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Tumor immunotherapy has significantly transformed the field of oncology over the past decade. An optimal tumor immunotherapy would ideally elicit robust innate and adaptive immune responses within tumor immune microenvironment (TIME). Unfortunately, immune system experiences functional decline with chronological age, a process termed "immunosenescence," which contributes to impaired immune responses against pathogens, suboptimal vaccination outcomes, and heightened vulnerability to various diseases, including cancer. In this context, we will elucidate hallmarks and molecular mechanisms underlying immunosenescence, detailing alterations in immunosenescence at molecular, cellular, organ, and disease levels. The role of immunosenescence in tumorigenesis and senescence‐related extracellular matrix (ECM) has also been addressed. Recognizing that immunosenescence is a dynamic process influenced by various factors, we will evaluate treatment strategies targeting hallmarks and molecular mechanisms, as well as methods for immune cell, organ restoration, and present emerging approaches in immunosenescence for tumor immunotherapy. The overarching goal of immunosenescence research is to prevent tumor development, recurrence, and metastasis, ultimately improving patient prognosis. Our review aims to reveal latest advancements and prospective directions in the field of immunosenescence research, offering a theoretical basis for development of practical anti‐immunosenescence and anti‐tumor strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Photoelectrochemistry (PEC) is burgeoning as an innovative solution to organic synthesis. However, the current PEC systems suffer from limited reaction types and unsatisfactory performances. Herein, we employ efficient BiVO4 photoanodes with tailored deposition layers for customizing two PEC approaches toward C−N and C−P bond formation. Our process proceeds under mild reaction conditions, deploying easily available substrates and ultra‐low potentials. Beyond photocatalysis and electrocatalysis, customized PEC offers high efficiency, good functional group tolerance, and substantial applicability for decorating drug molecules, highlighting its promising potential to enrich the synthetic toolbox for broader organic chemistry of practical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Colorectal cancer (CRC) is among the most hackneyed malignancies. Even patients with identical clinical symptoms and the same TNM stage still exhibit radically different clinical outcomes after receiving equivalent treatment regimens, indicating extensive heterogeneity of CRC. Myriad molecular subtypes of CRC have been exploited for decades, including the most compelling consensus molecular subtype (CMS) classification that has been broadly applied for patient stratification and biomarker‐drug combination formulation. Encountering barriers to clinical translation, however, CMS classification fails to fully reflect inter‐ or intra‐tumor heterogeneity of CRC. As a consequence, addressing heterogeneity and precisely managing CRC patients with unique characteristics remain arduous tasks for clinicians. Review: In this review, we systematically summarize molecular subtypes of CRC and further elaborate on their clinical applications, limitations, and future orientations. Conclusion: In recent years, exploration of subtypes through cell lines, animal models, patient‐derived xenografts (PDXs), organoids, and clinical trials contributes to refining biological insights and unraveling subtype‐specific therapies in CRC. Therapeutic interventions including nanotechnology, clustered regulatory interspaced short palindromic repeat/CRISPR‐associated nuclease 9 (CRISPR/Cas9), gut microbiome, and liquid biopsy are powerful tools with the possibility to shift the immunologic landscape and outlook for CRC precise medicine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the growing availability of large-scale biomedical data, it is often time-consuming or infeasible to directly perform traditional statistical analysis with relatively limited computing resources at hand. We propose a fast subsampling method to effectively approximate the full data maximum partial likelihood estimator in Cox's model, which largely reduces the computational burden when analyzing massive survival data. We establish consistency and asymptotic normality of a general subsample-based estimator. The optimal subsampling probabilities with explicit expressions are determined via minimizing the trace of the asymptotic variance-covariance matrix for a linearly transformed parameter estimator. We propose a two-step subsampling algorithm for practical implementation, which has a significant reduction in computing time compared to the full data method. The asymptotic properties of the resulting two-step subsample-based estimator is also established. Extensive numerical experiments and a real-world example are provided to assess our subsampling strategy. for this article are available online. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Photoelectrochemistry is becoming an innovative approach to organic synthesis. Generally, the current photoelectrocatalytic organic transformations suffer from limited reaction type, low conversion efficiency and poor stability. Herein, we develop efficient and stable photoelectrode materials using metal oxide protective layer, with a focus on achieving regioselective activation of amine compounds. Notably, our photoelectrochemistry process is implemented under mild reaction conditions and does not involve any directing groups, transition metals or oxidants. The results demonstrate that beyond photocatalysis and electrocatalysis, photoelectrocatalysis exhibits high efficiency, remarkable repeatability and good functional group tolerance, highlighting its great potential for applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A recent outbreak of monkeypox virus (mpox) has prompted researchers to explore diagnostics as a means of impeding transmission and further spread. Rapid, sensitive, and specific methods are crucial for accurately diagnosing mpox infections. Here, we developed a loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assay for the specific detection of mpox. The primer sets were designed to target regions in and around the N4R gene, and results showed a detection limit of 2 × 100 DNA copies, which is comparable to the gold-standard qPCR method currently used to detect mpox. Particularly, the assay provides results visible to the naked eye within 30 min. This test specifically detects mpox DNA with no cross-reactivity to related DNA viruses including Varicella Zoster Virus (VZV), Hepatitis B virus (HBV), Vaccinia virus (VACV), Herpes simplex virus-1 (HSV-1), Herpes simplex virus-2 (HSV-2), Human papillomavirus-16 (HPV-16) and Human papillomavirus-18 (HPV-18). Furthermore, the LAMP assay has been evaluated using clinical samples from laboratory-confirmed mpox patients and found to be consistent with the qPCR results. Our results show that this single-tube LAMP method can contribute to diagnosis of suspected mpox infections in the field and clinic, especially in regions with limited laboratory resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electrocatalytic reduction of CO2 (CO2RR) to high‐energy‐density C3 fuels like n‐propanol has been widely recognized as one of the core technologies for both renewable energy storage and carbon neutrality. Unfortunately, exceptional catalytic sites that are able to simultaneously implement efficient conversion to C1 and C2 products are difficult to design for single electrolyzers, leading to poor activity and selectivity toward n‐propanol. Alternatively, electroreduction of CO (CORR) has shown good performance toward C3 fuels, but the cost and safety of gas storage hinder its industrialization. Herein, a system consisting of two tandem electrolyzers for converting CO2 to CO and CO to n‐propanol, respectively, is constructed. Beyond the reported tandem electrodes and one‐pot tandem catalysts, precise voltage control over tandem electrolyzers enables optimizing the conversion of both CO2RR to CO and CORR to n‐propanol. Significantly, an unprecedented Faradaic efficiency of 15.9% for n‐propanol along with corresponding half‐cell power conversion efficiency of 19.3% is achieved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]