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We successfully demonstrate the generation of nanosecond pulses in a passively Erbium-doped fiber laser (EDFL) by an Ag2S-based saturable absorbeer (SA). A simple and low-cost liquid phase exfoliation (LPE) method is used to fabricate the SA. Through LPE, the SA element is coated onto a thin film of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), which serves as the host material. The Ag2S SA film exhibits good nonlinear absorption characteristics to give it strong potential as an ideal SA. It has a modulation depth of 25.3% and a saturation intensity of 1.11 MW/cm2. The laser is able to generate a self-started mode-locked pulse at a threshold pump power of 145.83 mW with a fundamental repetition rate of 0.98 MHz and a pulse duration of 256 ns, respectively. At the maximum pump power, the laser delivers a pulse energy of 2.08 nJ and an output power of 2.11 mW. This demonstration suggests that Ag2S SA has good capacity for generating nanosecond mode-locked lasers in the C-band region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report the feasibility of vanadium aluminum carbide (V2AlC) for implementation as a saturable absorber (SA) for Q-switched pulse generation in Erbium-doped fiber laser (EDFL) cavity. The V2AlC, a MAX phase material is successfully combined with polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) to form a SA film for use in generating stable Q-switched pulses operating at 1559 nm with a maximum repetition rate of 53.55 kHz and a minimum pulse width of 2.54 μs. The maximum pulse energy equal to 57.14nJ is recorded at a 71.5 mW pump power. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of EDFL passive Q-switching using V2AlC absorber. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We propose a MXene Ti3C2Tx thin-film and demonstrate as saturable absorber (SA) to generate mode-locked laser pulses. In constructing the SA, titanium carbide (Ti3C2Tx) powder obtained through a selective etching process is dispersed in polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) solution before the mixture is dried to form a thin film. A small piece of the film is placed between two fiber ferrules to form a SA device and added to an erbium-doped fiber laser (EDFL) cavity with a length of 106 m to produce mode-locked pulses. The mode-locked laser operates at 1561.2 nm with a repetition rate of 1.89 MHz and pulse width of 154 ns as the pump power is fixed within a range from 40.2 to 87.2 mW. At 87.2 mW pump power, the maximum average output power, pulse energy, and peak power were measured to be 11.85 mW, 6.24 nJ, and 40.7 mW respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Picosecond laser pulses are showing increasing importance in various industrial and scientific applications. Here, we exploit the saturable absorption of Vanadium Aluminum Carbide (V 2 AlC) MAX phase to produce soliton pulses in Erbium-doped fibre laser (EDFL) cavity. The V 2 AlC composite thin film functions as a mode-locker in this work and it was successfully obtained by embedding the commercial MAX phase V 2 AlC powder into polyvinyl alcohol (PVA). The prepared V 2 AlC PVA film has a modulation depth of 27% and it was integrated into an EDFL cavity as a saturable absorber (SA) to generate a highly stable soliton pulse, which operates at 1560 nm wavelength. The soliton mode-locked pulse train was successfully obtained with a fixed repetition rate of 969 kHz and pulse width of 3.96 ps as the pump power is set within a range from 77 to 228 mW. At the maximum pump power of 228 mW, the average output power, pulse energy and peak power are 14.81 mW, 15.28 nJ and 3.4 kW, respectively. Overall, these results show the potential of V 2 AlC MAX-phase material for use in ultrafast generation. The proposed approach is straightforward and can be also applied to other fibre laser operation wavelengths. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This letter demonstrates the application of MAX phase material as saturable absorber (SA) for mode‐locking in Erbium‐doped fiber laser (EDFL). Here, we use titanium silicon carbide (Ti3SiC2) compound to make thin film in polyvinyl alcohol host polymer. The fabricated composite film exhibits a saturable absorption of 51% and it produces mode‐locked pulses at 1559 nm in an extended 106 m long EDFL's cavity. The EDFL generates ultrashort pulses with repetition frequency of 1.88 MHz and pulse width of 3.03 ps when the pump is adjusted within 123.7–181.1 mW. At 181.1 mW, the laser achieves the pulse energy of 6.0 nJ and the peak power of 2.0 kW. Overall, the Ti3SiC2 SA establishes a compact and straightforward approach for mode‐locking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a new saturable absorber (SA) based on Lanthanum Hexaboride (LaB 6) is used to produce Q-switched and mode-locked laser pulses. In constructing the SA, the prepared LaB 6 powder is dispersed in polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) solution before the mixture is dried to form a thin film. A small piece of the film is placed between two fiber ferrules to form a LaB 6 PVA SA and added to a laser cavity of an erbium-doped fiber laser (EDFL) to produce Q-switched and mode-locked pulses. The Q-switched laser operates at 1531 nm. The pulse width of the pulses can be varied between 4.32 to 2.46 μ s with a corresponding repetition rate of 62.0 to 89.6 kHz when the pump power is increased from 45.4 to 97.6 mW. At the maximum output power of 4.31 mW, the highest pulse energy of 48.1 nJ was obtained. A passively mode locked EDFL was also successfully realized with LaB 6 SA by adding 100 m long single mode fiber inside the cavity. A stable mode-locked laser operating at 1559.1 nm was achieved at the threshold pump power of 102.8 mW with a pulse rate of 1.88 MHz. The pulse energy of 5.6 nJ and output power of 10.54 mW were obtained at a maximum pump power of 144.6 mW. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first demonstration of utilizing LaB 6 material as SA to produce pulses in the 1.5 μ m region. • Lanthanum Hexaboride (LaB 6) as saturable absorber to produce Q-switched and mode-locked pulses. • The prepared LaB6 powder is dispersed in polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) solution. • The SA has a modulation depth of 4.2%. • The Q-switched and mode-locked laser operated at 1531 nm and 1559.1 nm, respectively. • The mode-locked pulse has 157.8 ns pulse width and 1.88 MHz repetition rate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We successfully demonstrate a Q-switched erbium-doped fiber laser (EDFL) using titanium dioxide (TiO2) coated onto a fiber ferrule as a saturable absorber (SA). The fiber ferrule is immersed into a TiO2 colloid, using the dip-coating method to prepare the SA. Stable pulses operating at 1,565 nm with a 3 dB bandwidth of 1.9 nm are achieved within the pump power range from 63.41 to 104.62 mW. A maximum repetition rate of 72.89 kHz and a pulse energy of 29.91 nJ are respectively generated, while the minimum pulse width is 3.02 μs. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first demonstration of EDFL passive Q-switching using TiO2 colloid. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report the fabrication of an erbium-doped fiber-based saturable absorber (SA) of niobium aluminium carbide (Nb2AlC) nanomaterial that can generate a dissipative soliton mode-locked pulse. Stable mode-locked pulses operating at 1530 nm with repetition rates of 1 MHz and pulse widths of 6.375 ps were produced using polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and the Nb2AlC nanomaterial. A peak pulse energy of 7.43 nJ was measured at 175.87 mW pump power. In addition to providing some useful design suggestions for manufacturing SAs based on MAX phase materials, this work shows the MAX phase materials' immense potential for making ultra-short laser pulses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We demonstrate the Q-switched and mode-locked pulse generation, using Molybdenum Aluminum Boride (MoAlB) material as a saturable absorber (SA). The SA film was obtained by mixing MoAlB with a polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) solution and then evaporating the mixture on a petri-dish. The prepared MoAlB PVA thin film exhibits a saturable absorption characteristic of 10.4%. Being introduced into an Erbium-doped fiber laser (EDFL) cavity, the MoAlB PVA thin film provides a stable Q-switched pulse at 1559 nm, which is achieved by adjusting the pump power above the threshold equal to 30.2 mW. The pulse has a maximum repetition frequency of 82.92 kHz, a minimum pulse width of 2.14 μm, and a maximum energy of 27.49 nJ at the pump power equal to 83.8 mW. Also we obtain the mode-locked pulse at 1560.1 nm, when the cavity length is extended to 205 m. The repetition frequency, pulse width, and time bandwidth product of the mode-locked pulse are 0.989 MHz, 3.82 ps, and 0.329, respectively. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time that Q-switched and mode-locked pulses are obtained in a fiber laser based on MoAlB material. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We successfully demonstrate Q-switched fiber laser with a 20 cm long Hafnium-Bismuth-Erbium codoped fiber (HBEDF) as an active medium in conjunction with Antimony Telluride (Sb2Te3) saturable absorber (SA). The HBEDF has an Erbium ion absorption coefficient of 100 dB/m at 980 nm; thus, the laser setup only requires a very short length of gain medium for lasing in the 1550 nm range. We realize the Sb2Te3 SA obtained by embedding the material into Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA), and a Q-switched pulse train operating at 1560.7 nm is realized, using only a 20 cm long active fiber, when the prepared Sb2Te3 thin film is integrated into the laser ring cavity. The repetition rate of the Q-switched pulses is tunable from 47.7 to 74.8 kHz as the pump power is raised from the threshold value equal to 69.9 mW to a value of 105.0 mW. The maximum attainable pulse energy is 31.2 nJ. Our results indicate that the Sb2Te3 material is useful as an effective Q-switcher especially for the laser operation in 1.55 μm range. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, gain clamping performance in an L‐band zirconium‐erbium co‐doped fiber amplifier (Zr‐EDFA) with a very short length of heavily doped fiber and FBG based lasing control structure was presented. A simple gain clamping design based on a symmetrical narrow band C‐band fiber Bragg grating (FBG) pair addition was used in the L‐band Zr‐EDFA with bidirectionally pumping scheme. An L‐band gain of higher than 25 dB was obtained with a maximum noise figure (NF) of 5 dB in the conventional Zr‐EDFA design which was higher than the previous results obtained with forward pumping scheme. When a couple of narrow band FBGs at Bragg reflection wavelength of 1542 nm are used as the lasing mechanism for gain clamping in L‐band operation, small signal gain of Zr‐EDFA decreases, but on the other hand, the gain is clamped at almost 15.5 dB with a flattened gain spectrum along a dynamic range of 25 dB for the signal input powers between −30 and −5 dBm with the expense of 1.5 dB NF penalty. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We have successfully realized the soliton pulse in a Erbium-doped fiber laser (EDFL) cavity, which was mode-locked by a Titanium Aluminum Carbide (Ti 3 AlC 2) MAX phase based saturable absorber (SA). The SA was obtained by embedding the Ti 3 AlC 2 compound into polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) in form of thin film. The prepared Ti 3 AlC 2 film has a modulation depth of 2% and it was added into an EDFL cavity to generate a stable soliton pulse operating at 1559.7 nm wavelength. The mode-locking operation was successfully observed within a pump power range from 66.3 to 97.6 mW. It has maintained the repetition rate and pulse width at 1.8 MHz and 5.02 ps, respectively. When the pump power reached 97.6 mW, the maximum average output power, pulse energy and peak power were measured to be 8.34 mW, 4.46 nJ and 0.89 kW, respectively. These results unveil the potential of Ti 3 AlC 2 MAX-phase material for implementation as practical and cost-effective SAs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]