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Power plant emissions are a major cause of pollution in the environment. This necessitates the progressive replacement of conventional power plants with renewable energy sources. Changes in the quotas for conventional generating and renewable energy sources present new issues for modern power networks for example photovoltaic and wind turbines are replacing conventional power plants, which do not add to system inertia and due to the earth’s diurnal cycle and weather conditions. Solar radiations are not consistent all through the day, and photovoltaic (PV) generation is sometimes insufficient to meet the power requirement of the shifting local load. The amount of inertia in the power system, as well as the action of adjustable frequency reserves and the amount of power imbalance, all have an impact on frequency stability. As a result, estimating power system inertia and assessing frequency response are required so that necessary actions can be taken to assure frequency stability. In this way, the system frequency, power, and voltage stability are the major issues when high proportion of renewables are added. In this paper, we explained estimating power system inertia-related frequency problems. The approach account for the frequency and voltage fluctuations that occur after a disturbance and estimate the system’s total inertia constant as well as its overall power imbalance. The anticipated technique based on computational intelligence is used to analyze frequency responses from simulations of a test system under various circumstances on SIMULINK and focuses on the standalone PV system is critical for controlling it. As a result, the modelling of a PV system, battery, and generator using analogous circuits is discussed. As a matter of fact, maximum power should be harvested from a PV array to increase its efficiency that is depicted from the result outcomes of this research.

In this paper, we define the concept of direct product of finite anti fuzzy normal sub-rings over non-associative and noncommutative rings LA-rings and investigate the some fundamental properties of direct product of anti fuzzy normal sub-rings. © 2020 Global Research Online. All rights reserved.

Inductively coupled power transfer (ICPT) is a technology that is implemented to charge electric vehicles (EVs) wirelessly. Some developments from the past years indicate that this promising charging method has the potential to replace wired charging methods. Thus, some aspects of designing ICPT need to be discussed and considered to develop an optimal system. However, most reviews from the previous articles focused on the developments of ICPT systems in the scope of EV charging. This study not only reviews current developments and topical issues and challenges in high-power ICPT systems, but also presents several techniques for analysing the system as well as further developments for wireless EV charging adapted from the other electromagnetic field applications. This study will assist readers to analyse any proposed ICPT systems using current methods of analysis and to tackle highlighted topical issues presented from the previous technical papers.

The usage of the Wireless Power Transfer (WPT) technique for charging lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries of electric vehicles (EVs) is increasing rapidly. The Li-ion battery requires constant current (CC) followed by constant-voltage (CV) supply for efficient battery charging and to enhance its lifespan. However, it is hard to obtain CC and CV outputs due to the variation of battery resistance during charging. Moreover, a zero-phase angle (ZPA) of the input source is essential to improve the power transfer capability. Therefore, this paper proposes a new hybrid compensation topology to achieve load-independent CC and CV behavior of the WPT system along with ZPA. Two symmetrical coils have been used in the proposed WPT system as transmitter (Tx) and receiver (Rx) coils. A comprehensive mathematical analysis for achieving CC and CV characteristics as well as for power losses is carried out. A new hybrid compensation is designed by combining Series&ndash, Series (SS) and Inductor&ndash, Capacitor&ndash, Capacitor/Series (LCC-S) compensation topologies along with two additional switches. The proposed compensation works on single resonance frequency, and it is simple, reliable, and easy to implement with only one compensation capacitor from the Rx side. Simulations are performed, and a prototype is fabricated to verify the mathematical analysis and simulation results. The overall result shows that the mathematical analysis and simulations comply with the experimental results. Full load efficiencies of 90.33% and 88.91% are achieved in the CC and CV modes, respectively.

This paper presents dynamic analysis of a boost type DC-DC converter for high-brightness LED (HBLED) driving applications. The steady state operation in presence of all system parasitics has been discussed for continuous conduction mode (CCM). The state-space averaging, energy conservation principle and standard linearization are used to derive ac small signal control to inductor current open-loop transfer function of the converter. The derived transfer function can be further used in designing a robust feed-back control network for the system. In the end frequency and transient responses of the derived transfer function are obtained for a given set of component values, hence to provide a useful guide for control design engineers.

A low power, cost effective and energy efficient microcontroller (PIC 16F877A) based transceiver model has been presented. The designed model entails a combination of programmable microcontroller and relay circuitry to control the robotic vehicle through transceiver module. The model was simulated in a Mikro C environment, for communication signals from controlling side. The simulation results show an energy efficiency of 73%, with a distance of 20 meters for robotic vehicle. The results are in good agreement with theoretical understandings and show a greater efficiency, with low power consumption and reduced complexity. The simulations are found recurrent with stable findings and deemed compatible for applications.

This paper presents the improvement on accuracy and reliability of the load forecast model. It is well-known that characteristics of a load series is a non-stationary data, which is a constraint for the load forecast methods to achieve accurate and robustness responses. To overcome this limitation, a synergized method between wavelet transform and artificial neural network is proposed for short-term load forecasting. The modeling processes such as minimizing distorted data due to convolution operator of the wavelet transforms, model inputs and neural network design are presented. The proposed method is tested using historical load data of independent system operation New England. The results of the proposed model significantly outperform either accuracy or robustness results over neural network model.

Although, Back Propagation Neural Network are frequently implemented to forecast short-term electricity load, however, this training algorithm is criticized for its slow and improper convergence and poor generalization. There is a great need to explore the techniques that can overcome the above mentioned limitations to improve the forecast accuracy. In this paper, an improved BP neural network training algorithm is proposed that hybridizes simulated annealing and genetic algorithm (SA-GA). This hybrid approach leads to the integration of powerful local search capability of simulated annealing and near accurate global search performance of genetic algorithm. The proposed technique has shown better results in terms of load forecast accuracy and faster convergence. ISO New England data for the period of five years is employed to develop a case study that validates the efficacy of the proposed technique.

The aim of this research is to develop a low power, low cost and energy efficient transceiver model which is integrated with programmable microcontroller and ZigBee transponder. A combination of programmable microcontroller with ZigBee transponder is used to control the transceiver module with computer commands. It has b een simulated for transmitting and receiving the communication signals from any movable device with more efficiently and use low power consumption. ZigBee Transponder is preferable as compared to radio frequency identification (RFID) due to IEEE 802.15.4 standard that promises stable data transmission with low power consumption device and having higher network flexibility. PIC 16F877A programmable microcontroller with coding in Mikro C software is simulated and used with computer control instructions. Series of experiments has been conducted to ensure the stability and low power consumption of this model.

This paper proposes a one rank cuckoo search algorithm (ORCSA) for finding the optimal location and sizes of multiple distributed generation (DG) units in distribution networks. The ORCSA is the enhanced version of the cuckoo search algorithm (CSA) to improve convergence speed and provide better optimal solution. In this paper, the optimization problem of DG placement is formulated with multi-objectives of minimum power loss, minimum voltage deviation, and voltage stability improvement. In addition, the power factor of DG units is considered with multiple options by proposing power factor constraints. The proposed method is tested on 69-bus IEEE standard radial distribution system and the obtained results are compared to those from other artificial intelligence methods. The results comparison has indicated that the proposed ORCSA offers better solution than other techniques. Moreover, the results have introduced the operation of DG units at multiple options of power factor instead of only unity power factor under the current standard IEEE 1547.

An accurate load forecasting is always particularly important for optimal planning and energy management in smart buildings and power systems. Millions of dollars can be saved annually by increasing a small degree of improvement in prediction accuracy. However, forecasting load demand accurately is a challenging task due to multiple factors such as meteorological and exogenous variables. This paper develops a novel load forecasting model, which is based on a feed-forward artificial neural network (ANN), to predict hourly load demand for various seasons of a year. In this model, a global best particle swarm optimisation (GPSO) algorithm is applied as a new training technique to enhance the performance of ANN prediction. The fitness function is defined and a weight bias encoding/decoding scheme is presented to improve network training. Influential meteorological and exogenous variables along with correlated lagged load data are also employed as inputs in the presented model. The data of an ISO New England grid are used to validate the performance of the developed model. The results demonstrate that the proposed forecasting model can provide significantly better forecast accuracy, training performances and convergence characteristics than contemporary techniques found in the literature.

The aim of the study is to practically implement the Defected Ground Structure (DGS) based microstrip bandpass filter in an energy harvester circuit. DGS is widely used to bring about an enhancement in the characteristics of microwave circuits. The study of DGS is derived from the concept of Photonic/electromagnetic Band Gap (PBG) structures but it is easier to design and fabricate and has an easier equivalent LC resonator circuit. In this study, DGS has been reviewed from all aspects such as comparing it with PBG, discussing in detail its unit, its structure and property according to various shapes and designs and its several advantages in microstrip filters. Although DGS has various advantages in the area of microwave power amplifier, Wilkinson power divider, microwave antennas, couplers, etc., it is extensively used in the design of microwave filter to achieve stopband effects, slow-wave effects, frequency adjustment etc. Finally a DGS based bandpass filter working at 900 MHz has been designed, fabricated and tested for implementation in an Energy Harvester circuit.

The third harmonic current produced by salient pole synchronous generator has always been associated with high neutral current causing problem to neutral earthing resistor, telecommunication system, and earthfault protection. In this paper, the third harmonic model for salient pole synchronous generator in symmetrical component domain is proposed that comprise of generator parameter and generated voltage. The new computational technique in determining the third harmonic zero-sequence synchronous impedance is introduced. In completing the model, the method to characterize generated third harmonic zero-sequence voltage under balanced combine resistive and inductive load is described. In order to study the third harmonic current flowing in the network, the propagation model is also established. The third harmonic synchronous generator parameters are measured and comparatively validated with laboratory experiment results. In addition to that, the third harmonic generated voltage is characterized and validated experimentally.

Wireless power transfer (WPT) using inductive and resonant coupling has been widely explored in recent years for ease and safety over conventional cable charging systems. The efficiency of WPT systems is reducing drastically due to an increase in air-gaps and misalignment between transmitter (Tx) and receiver (Rx). Many circuit topologies have been analyzed to improve the efficiency of WPT system based on symmetrical coils. However, the circuit topologies have not been studied widely for unsymmetrical coils. This paper presents the investigation of two fundamental topologies i.e. Series-Series (SS) and Series-Parallel (SP) for unsymmetrical coils as well as symmetrical coils. Theoretical analysis of both the compensation topologies have been accomplished, then modeling of both the topologies have been done using two different combination of circular coils. In first case, two similar size coils have been designed and in second case transmitter coil of higher dimensions than receiver coil is designed. The efficiency of the system has been analyzed at multiple distances in both cases by integrating coil structure with the circuit. The overall result show that when Tx is bigger than Rx, the SP topology gives better efficiency than SS counterpart.

Short-term load forecast plays an important role in planning and operation of power systems. The accuracy of the forecast value is necessary for economically efficient operation and effective control of the plant. This study describes the methods of Autoregressive (AR) Burg’s and Modified Covariance (MCOV) in solving the short term load forecast. Both algorithms are tested with power load data from Malaysian grid and New South Wales, Australia. The forecast accuracy is assessed in terms of their errors. For the comparison the algorithms are tested and benchmark with the previous successful proposed methods.

This paper reports on an electromagnetic vibration energy harvester that utilizes a novel method of energy pumping based frequency up-conversion to effectively harvest energy from a broad range of low frequency (

A 1 £ 3 element linear array using cylindrical dielectric resonator antennas (CDRAs) is designed and presented for 802.11a WLAN system applications. The top and bottom elements of CDRA array are excited through the rectangular coupling slots etched on the ground plane, while the slots themselves are excited through the microstrip transmission line. The third element (i.e., central CDRA) is excited through the mutual coupling of two radiating elements by its sides. This mechanism enhances the bandwidth (96.1%) and gain (14.3%) as compared to aperture coupled technique. It is also observed that the side lobe levels are reduced over the designed frequency band. Using CST microwave studio, directivity of 10.5dBi has been achieved for operating frequency of 5.6GHz. Designed antenna array is fabricated and tested. Simulated and measured results are in good agreement. The equivalent lumped element circuit is also designed and presented using Advanced design system (ADS) for this proposed array.

A single element rectangular aperture coupled cylindrical dielectric resonator antenna (CDRA) with a plane reflector is proposed. A plane reflector is integrated at the back of the proposed CDRA to provide unidirectional radiation pattern with the improvement in gain and sidelobe level. The gain of the DRA is improved by reducing the back radiation caused by the aperture coupling. The peak gain of the antenna has been enhanced about 4.3 dB from 4.7 to 9.0 dBi at 5.18 GHz. The measured impedance bandwidth achieved for the proposed DRA is 0.2 GHz for S11 < −10 dB from 5.17 to 5.37 GHz. The radiation pattern with broadside radiation and low back radiation has been obtained. The experimental and measured results show that the antenna is high gain, small in size and satisfies the basic requirements of WLAN 802.11a.

This paper presents a new hybrid load forecast model to improve the accuracy and robustness of load profile forecasting (1–24 hours ahead). It comprises of Wavelet transform and Neural network based on parallel prediction method, which is called "PWNN". Wavelet transform is used to decompose the original load series into multiple load sub-series with different frequencies. Then, neural network is used to predict each load sub-series using parallel prediction method. The load forecast can be obtained by inverse wavelet transform. The results indicate that PWNN has a significant improvement of accuracy and robustness in load forecasting over other models used for comparison in this study.

In recent times, the Gas District Cooling (GDC) plant in Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS (UTP) has suffered faults throughout the power system network due to many reasons. It was reported that third harmonic component exists in its fault current. Synchronous generator is one of the triplen harmonic sources and third harmonic is the major component. Therefore, this paper intends to study the contribution of third harmonic produced by synchronous generator during three-phase to ground fault. Lab scale experiments are conducted to investigate the contribution of third harmonic towards overall fault current. The third harmonic current during normal operation is first measured and considered as base data. Then, third harmonic current during three-phase to ground fault is measured and compared with the base data. During three-phase to ground fault, the load impedance is removed from the circuit and the line is connected directly to the ground. It is found out that the contribution of third harmonic during three-phase to ground fault is significantly high compared to normal operation. The third harmonic fault current depends on effective zero sequence impedance of the circuit. During the fault, the effective zero sequence impedance of the circuit reduces and inversely the third harmonic current increases greatly.

Modern communication systems are required to be compact in size; hence devices building up the system face the challenge to be miniaturized. An iterative designed Bowtie shaped two pole planar bandpass filters utilizing triangular substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) resonators are presented. The triangular cavity design structure is presented; and the coupling of two cavities forms the first iteration of the bowtie shaped filter. The second iteration with reduced interresonator coupling area is also designed, simulated and fabricated for the center frequency of 7 GHz. The bandpass filter maintains high quality factor. The filter's responses reveal that along with miniaturization a better performance in terms of filter's insertion loss being better than 0.2 dB and return loss presented to be less than 30 dB is achieved.

The wireless transfer of electricity has gained vast importance in recent years. Many attempts had been done in this regard. The information generated is quite scattered and distributed. There is a need to harmonize the research findings of various researchers in an adept way. This review paper presents the critical evaluation of the research works done in the field of wireless power transmission since 1891. The attempt has been done in a cohesive way to connect the various findings and discussing their capabilities and limitations. The paper also highlights the major challenges faced by the research area and the new area of applications. The study closes with a conclusive review of latest scientific techniques and theoretical concepts, currently prevalent in wireless power transmission.

Wireless technology has become a new emerging technology in stakeout and security concerns industries. Study of wireless communication with energy efficiency is also a one of the most important research area. Therefore this paper presents an efficient computerized stakeout system (CSS) for stakeout and recognition purposes with the use of energy efficient ZigBee based transceiver. The designed model entails a combination of programmable microcontrollers, relay circuitry, DC motors and sharp camera eye to control the model through another wireless transceiver module which is connected with personal computer. In the operation of each sensor node in wireless and movable stakeout system, battery is also a most limiting factor for the whole system performance and lifetime so it is obtained that ZigBee transponders are capable in providing wider transmission range and efficient compare to RF and Wi-Fi due to low usage of power during data gathering transmission. The computer commands are used to control the motion and visual feedback is used to provide the precision control. The CSS system is capable of positioning at tedious and hazardous work space as instructed through command to get the actual visual feedback. The results are in good agreement with theoretical understandings and show a greater efficiency, with low power consumption and reduction in complexity.

This paper presents the design, modeling, and simulation of a multiple resonant MEMS vibration energy harvester (VEH) suitable for wireless sensor network (WSN) applications. Since ambient vibration has a frequency of 100 Hz and below, a multiple resonant harvester will be an advantage to increase the vibration frequency and hence the output voltage produced by the device. The high frequency harvester is designed using CMOS technology capable of monolithically integration with any CMOS circuits. For a standard button battery size (16 × 16 × 5 mm3) harvester, simulation result shows that the harvester can provide peak voltage of 3.0 Volts at 20 Hz and 1 g vibration with a single high frequency oscillator. The series configuration of high frequency structures can provide multiple of 3.0 Volts output voltage.

A tunable bandpass filter based on a technique that utilizes substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) and double coupling is presented. The SIW based bandpass filter is implemented using a bowtie shaped resonator structure. The bowtie shaped filter exhibits similar performance as found in rectangular and circular shaped SIW based bandpass filters. This concept reduces the circuit foot print of SIW; along with miniaturization high quality factor is maintained by the structure. The design methodology for single-pole triangular resonator structure is presented. Two different inter-resonator couplings of the resonators are incorporated in the design of the two-pole bowtie shaped SIW bandpass filter, and switching between the two couplings using a packaged RF MEMS switch delivers the tunable filter. A tunning of 1 GHz is achieved for two frequency states of 6.3 and 7.3 GHz. The total size of the circuit is 70mm x 36mm x 0.787 mm (LxWxH).

In this paper, the modelling and analysis of resonant wireless power transfer (RWPT) system are carried out by using circuit theory. Equations of the efficiency and frequency are derived for basic series-series circuit topology and series-parallel-mixed circuit topology. The designed model uses the series-parallel-mixed topology. The model is tested for two different peak-to-peak voltage levels including 20 V and 40 V. The achieved efficiency at 20 V is 49.10% and at 40 V is 49.52% approximately. The modelling is performed by using advanced design system (ADS) high frequency design software. In addition, an overview of currently available wireless power transfer (WPT) technologies and the recent study on inductive wireless power transfer (IWPT) and resonant wireless power transfer (RWPT) systems is also presented.

Summary Conducted experiment proves that third harmonic (TH) component of salient-pole synchronous generator behaves differently compared with fundamental frequency component in terms of generated voltage. Fundamental frequency-generated voltage depends on the excitation system, and the generated voltages before and during fault are almost the same. However, TH-generated voltage is independent of the excitation system. In other words, variation of the excitation current does not affect the generation of TH voltage as much as it affects the generation of fundamental frequency voltage. On top of that, the generation of TH voltage before and during fault varies significantly. Hence, a typical method to solve fault analysis for 3-phase–to–ground fault is not applicable in TH domain. Therefore, in this article, a method to find TH-generated voltage is proposed. The TH-generated voltage during 3-phase–to–ground fault is presented in terms of percentage called the harmonic fundamental ratio, which is the ratio of TH zero-sequence–generated voltage to fundamental frequency–positive sequence-generated voltage during fault. The harmonic fundamental ratio is obtained by short circuiting the generator terminal prior to the application in the system. It turns out that the generated TH voltage by synchronous generator depends on the zero-sequence TH impedance of the TH fault current path. Lastly, the proposed method to obtain TH-generated voltage by salient-pole synchronous generator is validated by comparing the calculated TH fault current with the actual TH fault current obtained from experiment.

Wireless power transfer (WPT) system has got significant attention in recent years due to its applications in consumer electronics, medical implants and electric vehicles etc. WPT is a promising choice in situations, where the physical connectors can be unreliable and susceptible to failure. The efficiency of WPT system decreasing rapidly with increasing air-gap. Many circuit topologies have been employed to enhance the efficiency of the WPT system. This paper presents the modelling and performance analysis of resonant wireless power transfer (RWPT) system using series-parallel-mixed topology. The power transfer efficiency analysis of the model is investigated via circuit theory. S-parameters have been used for measuring power transfer efficiency. Transient analysis is performed to realize the behavior of voltage and current waveforms using advanced design system (ADS) software. The proposed model is tested with two amplitudes i.e. 100 V peak-to-peak and 110 V peak-to-peak at the same frequency of 365.1 kHz. The overall result shows that the series-parallel-mixed topology model has higher efficiency at low coupling factor (K) for both voltage amplitudes.

A planar bandpass filter based on a technique that utilizes substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) is presented. The SIW based bandpass filter is implemented using a bowtie shaped resonator structure. The bowtie shaped filter exhibits similar performance as found in rectangular and circular shaped SIW based bandpass filters. This concept reduces the circuit foot print of SIW, along with miniaturization high quality factor is maintained by the structure. The design for single-pole resonator structure is presented; and by coupling the resonators a two-pole bowtie shaped SIW bandpass filter is achieved for the frequency of 7 GHz. The simulation result reveals that the filter’s insertion loss is better than 1 dB and return loss is less than 30 dB.

Accurate short term load forecasting is essential for reliable operation and several decision making processes of the power system. However, forecast model selection, network training issues and improper input selection of forecast model may significantly decrease the prediction accuracy of forecast model. As a result operational cost and reliability of system affected dramatically. In this paper, particle swarm optimization (PSO) based neural network (NN) forecast model is presented and compared with Levenberg Marquardt (LM) based NN forecast model for 168 hours ahead load forecast case studies. The impact of day type, day of the week, time of day and holidays on load demand are also analyzed. The mean absolute percentage errors (MAPE) and regression analysis of NN training are used to measure the forecast model performance. Moreover, PSONN based forecast model produces higher forecast accuracy for all test case studies with confidence interval of 99%. In this research ISO-New England grid load and respective weather data is used to train and test the forecast model.

An end-coupled line bandpass filter (BPF) is proposed and designed by placing defected ground structure (DGS) in the ground plane. DGS is used for its property of miniaturizing the size of microwave filter and also improving the mutual coupling between the resonators. The proposed dumbbell shaped DGS is used to tune the bandpass filter to 2.4 GHz with dimension of 44 mm × 18 mm. A wide tuning range of 0.64 GHz is achieved by tuning the height, length and width dimension of DGS unit cell. This filter gives an insertion loss of -0.42 dB, a return loss of -12.31 dB and -3 dB bandwidth of 0.92 GHz. The effect of DGS structure parameters on the frequency of bandpass filter is discussed here. The discussion is concerned over the change in R, L and C parameters of the bandpass filter when defected ground structure is etched in its ground plane. The results conclude that the DGS brings a change in effective inductance and capacitance of a transmission line.

This paper highlights input variable selection for neural network of the electrical system to predict the load demand in 168 hours ahead. Autocorrelation (ACF), partial autocorrelation (PACF) and cross correlation (CCF) analysis are used to identify the correlated input for the forecast model. The combination of time, time indicator, lagged load and respective weather variables are considered as forecast model inputs in order to enhance the accuracy of short-term term load forecast. Several case studies are designed to analyse the highly correlated forecast model inputs and evaluate its performance using artificial neural network (ANN) based forecast model. The accuracy of MAPE 1.79% is achieved for the model, by applying the input variables of lagged load, time, time indicator and forecasted weather.

In this paper, a computational intelligent technique genetic algorithm (GA) is implemented for the optimization of artificial neural network (ANN) architecture. The network structures are normally selected on the basis of the developer's prior knowledge or hit and trial approach is used for this purpose. ANN based models are frequently used for the prediction of future load, because of their learning and mapping ability to address the non linear nature of electrical load. The proposed technique provides a pathway to determine the best ANN architecture, prior to the training and learning process of neural network. Multi-objective algorithm is proposed in this research which optimizes the ANN architecture that leads to enhancement in load forecast accuracy and reduction in the computational cost. The results of several experiment conducted during this work, exhibits that forecast accuracy is considerably enhanced by using an optimized and reduced ANN structure.

A single element circular slot aperture coupled Cylindrical Dielectric Resonator Antenna (CDRA) with a parabolic reflector is simulated and presented. The measured bandwidth of the single element CDRA is about 1.8 % (5.32 - 5.52) while the simulated bandwidth is 1.11% (5.32 - 5.44 GHz). A comprehensive parametric study has been conducted to realize the effects of reflector parameters to increase the directivity of the designed antenna. The simulation of the antenna with parabolic reflector shows that it can enhance the gain about 240% as compared to the single element CDRA without reflector. The experimental results show that the antenna covers 5 GHz band, which satisfies the basic requirement of the WLAN application IEEE 802.11a.

The paper is to propose a multi-input power converter (MIPC) for hybrid photovoltaic (PV) array, wind turbine (WT), fuel cell (FC) and battery storage (BT) connected AC grid network. The aim is to simplify the power system and reduce the cost. The proposed MIPC consists of a dc-dc converter and a dc-ac inverter. The output power characteristics of the PV array, WT and FC are introduced. The perturbation and observation (PO first to third modes occur when the power only from either renewable energy (RE) sources, fourth mode happens when power is demanded from all RE sources and finally when no power are available from all RE sources. The proposed system has been simulated by Matlab/Simulink software and the results are discussed in details.