R). On the other hand, it is a common strategy to ensemble different models in order to increase the final accuracy. Even though averaging different model predictions is a common choice, an exhaustive analysis of different ensemble techniques has not been presented in ASC problems. In this paper, geometric and arithmetic mean plus the Ordered Weighted Averaging (OWA) operator are studied as aggregation operators for the output of the different models of the ensemble. Finally, the work carried out in this paper is highly oriented towards real-time implementations. In this context, as the number of applications for audio classification on edge devices is increasing exponentially, we also analyze different network depths and efficient solutions for aggregating ensemble predictions., Comment: Accepted at URSI 2020, Malaga, Spain

Published
2019

45. Properties of the Umbral Filament Observed in Active Region NOAA 12529

Author

Guglielmino, S. L., Romano, P., Cobo, B. Ruiz, Zuccarello, F., and Murabito, M.

Subjects
Astrophysics - Solar and Stellar Astrophysics
Abstract

Recent observations of the solar photosphere revealed the presence of elongated filamentary bright structures inside sunspot umbrae, called umbral filaments (UFs). These features differ in morphology, magnetic configuration, and evolution from light bridges that are usually observed to intrude in sunspots. To characterize an UF observed in the umbra of the giant leading sunspot of active region NOAA 12529, we analyze high-resolution observations taken in the photosphere with the spectropolarimeter aboard the Hinode satellite and in the upper chromosphere and transition region with the IRIS telescope. The results of this analysis definitely rule out the hypothesis that the UF might be a kind of light bridge. In fact, we find no field-free or low-field strength region cospatial to the UF. Conversely, we recognize the presence of a strong horizontal field larger than 2500 G, a significant portion of the UF with opposite polarity with respect to the surroundings, and filaments in the upper atmospheric layers corresponding to the UF in the photosphere. These findings suggest that this structure is the photospheric manifestation of a flux rope hanging above the sunspot and forming penumbral-like filaments within the umbra via magneto-convection. This reinforces a previously proposed scenario., Comment: 16 pages, 10 figures, accepted for ApJ; some figures are presented in low-quality version

Published
2019
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46. Multi-Messenger Physics with the Pierre Auger Observatory

Author

The Pierre Auger Collaboration, Aab, A., Abreu, P., Aglietta, M., Albuquerque, I. F. M., Albury, J. M., Allekotte, I., Almela, A., Castillo, J. Alvarez, Alvarez-Muñiz, J., Anastasi, G. A., Anchordoqui, L., Andrada, B., Andringa, S., Aramo, C., Asorey, H., Assis, P., Avila, G., Badescu, A. M., Bakalova, A., Balaceanu, A., Barbato, F., Luz, R. J. Barreira, Baur, S., Becker, K. H., Bellido, J. A., Berat, C., Bertaina, M. E., Bertou, X., Biermann, P. L., Biteau, J., Blaess, S. G., Blanco, A., Blazek, J., Bleve, C., Boháčová, M., Boncioli, D., Bonifazi, C., Borodai, N., Botti, A. M., Brack, J., Bretz, T., Bridgeman, A., Briechle, F. L., Buchholz, P., Bueno, A., Buitink, S., Buscemi, M., Caballero-Mora, K. S., Caccianiga, L., Calcagni, L., Cancio, A., Canfora, F., Carceller, J. M., Caruso, R., Castellina, A., Catalani, F., Cataldi, G., Cazon, L., Cerda, M., Chinellato, J. A., Chudoba, J., Chytka, L., Clay, R. W., Cerutti, A. C. Cobos, Colalillo, R., Coleman, A., Coluccia, M. R., Conceição, R., Condorelli, A., Consolati, G., Contreras, F., Convenga, F., Cooper, M. J., Coutu, S., Covault, C. E., Daniel, B., Dasso, S., Daumiller, K., Dawson, B. R., Day, J. A., de Almeida, R. M., de Jong, S. J., De Mauro, G., Neto, J. R. T. de Mello, De Mitri, I., de Oliveira, J., Salles, F. O. de Oliveira, de Souza, V., Debatin, J., del Río, M., Deligny, O., Dhital, N., Castro, M. L. Díaz, Diogo, F., Dobrigkeit, C., D'Olivo, J. C., Dorosti, Q., Anjos, R. C. dos, Dova, M. T., Dundovic, A., Ebr, J., Engel, R., Erdmann, M., Escobar, C. O., Etchegoyen, A., Falcke, H., Farmer, J., Farrar, G., Fauth, A. C., Fazzini, N., Feldbusch, F., Fenu, F., Ferreyro, L. P., Figueira, J. M., Filipčič, A., Freire, M. M., Fujii, T., Fuster, A., García, B., Gemmeke, H., Gherghel-Lascu, A., Ghia, P. L., Giaccari, U., Giammarchi, M., Giller, M., Głas, D., Glombitza, J., Gobbi, F., Golup, G., Berisso, M. Gómez, Vitale, P. F. Gómez, Gongora, J. P., González, N., Goos, I., Góra, D., Gorgi, A., Gottowik, M., Grubb, T. D., Guarino, F., Guedes, G. P., Guido, E., Halliday, R., Hampel, M. R., Hansen, P., Harari, D., Harrison, T. A., Harvey, V. M., Haungs, A., Hebbeker, T., Heck, D., Heimann, P., Hill, G. C., Hojvat, C., Holt, E. M., Homola, P., Hörandel, J. R., Horvath, P., Hrabovský, M., Huege, T., Hulsman, J., Insolia, A., Isar, P. G., Jandt, I., Johnsen, J. A., Josebachuili, M., Jurysek, J., Kääpä, A., Kampert, K. H., Keilhauer, B., Kemmerich, N., Kemp, J., Klages, H. O., Kleifges, M., Kleinfeller, J., Krause, R., Kuempel, D., Mezek, G. Kukec, Awad, A. Kuotb, Lago, B. L., LaHurd, D., Lang, R. G., Legumina, R., de Oliveira, M. A. Leigui, Lenok, V., Letessier-Selvon, A., Lhenry-Yvon, I., Lippmann, O. C., Presti, D. Lo, Lopes, L., López, R., Casado, A. López, Lorek, R., Luce, Q., Lucero, A., Malacari, M., Mancarella, G., Mandat, D., Manning, B. C., Mantsch, P., Mariazzi, A. G., Mariş, I. C., Marsella, G., Martello, D., Martinez, H., Bravo, O. Martínez, Mastrodicasa, M., Mathes, H. J., Mathys, S., Matthews, J., Matthiae, G., Mayotte, E., Mazur, P. O., Medina-Tanco, G., Melo, D., Menshikov, A., Merenda, K. -D., Michal, S., Micheletti, M. I., Middendorf, L., Miramonti, L., Mitrica, B., Mockler, D., Mollerach, S., Montanet, F., Morello, C., Morlino, G., Mostafá, M., Müller, A. L., Muller, M. A., Müller, S., Mussa, R., Nellen, L., Nguyen, P. H., Niculescu-Oglinzanu, M., Niechciol, M., Nitz, D., Nosek, D., Novotny, V., Nožka, L., Nucita, A, Núñez, L. A., Oikonomou, F., Olinto, A., Palatka, M., Pallotta, J., Panetta, M. P., Papenbreer, P., Parente, G., Parra, A., Pech, M., Pedreira, F., Pękala, J., Pelayo, R., Peña-Rodriguez, J., Pereira, L. A. S., Perlin, M., Perrone, L., Peters, C., Petrera, S., Phuntsok, J., Pierog, T., Pimenta, M., Pirronello, V., Platino, M., Poh, J., Pont, B., Porowski, C., Prado, R. R., Privitera, P., Prouza, M., Puyleart, A., Querchfeld, S., Quinn, S., Ramos-Pollan, R., Rautenberg, J., Ravignani, D., Reininghaus, M., Ridky, J., Riehn, F., Risse, M., Ristori, P., Rizi, V., de Carvalho, W. Rodrigues, Rojo, J. Rodriguez, Roncoroni, M. J., Roth, M., Roulet, E., Rovero, A. C., Ruehl, P., Saffi, S. J., Saftoiu, A., Salamida, F., Salazar, H., Salina, G., Gomez, J. D. Sanabria, Sánchez, F., Santos, E. M., Santos, E., Sarazin, F., Sarmento, R., Sarmiento-Cano, C., Sato, R., Savina, P., Schauer, M., Scherini, V., Schieler, H., Schimassek, M., Schimp, M., Schlüter, F., Schmidt, D., Scholten, O., Schovánek, P., Schröder, F. G., Schröder, S., Schumacher, J., Sciutto, S. J., Scornavacche, M., Shellard, R. C., Sigl, G., Silli, G., Sima, O., Šmída, R., Snow, G. R., Sommers, P., Soriano, J. F., Souchard, J., Squartini, R., Stanca, D., Stanič, S., Stasielak, J., Stassi, P., Stolpovskiy, M., Streich, A., Suarez, F., Suárez-Durán, M., Sudholz, T., Suomijärvi, T., Supanitsky, A. D., Šupík, J., Szadkowski, Z., Taboada, A., Taborda, O. A., Tapia, A., Timmermans, C., Peixoto, C. J. Todero, Tomé, B., Elipe, G. Torralba, Travaini, A., Travnicek, P., Trini, M., Tueros, M., Ulrich, R., Unger, M., Urban, M., Galicia, J. F. Valdés, Valiño, I., Valore, L., van Bodegom, P., Berg, A. M. van den, van Vliet, A., Varela, E., Cárdenas, B. Vargas, Veberič, D., Ventura, C., Quispe, I. D. Vergara, Verzi, V., Vicha, J., Villaseñor, L., Vink, J., Vorobiov, S., Wahlberg, H., Watson, A. A., Weber, M., Weindl, A., Wiedeński, M., Wiencke, L., Wilczyński, H., Winchen, T., Wirtz, M., Wittkowski, D., Wundheiler, B., Yang, L., Yushkov, A., Zas, E., Zavrtanik, D., Zavrtanik, M., Zehrer, L., Zepeda, A., Zimmermann, B., Ziolkowski, M., Zong, Z., and Zuccarello, F.

Subjects
Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena
Abstract

An overview of the multi-messenger capabilities of the Pierre Auger Observatory is presented. The techniques and performance of searching for Ultra-High Energy neutrinos, photons and neutrons are described. Some of the most relevant results are reviewed, such as stringent upper bounds that were placed to a flux of diffuse cosmogenic neutrinos and photons, bounds placed on neutrinos emitted from compact binary mergers that were detected by LIGO and Virgo during their first and second observing runs, as well as searches for high energy photons and neutrons from the Galactic center that constrain the properties of the putative Galactic PeVatron, observed by the H.E.S.S.\ collaboration. The observation of directional correlations between ultra-high energy cosmic rays and either high energy astrophysical neutrinos or specific source populations, weighted by their electromagnetic radiation, are also discussed. They constitute additional multi-messenger approaches aimed at identifying the sources of high energy cosmic rays., Comment: 28 pages, 7 figures, Review published in Frontiers in Astronomy and Space Sciences

Published
2019
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49. Data-driven estimation of the invisible energy of cosmic ray showers with the Pierre Auger Observatory

Author

The Pierre Auger Collaboration, Aab, A., Abreu, P., Aglietta, M., Albuquerque, I. F. M., Albury, J. M., Allekotte, I., Almela, A., Castillo, J. Alvarez, Alvarez-Muñiz, J., Anastasi, G. A., Anchordoqui, L., Andrada, B., Andringa, S., Aramo, C., Asorey, H., Assis, P., Avila, G., Badescu, A. M., Bakalova, A., Balaceanu, A., Barbato, F., Luz, R. J. Barreira, Baur, S., Becker, K. H., Bellido, J. A., Berat, C., Bertaina, M. E., Bertou, X., Biermann, P. L., Biteau, J., Blaess, S. G., Blanco, A., Blazek, J., Bleve, C., Boháčová, M., Boncioli, D., Bonifazi, C., Borodai, N., Botti, A. M., Brack, J., Bretz, T., Bridgeman, A., Briechle, F. L., Buchholz, P., Bueno, A., Buitink, S., Buscemi, M., Caballero-Mora, K. S., Caccianiga, L., Calcagni, L., Cancio, A., Canfora, F., Carceller, J. M., Caruso, R., Castellina, A., Catalani, F., Cataldi, G., Cazon, L., Cerda, M., Chinellato, J. A., Chudoba, J., Chytka, L., Clay, R. W., Cerutti, A. C. Cobos, Colalillo, R., Coleman, A., Coluccia, M. R., Conceição, R., Condorelli, A., Consolati, G., Contreras, F., Convenga, F., Cooper, M. J., Coutu, S., Covault, C. E., Daniel, B., Dasso, S., Daumiller, K., Dawson, B. R., Day, J. A., de Almeida, R. M., de Jong, S. J., De Mauro, G., Neto, J. R. T. de Mello, De Mitri, I., de Oliveira, J., Salles, F. O. de Oliveira, de Souza, V., Debatin, J., del Río, M., Deligny, O., Dhital, N., Castro, M. L. Díaz, Diogo, F., Dobrigkeit, C., D'Olivo, J. C., Dorosti, Q., Anjos, R. C. dos, Dova, M. T., Dundovic, A., Ebr, J., Engel, R., Erdmann, M., Escobar, C. O., Etchegoyen, A., Falcke, H., Farmer, J., Farrar, G., Fauth, A. C., Fazzini, N., Feldbusch, F., Fenu, F., Ferreyro, L. P., Figueira, J. M., Filipčič, A., Freire, M. M., Fujii, T., Fuster, A., García, B., Gemmeke, H., Gherghel-Lascu, A., Ghia, P. L., Giaccari, U., Giammarchi, M., Giller, M., Głas, D., Glombitza, J., Gobbi, F., Golup, G., Berisso, M. Gómez, Vitale, P. F. Gómez, Gongora, J. P., González, N., Goos, I., Góra, D., Gorgi, A., Gottowik, M., Grubb, T. D., Guarino, F., Guedes, G. P., Guido, E., Halliday, R., Hampel, M. R., Hansen, P., Harari, D., Harrison, T. A., Harvey, V. M., Haungs, A., Hebbeker, T., Heck, D., Heimann, P., Hill, G. C., Hojvat, C., Holt, E. M., Homola, P., Hörandel, J. R., Horvath, P., Hrabovský, M., Huege, T., Hulsman, J., Insolia, A., Isar, P. G., Jandt, I., Johnsen, J. A., Josebachuili, M., Jurysek, J., Kääpä, A., Kampert, K. H., Keilhauer, B., Kemmerich, N., Kemp, J., Klages, H. O., Kleifges, M., Kleinfeller, J., Krause, R., Kuempel, D., Mezek, G. Kukec, Awad, A. Kuotb, Lago, B. L., LaHurd, D., Lang, R. G., Legumina, R., de Oliveira, M. A. Leigui, Lenok, V., Letessier-Selvon, A., Lhenry-Yvon, I., Lippmann, O. C., Presti, D. Lo, Lopes, L., López, R., Casado, A. López, Lorek, R., Luce, Q., Lucero, A., Malacari, M., Mancarella, G., Mandat, D., Manning, B. C., Mantsch, P., Mariazzi, A. G., Mariş, I. C., Marsella, G., Martello, D., Martinez, H., Bravo, O. Martínez, Mastrodicasa, M., Mathes, H. J., Mathys, S., Matthews, J., Matthiae, G., Mayotte, E., Mazur, P. O., Medina-Tanco, G., Melo, D., Menshikov, A., Merenda, K. -D., Michal, S., Micheletti, M. I., Middendorf, L., Miramonti, L., Mitrica, B., Mockler, D., Mollerach, S., Montanet, F., Morello, C., Morlino, G., Mostafá, M., Müller, A. L., Muller, M. A., Müller, S., Mussa, R., Nellen, L., Nguyen, P. H., Niculescu-Oglinzanu, M., Niechciol, M., Nitz, D., Nosek, D., Novotny, V., Nožka, L., Nucita, A, Núñez, L. A., Olinto, A., Palatka, M., Pallotta, J., Panetta, M. P., Papenbreer, P., Parente, G., Parra, A., Pech, M., Pedreira, F., Pękala, J., Pelayo, R., Peña-Rodriguez, J., Pereira, L. A. S., Perlin, M., Perrone, L., Peters, C., Petrera, S., Phuntsok, J., Pierog, T., Pimenta, M., Pirronello, V., Platino, M., Poh, J., Pont, B., Porowski, C., Prado, R. R., Privitera, P., Prouza, M., Puyleart, A., Querchfeld, S., Quinn, S., Ramos-Pollan, R., Rautenberg, J., Ravignani, D., Reininghaus, M., Ridky, J., Riehn, F., Risse, M., Ristori, P., Rizi, V., de Carvalho, W. Rodrigues, Rojo, J. Rodriguez, Roncoroni, M. J., Roth, M., Roulet, E., Rovero, A. C., Ruehl, P., Saffi, S. J., Saftoiu, A., Salamida, F., Salazar, H., Salina, G., Gomez, J. D. Sanabria, Sánchez, F., Santos, E. M., Santos, E., Sarazin, F., Sarmento, R., Sarmiento-Cano, C., Sato, R., Savina, P., Schauer, M., Scherini, V., Schieler, H., Schimassek, M., Schimp, M., Schlüter, F., Schmidt, D., Scholten, O., Schovánek, P., Schröder, F. G., Schröder, S., Schumacher, J., Sciutto, S. J., Scornavacche, M., Shellard, R. C., Sigl, G., Silli, G., Sima, O., Šmída, R., Snow, G. R., Sommers, P., Soriano, J. F., Souchard, J., Squartini, R., Stanca, D., Stanič, S., Stasielak, J., Stassi, P., Stolpovskiy, M., Streich, A., Suarez, F., Suárez-Durán, M., Sudholz, T., Suomijärvi, T., Supanitsky, A. D., Šupík, J., Szadkowski, Z., Taboada, A., Taborda, O. A., Tapia, A., Timmermans, C., Peixoto, C. J. Todero, Tomé, B., Elipe, G. Torralba, Travaini, A., Travnicek, P., Trini, M., Tueros, M., Ulrich, R., Unger, M., Urban, M., Galicia, J. F. Valdés, Valiño, I., Valore, L., van Bodegom, P., Berg, A. M. van den, van Vliet, A., Varela, E., Cárdenas, B. Vargas, Veberič, D., Ventura, C., Quispe, I. D. Vergara, Verzi, V., Vicha, J., Villaseñor, L., Vink, J., Vorobiov, S., Wahlberg, H., Watson, A. A., Weber, M., Weindl, A., Wiedeński, M., Wiencke, L., Wilczyński, H., Winchen, T., Wirtz, M., Wittkowski, D., Wundheiler, B., Yang, L., Yushkov, A., Zas, E., Zavrtanik, D., Zavrtanik, M., Zehrer, L., Zepeda, A., Zimmermann, B., Ziolkowski, M., Zong, Z., and Zuccarello, F.

Subjects
Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena
Abstract

The determination of the primary energy of extensive air showers using the fluorescence detection technique requires an estimation of the energy carried away by particles that do not deposit all their energy in the atmosphere. This estimation is typically made using Monte Carlo simulations and thus depends on the assumed primary particle mass and on model predictions for neutrino and muon production. In this work we present a new method to obtain the invisible energy from events detected by the Pierre Auger Observatory. The method uses measurements of the muon number at ground level, and it allows us to reduce significantly the systematic uncertainties related to the mass composition and the high energy hadronic interaction models, and consequently to improve the estimation of the energy scale of the Observatory., Comment: Published version, 18 pages, 10 figures, 4 tables

Published
2019
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50. Recent insights on the penumbra formation process

Author

Murabito, M., Romano, P., Zuccarello, F., and Guglielmino, S. L.

Subjects
Astrophysics - Solar and Stellar Astrophysics
Abstract

Using high-resolution spectropolarimetric data acquired by \textit{IBIS}, as well as \textit{SDO}/HMI observations, we studied the penumbra formation in AR NOAA 11490 and in a sample of twelve ARs appeared on the solar disk on 2011 and 2012, which were characterized by $\beta$-type magnetic field configuration. The results show that the onset of the classical Evershed flow occurs in a very short time scale, 1-3 hours. Studying the formation of the first penumbral sector around the following proto-spot, we found that a stable penumbra forms in the area facing the opposite polarity, which appears to be co-spatial with an AFS, i.e. in a flux emergence region, in contrast with the results of \cite{Schlichenmaier2010} concerning the leading polarity of AR NOAA 11490. Conversely, analyzing the sample of twelve ARs, we noticed that there is not a preferred location for the formation of the first penumbral sector. We also observed before the penumbra formation an inverse Evershed flow, which changes its sign when the penumbra appears. This confirms the observational evidence that the appearance of the penumbral filaments is correlated with the transition from the inverse Evershed to the classical Evershed flow. Furthermore, the analysis suggests that the time needed to form the penumbra may be related to the location where the penumbra first appears. New high-resolution observations, like those that will be provided by the European Solar Telescope, are expected to increase our understanding of the penumbra formation process., Comment: 3 pages, 2 figures, to be published in "Nuovo Cimento C" as proceeding of the Third Meeting of the Italian Solar and Heliospheric Community

Published
2019
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