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Five different land use types (desert, farmland, mining park, slag heap and tailing dam) were selected as variables around the Jinchuan Cu-Ni mining area in Jinchang, Gansu Province in the present study. The Atriplex canescens (Pursh) Nutt.’s rhizosphere bacterial abundance, diversity and community composition were examined taking advantage of High-throughput sequencing technology to discuss the effect of soil physicochemical properties on soil microbial community structure. The result indicated that the phylum Proteobacteria and Firmicutes was the most dominant taxon in desert, farmland and mining park, with a high abundance more than 30%. The phylum Proteobacteria was the most dominant taxon in slag heap and tailing dam, with a high abundance more than 40%. The tailing dam had the highest bacterial Chao indexes and the farmland had the highest bacterial Observed species indexes, Shannon indexes and Simpson indexes. Observed species indexes and Shannon indexes between the five sites were significantly different. The redundancy analysis and principal component analysis showed that the main environmental factors caused the different of rhizosphere bacterial community structure in five land use types were Mg, Ca, Cu, TN and moisture, followed by Ni, Cr, K, Pb, Zn content and pH. Hence, the result indicates that land use and soil environmental factors had significant impact on the diversity of soil microbial community structure.