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Copyright of Al-Adab / Al-ādāb is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article examines the derived adverbs of the Russian and Tatar languages, namely the specifics of their structure, semantics and ways of expressing communicative and pragmatic meanings. The purpose of the work is to identify and describe the ethnocultural component in the derivational-semantic space of adverbial words of typologically distant languages. The innovation of the work consists in the fact that for the first time an attempt was made to describe adverbial derivatives in an ethnolinguistic aspect, which allows interpreting the morphosemantic structure of a word as a linguistic and cultural phenomenon, namely, to characterize universal and differential features that form the linguistic picture of the world of each ethnic group. The study states that the word-formation structure of derived adverbs can demonstrate the semantic organization of the word and the corresponding concept, namely, it indicates due to which properties and signs any action or state is determined in the speaker’s mind. A comparative analysis of adverbial derivation in the Russian and Tatar languages allowed us to establish not only similarities and differences in the use of motivational features within the same denotative space, but also to identify the most significant, preferred mental and cultural meanings for this linguistic collective. Special attention is paid to the facts of interlanguage word-formation lacunarity and the specifics of the internal form of derived adverbs, which makes it possible to reveal cognitive mechanisms in the linguistic modeling of the surrounding reality.

This article presents the results of a study on the process and outcome of the stepwise adverbialization of the instrumental case of nouns in the Russian. The relevance of this work is underscored by the attention to the interaction between grammatical and semantic aspects within lexical units subject to transposition at the level of parts of speech. The aim of the article is to elucidate the specifics of hybrid structures formed as a result of the functional adverbialization of nouns in the instrumental case. The material used consists of contexts from the Russian National Corpus featuring substantive word forms like ‘sledom’, demonstrating various stages of adverbialization. An interdisciplinary approach is employed, utilizing methods of oppositional analysis, indexing, linguistic experimentation, as well as elements of componential and distributional analysis. Using the word form ‘sledom’ as a case study, the primary stages of adverbial transposition of nouns in Russian are identified. The analysis reveals that within the hybrid zone, the word form ‘sledom’ exhibits 55 % correspondence with the features of its original noun (‘sled’) and 60 % correspondence with the characteristics of a core adverb (‘sledom’). Lexicalization of the word form at this stage of adverbialization is not observed; it continues to function within the semantic domain of the original substantive lexeme. The significance of this research lies in its contribution to the development of a general theory of transitivity and syncretism in the grammatical structure of language, as well as the potential application of the proposed methods of oppositional analysis and indexing in studying other types of transpositional transformations within the system of parts of speech in the Russian.

Copyright of Bohemistyka is the property of Instytut Filologii Slowianskiej Uniwersytetu im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

One of the important subjects of morphology is adverbs. Adverbs are noun-derived words that precede verbs, adjectives, adjectival verbs or adverbs and complement them in terms of time, space, direction, quality, quantity, scarcity-multiplicity and question. The aim of the study is to analyze Zazaki adverbs, explain their properties and make them concrete with examples. In the study, adverbs used in Zazaki are classified according to their origins, structures and functions. Each section has its own sub-headings and many illustrative examples are given in each section and these examples are also explained. In the grammar books written on Zazaki, a lot of information about adverbs in Zazaki is given and a master's thesis on adverbs in Zazaki was prepared independently. However, it is not possible to say that these studies are sufficient. As a branch of science, linguistics is cumulative and progressive. Previous studies were evaluated and the deficiencies in these studies were tried to be eliminated. In addition to the works written on Zazaki grammar, linguistic works written in Persian, Arabic, Turkish, Sorani and Kurmanji were also utilized. Considering the classifications made on adverbs in these languages, adverbs have been tried to be explained. In this respect, this study is an original and important work. In the study, more than 165 sentences were given as examples and the adverbs in these sentences were analyzed. Adverbs are elements used in sentences with various functions. According to their usage areas, words with nouns can also be used as adverbs. Examples of these words are also given in the study. Adverbs are also a part of syntax, but this study does not focus on the syntax features of adverbs. Methods and techniques such as explanation, exemplification and interpretation were used in the study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Determining the spelling rules of a language is one of the important elements of language planning for the standardization of that language. This issue is still an ongoing process in Kurmanji Kurdish and it is necessary to know that there are many issues that have not been addressed yet. The formation and writing styles of adverbs and adverbial phrases are one of these issues and have not been discussed properly. In this study, we catagolize the adverbs in Kurmanji Kurdish under the subheadings of adverb types and focus on their formation and writing styles. In determining these adverbs, we take into account local and oral uses, apart from the written sources of Kurmanji Kurdish. In this context, after identifying the different writing styles of each envelope type, we offer our own solution suggestions in order to determine the standard usage in the written language. At the end of this study, it was determined that the use of inflective suffixes, regional and oral usage differences, and the writing styles of compound adverbs are important problems in writing adverbs and adverbial phrases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Der Aufsatz stellt eine umfassende, gebrauchsbasierte Analyse des Richtungsadverbs vorbei dar, das bislang wenig Aufmerksamkeit erhalten hat. Als Datengrundlage der Untersuchung dient das PaGeS-Korpus, ein umfangreiches Korpus zeitgenössischer Texte. Der morpho-syntaktische Status von vorbei wird kritisch beleuchtet, wobei seine umstrittene Zuordnung als Wortbildungs­element oder syntaktische Kombinationsstruktur betrachtet wird. Die zahlreichen strukturellen und syntaktischen Varianten der vorbei-Phrasen werden detailliert beschrieben, wobei auf ihre topologischen Eigenschaften sowie auf ihre syntaktischen Funktionen eingegangen wird. Der Schwerpunkt der Arbeit liegt auf der semantischen Analyse der vorbei-Konstruktionen. Im Rahmen der kognitiven Semantik von Talmy und der Metapherntheorie von Lakoff und Johnson werden die Konstruktionen beschrieben, die sowohl faktische als auch abstrakte Bewegungen zum Ausdruck bringen. Besonderes Augenmerk wird dabei auf den temporalen Gebrauch von vorbei gelegt.

The relevance of the study is determined by the necessity of a systematic analysis of the linguistic mechanism of transposition, which produces a vast range of peripheral and hybrid formations in speech. The investigation of degrees of adverbial transposition of nouns has revealed certain regularities in the interaction of semantic and grammatical aspects within the structure of adverbialized word forms. Using the example of the word form ‘ryadom’ [near], different stages of adverbialization of instrumental case forms have been demonstrated, indicating the degree of deviation from nouns and convergence with adverbs. By employing the methodology of oppositional analysis (with a scale of transitivity) and indexing, it has been established that within the periphery of the adverbial class, there are proper grammatical (functional) adverbs that do not disrupt the semantic identity of the original lexemes and represent a distinct (adverbial) type of usage. The analysis of the syncretic structure of the peripheral adverb ‘ryadom’ [near] has shown that it exhibits 4% correspondence to the differential features of the core noun ‘ryadom’ (‘row’ in the instrumental case) and 64% correspondence to the differential features of the core adverb ‘ryadom’ [near]. These findings can be utilized in further exploration of intercategorical transposition and syncretism of linguistic units, as well as in the development of a transpositional grammar for the Russian.

This paper explores the procedural meaning of the Spanish adverb apenas , proposing that it carries the procedural meaning of right-hand APPROACHING. This procedural meaning effectively accounts for various interpretations and argumentative orientations of apenas in different contexts. The analysis demonstrates that apenas consistently implies a closeness or minimality, whether in quantitative or temporal domain. The procedural meaning also explains the negative argumentative orientation of apenas. Therefore, the different meanings of apenas can be analyzed in a holistic way. Through this analysis, the study aims to contribute to a deeper understanding of adverbial usage in Spanish and potentially guide analogous investigations in other languages. • The Spanish adverb apenas carries a procedural meaning. • The procedural meaning can offer a holistic analysis of this adverb. • The procedural meaning also explains the negative argumentative orientation of apenas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Prace Jezykoznawcze is the property of University of Warmia & Mazury in Olsztyn and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

According to Mallet's perspective, the crux of an editorial lies in its embodiment of the social, moral, or political stance of the publisher, acting on behalf of the newspaper, concerning specific issues. The author's standpoint on the subjects at hand must be lucidly evident, necessitating a firm position taken related to the problem under consideration. Although editorials commonly appear without individual attribution, the ethical and legal responsibility in such cases rests with the publication's editorial board. It remains pivotal that the editorial commentary remains distinctly separate from the news content. This study aims to elucidate the author's demeanor when composing an editorial, setting it apart from other genres within journalism where the journalist traditionally abstains from personal inclinations and focuses solely on presenting facts. Adjectives lend color and nuance to nomenclature; however, the application of adjectives that convey particular attitudes is primarily reserved for subjective texts, impressionistic depictions, commentaries, and narratives. Similar classifications extend to adverbs as well (L. Rugova & Bardh Rugova, 2015: 169). The theory (Witaker et al., 2004: 1010) referenced through Rugova (2009: 199) suggests a principle for written media - encompassing newspapers, broadcast outlets, and public relations - advocating for prudence in the use of adverbs and adjectives. Hence, we posit that within this chosen analytical framework, attribution will be abundant, yet the extent of usage will fluctuate amongst different authors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Learning to move slowly and attentively offers alternatives to how a fast-paced world induces us to act. The Feldenkrais Method's® awareness-through-movement (ATM)® lessons encourage students to notice what they actually do and how, rather than cathecting on what they should accomplish and how well. Within the constraint of a lesson, one shifts focus from "movement" as noun to "moving" as verb. Students learn that options about how to move—slowly, quickly, lightly, jerkily, smoothly, delicately, precisely, roughly, loosely, energetically, lazily, and more—correspond to choices. Such freedom of choice entangles us in grand philosophical matters as well as in mundane grammatical rules. Insofar as freedom within constraints characterizes how we move and act, including how we write and speak, the seemingly adverbial choices we make reveal who we are: not only in what we do, but in the manner in which as subjects we relate to predicates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article deals with the formal and functional development of aspectual adverbs from indefinite quantifiers in German. More specifically, it focuses on the functions of adverbs that prompted their development into different iterative markers. Through a corpus analysis of spoken language data, insights were gained into the semantic spectrum of the nonstandard adverb als 'always'. This adverb can be classified as an iterative and, in certain contexts, as a habitual marker, which has undergone a similar development to the standard language adverb viel 'much'. The article shows that lexical markers of iterativity and—to some extent—habituality may suggest new avenues for variation and change research. It traces the development of the habitual function of als and offers new perspectives for in-depth analyses of the evolution of lexical aspectuality marking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractThe syntactic parallelism between relative clauses and adverbial clauses in English has led researchers to hypothesize that both types of clauses may share a common derivation process. While Persian relative clauses follow a different derivation pattern from English, the syntactic resemblance between Persian relative and adverbial clauses suggests a uniform derivation process. This study seeks to apply the analysis of relative clauses to adverbial clauses by adopting the most effective available approach to clarify the derivation of Persian relative clauses. One challenge lies in the absence of “-i” in the DP head, and another is the lack of a gap or resumptive pronoun. Findings indicate that the absence of the pronoun in certain temporal and conditional clauses is attributed to relativization within prepositional phrases, allowing for an ellipsis of the entire PP within the clause by analogy with the outer PP, when specific conditions are met. Non-restrictive relative clauses containing “in” (this) represent another category of adverbial clauses resulting from the relativization of an event argument. Given that this element occupies a functional projection, no gap or resumptive pronoun seems to be present. Notably, in this category of adverbial clauses, the DP head is null due to the definiteness of the nominal head. Furthermore, Persian language data validate the proposition that all adverbial clauses are PPs. Unlike English, Persian typically distinctly presents the corresponding preposition and its accompanying noun element.Keywords: Adverbial Clause, Relative Clause, Prepositional Phrase, Adverb, Conjunction Introduction The adverbial clause, a subordinate clause in compound sentences, has not been given due credence in Persian compared to complementary and relative subordinate clauses. In English, the syntactic behavior of relative and adverbial clauses is similar, with central adverbial clauses and relative clauses often exhibiting inconsistency with the main clause phenomena. This inconsistency stems from the derivation of adverbial clauses through the movement of an operator, akin to relative clauses. Local restrictions regarding movement and intervention contribute to this inconsistency. Additional evidence also supports the argument that adverbial clauses are, in fact, free relative clauses.In Persian, although relative clauses and adverbial clauses display similar syntactic behavior, neither is a product of the movement process due to the absence of local restrictions regarding movement and intervention. Karimi (2001) demonstrates that Persian relative clauses result from base generation, where the antecedent (i.e., modified noun) is initially in the specifier of the DP, "-i" occupies the head position, and its complement is a clause: [D CP]. In this structure, the relative operator resides in the specifier of the CP, and a gap or resumptive pronoun, co-indexed with the antecedent and the operator, is produced within the clause.The present research aims to determine whether adverbial clauses can be analyzed similarly, addressing questions such as whether temporal adverbial clauses can be classified as PPs, as proposed by Demirdache and Uribe-Etxebarria (2004), and whether this analysis can be extended to non-temporal adverbial clauses. Materials and MethodsWhen applying Karimi's (2001) analysis to Persian adverbial clauses, two main challenges arise: the absence of "-i" in the head of DP in some adverbial clauses and the lack of a gap or resumptive pronoun in any adverbial clauses. This stands in contrast to the relativization of lower-level nouns (including adjuncts), where the presence of a resumptive pronoun is typically mandatory.To address these challenges, we first examine temporal clauses, considering them as a type of PP based on Demirdache and Uribe-Etxebarria's (2004) perspective. Subsequently, we will explore non-temporal clauses and demonstrate how the restrictiveness of relative clauses impacts the presence or absence of an element co-indexed with the antecedent. This approach provides a rationale for the absence of "-i" in the head of DP in certain adverbial clauses.All Persian examples included in this study were created by the author, and their classification as grammatical or ungrammatical was determined based on the author's intuition. Discussion of Results and ConclusionsIn Example 1, the adverbial clause is regarded as a PP with an omitted P. Within this PP, there is a relative clause complementing the determiner "-i", and the resumptive pronoun is also omitted from this clause. Example 1b illustrates the omitted elements.The tests conducted in this research demonstrate that the rule of "removing the entire PP containing the resumptive pronoun in relative clauses" is applicable when five specific conditions are met:Relativization has occurred for the complement of the preposition.The co-indexed element in the relative clause also serves as the complement of a preposition.The prepositions involved are identical.Both PPs function as adjuncts.The adverbs are limited to time or place expressions.The reason for the aforementioned omission can be attributed to the ease of mentally accessing the deleted element. However, when examining adverbial clauses beginning with phrases such as "be mahz-e in-ke" (as soon as), "be dalile-e in-ke" (because), or "be jay-e in-ke" (instead of), it is not possible to consider such an omission under any circumstances. In these clauses, the antecedent is the demonstrative pronoun "in" (this), and the referent of this pronoun is posterior instead of preceding. The referent of "this" is the event referenced within the clause.This situation mirrors the structure of the so-called "clausal complement of nouns," whose main distinction from relative clauses lies in the absence of a co-indexed element with the antecedent. The clausal complement of nouns is a non-restrictive relative clause, with the antecedent co-indexed to an event argument within the clause. Since this element appears in one of the functional projections, it seems that clausal complements of nouns lack a gap or resumptive pronoun. Consequently, the co-indexed element is present in these clauses, enabling the defense of relativeness in other adverbial clauses containing the demonstrative pronoun "in" (this). These clauses are a form of non-restrictive relative clauses, while temporal adverbial clauses (Example 1) fall under the category of restrictive relative clauses.A characteristic feature of non-restrictive clauses is the absence of "-i" as the head of the main DP. This head is left empty when the antecedent is definite, as written Persian does not utilize a definite article. Consequently, "-i" only appears in the head of DP when dealing with relative clauses whose antecedents are indefinite.According to Demirdache and Uribe-Etxebarria (2004), temporal clauses are PPs that may feature either a null P or a null ZeitP (DP). Interestingly, in Persian, these two elements are prominently present in most adverbial clauses. As a result, not only can Demirdache and Uribe-Etxebarria's claim be substantiated by Persian data, but this analysis can also be extended to non-temporal adverbial clauses. This is because the two elements in question - a preposition and a noun - are typically found in non-temporal Persian clauses, including those pertaining to cause, purpose, opposition, negation, substitution, and condition. It is evident that during the grammaticalization process, some so-called conjunctions have lost their prepositions, some have forfeited their nominal elements, and others have experienced the loss or occasional concealment of both components. Thus, what is referred to as a conjunction actually consists of a preposition alongside its complement, the DP, which contains a relative clause.

Статья посвящена анализу предложных фраз типа in … Weise и соответствующих модальных слов и наречий на -weise с позиции их этимологии, семантической структуры и синтаксических свойств в немецком языке. В статье прослеживается этимологическая связь die Weise и -weise, начиная с древневерхненемецкого языка, раскрывается их общее значение и уточняется, что оценочное или эмотивное значение у наречий вторично, т. е появилось в результате языковых изменений. На основе анализа эмпирического материала устанавливается, что предложные фразы типа in … Weise соотносятся только с наречиями и модальными словами, которые образованы от прилагательных или причастий. Путем трансформации синтаксической структуры предложения выясняется, что по семантике с предложными фразами совпадают только модальные наречия, которые также передают значение образа действия (gleicherweise – in gleicher Weise). Слова с оценочным значением используются говорящим для оценки действий субъекта, а эмотивные слова передают эмоциональную установку говорящего.

One of the known truths that the arabic syntax had passed through several stages, many skillful proficient grammatical scientists had appeared during a long historic voyage. Abu Ali al-farisy was one of these, and accordingly this research came to introduce the most important issues concerning the (sentence) has as one of the most prominent topics dealt with by the grammar studying. it was from these issues is a sentence authored and a coalition of their parts, classified into types, get to know the foundations of this classification, addressed to reference the time to it, sites which the sentences is fill, and their meanings, and studying the positions which had al-farisy special effort in directing and interpretation of the problem of them to agree to rules enacted by grammarians for the sentence construction, or depart from these rules sometimes, and taking a new unique opinion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Nasleđe is the property of University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Philology & Arts and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The adverbial participle in Russian is one of the most difficult topics, which even native speakers have problems from time to time. While learning the subject of adverbial participle Turkish students may also encounter some difficulties. This study discusses the concept of the adverbial participle in the Russian language, the basic rules for its formation and use. It is also mentioned that there is no definite consensus among Russian linguists on the status of the adverbial participle. The main topic of the article is not a detailed comparative analysis of the adverbial participle in Russian and Turkish, however the subject is described briefly in Turkish too. In order to facilitate the learning process of Turkish students, in both languages are determined some similarities related to the adverbial participle. The aim of the study is to define the adverbial participle in modern Russian language in terms of semantic, syntax and morphological features. The study also aims to provide a method to facilitate the learning process and minimize the occurrence of errors by revealing the difficulties of Turkish students in learning this topic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Norwegian, the noun vis 'manner' is commonly used to head compounds. It is the historical source of several suffixes: derivational suffixes in adverbs and adjectives and an inflectional suffix on measure nouns. Thus, compounding has given rise to both derivation and inflection. These developments are analysed and compared with respect to how they affect the network of constructions, with a focus on differences between derivation and inflection. The main difference is that links of similarity and contrast have been centrally involved in the development of inflection, but not of derivation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper investigates and compares the inventory of adverbs derived from adjectival present participles in the Polish, Slovak and Czech languages. The particularity of these adverbs is that they do not occur in every language, even if it concerns closely related languages. While in Polish and Slovak this type of adverbs is represented by hundreds of lemmas, in Czech it is almost not represented. The comparative analysis is carried out on the data retrieved from the comparable web corpora Aranea. The sets of adverbs extracted from the comparable corpora of the languages examined are analysed by the following criteria: the total number of the adverb lemmas in the corpus, their relative frequency (ipm), morphemic structure features, collocability preferences. The similarities and differences between the adverb sets are established. According to the corpus data, the adverbs derived from adjectival present participles are more widely used in Polish than in Slovak, and in Czech they are a rare phenomenon represented by a limited number of lemmas with a negligible frequency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In our study we wish to discuss the adverbial suffix -iu, which has not been in the researchers' focus, although the first records of the suffix -iu date back (as far as the seventeenth century), and their presence has been noticed even nowadays, in some South-Western dialects of the Dacian-Romanian linguistic regions (for example in Banat). Our research began from certain specific discussions about these adverbs as well as from certain previous researches conducted by us, and we wish to add more details about this linguistic trait and to highlight the structural, semantic and functional traits of this word class. The adverbs in questions are almost absent from the literary language, yet they can be found in the spoken language of the Banat inhabitants and represent proof of old stages of the Romanian language. Such adverbs are not very numerous, yet the scores of adverbs which were recorded during our study are relevant for our research. In this way, one can notice how this remaining dialectal trait points to how Romanian is similar to the other Romance languages. The latter also exhibit a corresponding type of adverb and a derivative suffix, which originates from Latin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The research traces the development of functional transposition of TILL and UNTIL in English. The study covers 16 historical periods and is based on 1,243 examples extracted from the writings from 850 to 1710, which are analyzed without resorting to any corpus software; 2,225 examples from 1710 to 1920, which are automatically tagged utilizing the corpus toolbox Lancsbox; and the statistical data on 127,544 examples over the period of 1920–2020. It is hypothesized that despite being synonyms and representatives of the same grammatical categories of prepositions and conjunctions in modern English, the lexical units TILL and UNTIL were initially formed as prepositions and later, following their own transpositional patterns, they were transposed into conjunctions.

This article discusses the diachronic development and the different uses of the reportative word dizque (diachronically based on diz que ‘she/he/it says that’) using data from Colombian and Mexican Spanish. The study presents a predominantly qualitative analysis of diachronic, twentieth- and twenty-first-century written data. The theoretical framework applied in this article is Functional Discourse Grammar (FDG), which is particularly useful in this context as it distinguishes between the interpersonal and representational functions of language. The main points made are: (i) dizque is an adverb that arose from a process of lexicalization rather than grammaticalization; (ii) in most of its uses, dizque has an interpersonal function in the sense that the Speaker instructs the Addressee that she/he is not the source of the information provided; (iii) by means of diachronic, dialectal, and typological data, it is shown that the scope of dizque is gradually decreasing; (iv) the only scope decrease that leads to a functional change of dizque is its application outside the context of speech-reports. FDG serves to account for each step in the scope decrease of dizque by means of its hierarchical approach to the actional and descriptive functions of verbal interaction.

Norsk har éin produktiv konstruksjon som dannar setningsadverbial. Det er uttrykk bygde opp av eit adjektiv i positiv ubestemt eintal inkjekjønn og nok, t.d. sant nok, besynderlig nok og dustete nok. Artikkelen presenterer to empiriske undersøkingar av slike setningsadverbial i moderne norsk og underkategoriar av dei. Den første er ein synkron korpusstudie som dokumenterer eit stort antal typar og klar produktivitet for somme semantiske underkategoriar. Den andre undersøkinga er diakron og kartlegg utviklinga i type- og eksemplarfrekvens gjennom 1900-talet. Nokre underkategoriar syner klar auke i typefrekvens gjennom hundreåret, noko som indikerer produktivitet.

The research is devoted to an actual topic - a comparative description of adverbs of degree and measure in the Russian and Chinese languages. The object of the comparative analysis of this study is the adverbs of degree and measure of the Russian and Chinese languages чрезвычайно [chrezvychayno] and 非常 [fēicháng] ‘extremely’. The subject of the study is the similarities and differences in the field of pragmatics and semantic compatibility of the adverbs чрезвычайно [chrezvychayno] and 非常 [fēicháng] ‘extremely’. The purpose of this work is to reveal semantic and pragmatic properties of the adverbs чрезвычайно [chrezvychayno] and 非常 [fēicháng] ‘extremely’. The article involves the following methods: descriptive method, observation method, comparative analysis method, example confirmation method. The scientific novelty of the research lies in the fact that in a comparative study of adverbs чрезвычайно [chrezvychayno] and 非常 [fēicháng] in the strong meaning ‘extremely’ in Russian and Chinese has not been previously carried out. Based on the analysis of theoretical provisions and linguistic material derived from the National Corpus of the Russian Language and Chinese fiction, as well as explanatory dictionaries of Russian and Chinese, we can conclude that despite the coincidence of the semantics of the adverbs чрезвычайно [chrezvychayno] and 非常 [fēicháng] ‘extremely’ their usage varies. To avoid mistakes, it is necessary to take into account the similarities and differences in the field of semantic compatibility and pragmatics of these adverbs. The study can be useful in teaching Russian as a foreign language and theory and practice of translation from Chinese into Russian and vice versa.

In the current study, the author aims to continue the detailed analysis of the inherited Latin adjectives used adverbially in Romanian in order to highlight the lexical-semantic and functional features of the word adevăr 'really' in the ancient period, when it had different uses. The starting point for the analysis was some previous contributions, in whose pages aspects concerning adjectives with similar morphosyntactic behavior have been described, some of them, at that time, being presented sequentially, revealing the typological characteristics of the class and less the morphological or the phraseological (implicitly prepositional) variation of each lexical unit. The choice of this adverbial adjective as the main topic of the current analysis is also explained by the fact that, in ancient texts, its number of occurrences was relatively significant because it was often found in the structure of adverbial phraseological units. For a proper interpretation, the author uses a corpus of ancient language (SOR Corpus), which facilitates an objective analysis of language facts. It also refers to similar studies and dictionaries of Romance languages to show the similarities between them, more exactly similar uses, confirming the unity of the Neolatin idioms regarding the adverbials. In this paper, the author will prioritise several perspectives: the etymological, the Romance, the morphological, the structural and the syntactic. The main aim is to illustrate the dynamics of this adverb in the ancient language, which was, naturally, much more striking than nowadays. This analysis will undoubtedly make it possible to identify certain constants and relate them to other adverbial adjectives in order to confirm or refute some trends in the language or to seek the fixing of some structures or the generalization of some particular phraseological variants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Demonstratives have traditionally been recognized as a semantic category in which different members are classified as belonging to certain lexical or syntactic categories. Current research suggests there are at least 7 different distinct lexical categories: determiners, pronouns, adverbs, nonverbal predicators, verbs, adpositions, and articles. This study looks at one of the aforementioned category of demonstratives, demonstrative verbs, based on a sample of 101 languages with demonstrative verbs out of a total of 1182 languages examined. We present a typological classification of demonstrative verbs based on semantics, an exploration on the morphosyntactic properties of demonstrative verbs and their use in different pragmatic functions, and vast illustrative data in support of our analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Synergie Tunisie is the property of GERFLINT (Groupe d'Etudes et de Recherches pour le Francais Langue Internationale) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The research studies the process of functional transposition of the lexical units 'around' and 'round', which function in English as both adverbs and prepositions. It is proved that the category of the adverb was the initial one and served as the basis for their functional transposition into the category of the preposition. It is hypothesized that, despite representing a range of common meanings and being characterized by a common morphological structure, 'around' and 'round' have followed different developmental pathways and their transpositional patterns are distinctive as well. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Adverbs are among those complicated subjects different aspects of which have been investigated throughout history. However, linguists have not reached an agreement on the diverse issues related to adverbs, from its definition to the fact that whether it should be considered as a lexical category in addition to nouns, adjectives and verbs. This research is aimed at determining the place of Persian adverbs based on the typological prototype theory. Hence, according to the typological criteria, a number of adverbs used in everyday speech of standard Persian speakers as well as adverbs used in various Persian texts were analyzed. On the basis of the research results, considering the adverb as a lexical category, the unmarked adverb place in the Persian language was defined in the Croft’s semantic map of parts of speech in the lexical class of property the same as the unmarked adjectives, and it was shown that despite of the unmarked adjectives denoting the propositional act of modification within reference, the unmarked adverbs describe the propositional act of modification within predication. Moreover, the places of PPs on verbs and converbs, both of them as marked adverbs, were determined as words of object showing the propositional act of modification within predication and words of action showing the propositional act of modification within predication, respectively, in the Croft’s semantic map of parts of speech. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The following research presents a systematic grammar of the English phrasal verb or verb with particle(s). It comprises the following sections: a) An introduction, in which we familiarize the reader with the most important aspects of seven types of this grammatical form: 1) verb + adverb; 2) verb + preposition; 3) verb + compound preposition (i.e. adverb + preposition); 4) verb + adjective; 5) verb + infinitive; 6) verb + more than one particle; 7) verb + adprep (i.e. adverb/preposition). b) A section (§1) in which we describe a systematic grammar (basic and complex morphology, syntax and semantics) of the English phrasal verb organized in 9 chapters: the first 7 chapters are grouped in accordance with the seven types mentioned above; chapter 8 focuses on interrogative forms; chapter 9 focuses on the nominalization of the phrasal verb. c) A section (§2) in which we present a systematic vocabulary (an advanced lexis) of the English phrasal verb, organized in two large subsections, one listing the particles, the other listing the phrasal verbs themselves, grouped again in accordance with the seven types mentioned above, but also including a subsection ("Phrasal verbs with one or more than one particle: complex phrasal constructions"), in which are listed phrasal verbs having more or less an idiomatic nature. The present systematic and synthetic research can be thus useful as an in-depth introduction to the most fundamental questions related to the English verb with particle(s). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This article is investigating analysis of grammatical categories including adjective, adverb, pronoun and numerals In English, Kyrgyz and Russian languages. Obtained results allow us to draw a number of conclusions based on analysis of paradigm, comparison degrees between adjectives and adverbs in the studied languages and shows that in the compared languages one can find isomorphic and allomorphic features in the way of expressing comparativeness. In English there are two suffix markers of comparison degrees of adjectives - er and - est, the role of which, apparently, is decreasing, since they are limited by structural framework of words and are increasingly being replaced by the analytic correlates more and most. In the Kyrgyz language, in addition to the affix - raak, there are case affixes (affixes of the original case - dan and dative case - ga), forming the name, the object of comparison and derivational affixes. Allomorphism in compared languages consists in the Kyrgyz language almost from all qualitative adjectives and adverbs form the comparative degree only synthetically, and the superlative degree only analytically, while in English the comparative and superlative degrees of adjectives and adverbs are formed both synthetically and analytically. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article follows the early grammaticalization path of a durative adverb to an aspect marker for a range of aspectual uses including durative, focalized, and habitual. In a usage-based approach, we investigate the behavior of hamē(w) in a Middle Persian database with respect to several grammatical variables, and we check its developmental path against the model proposed for the Romance languages by Bertinetto, Ebert and de Groot, aiming to uncover the amount of similarities/differences between those Romance languages and Persian. The results show that the lexical origin of the structure investigated locates Middle Persian in stage (iii) of the model, and the development documented deviates from the rest of the model in various respects. Furthermore, the usual priority of past tense in progressive developments is not observed: the adverb is originally present-oriented, but past tense usage increases as the grammaticalization proceeds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the grammatical behavior of Dutch adverbs featuring so-called adverbial -s. This will be done on the basis of three questions: Firstly, what is the grammatical nature of adverbial -s? Secondly, in which structural configurations does it appear? Thirdly, what does adverbial -s tell us about the existence of adverbs as a separate part of speech? The article provides the following three answers to these questions: Firstly, adverbial -s is an affixal manifestation of the categorizing heads n and a (so-called -s-Support). Secondly, n and a externalize as -s when the raised root that forms an amalgam with the categorizing head is silent or a bound root. Thirdly, "adverbs" featuring adverbial -s are nominal, adjectival or adpositional expressions with an articulated syntactic structure. Some of these syntactic structures correspond to the so-called construct state. In short, linguistic expressions featuring adverbial -s do not support the idea that adverbs form a separate part of speech. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The polysemous adverb just is frequently used by efl learners, but many learners are still unaware of how just should be used. The aim of this study is to examine how frequently different meanings of the adverb just are employed by native speakers and Taiwanese efl learners in their essays and to identify the differences in the lexico-grammatical patterns. Drawing data from one native-speaker corpus and two Taiwanese efl learner corpora, we investigated (i) the overall frequencies of just, (ii) the frequencies of just by meaning categories, and (iii) the lexico-grammatical patterns of the different meanings of just, as well as their semantic and syntactic features. Results showed that the overall frequencies of just were similar in the native speaker and learner corpora, but there was a smaller variety of the use of adverbial just in the learner corpora. By examining the lexico-grammatical patterns, we found that the meanings of the adverbial just were induced in the following patterns: first, when it modified different syntactic structures; secondly, when it co-occurred with specific contextual clues; and, thirdly, when it interacted with particular tense/aspect of a verb. In addition, semantic features and lexical choices had a pivotal role in determining whether the use of a particular sense of just was acceptable in a sentence. By providing corpus-based teaching material for the uses of adverbial just, it is hoped that our study will shed light on the perplexing issue of adverb acquisition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This research deals with the expression of qur'anic evidence sought in the book: "The title of the circumstance in the science of drainage" of Sheikh Harun Abdul Razek, which did not indicate from near or far that it is a verse or some of the verse, and this research may be from an introduction in which i mentioned the importance of the subject, and a preface in which I talked about Sheikh Harun Abed al-Razek his name, his birth, his elders, his works, his positions and his writings and then his death. And about the editions of that book. I have dealt with the expression of Qur'anic evidence in accordance with the order of the Book, and that is in five investigations: the first subject: the act of the unknown... The second topic is: in provisions that generalize the name and deed. The third topic: in the confluence of the inhabitants. The fourth topic is: in the link, the fifth topic: in the door of the waqf The research concluded with a conclusion in which it mentioned the most important findings of the research, and a list of the most important sources and references. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the main mechanism of development of the deictic features of English adverbs now, then, here, there, their purposeful research, and also reveals and diversifies the diversity of their development points on the basis of specific linguistic material. The study of the deictic properties of the adverbs Now, then, here, there in English is of deep interest. In a discursive situation, the deictic essence of the adverbs now, then, here, there is revealed first of all. Before exploring the deictic functions of these adverbs, the views of various linguists on the deixis category and deictic expressions are noteworthy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]