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Growing evidence suggests the relevance of affective temperaments in the development of mood disorders. This study aims to assess their potential role as a vulnerability factor for seasonal affective disorder (SAD) and subsyndromal SAD (S-SAD) in a sample of young individuals without a history of clinical diagnosis. Eight hundred and forty-six university students were enrolled in a cross-sectional study. Participants were evaluated for exclusion and inclusion criteria and divided into Control, S-SAD, and SAD groups. They filled out two self-administered questionnaires to assess the degree of seasonality problems and the predominant type of affective temperaments, the Seasonal Pattern Assessment Questionnaire (SPAQ), and the Temperament Evaluation Instrument of Memphis, Pisa, Paris, and San Diego-Auto-questionnaire version scale (briefTEMPS-M version). We conducted a multinomial logistic regression model to explore the relationship between affective temperaments and seasonality. Our results evidenced that cyclothymic [χ2 (2) = 33.486, p < 0.001] and anxious [χ2 (2) = 86.991, p < 0.001] temperaments were significant predictors in the model, suggesting that individuals with cyclothymic and anxious temperaments are at increased risk of developing SAD, due to heightened seasonal changes in mood and behavior. In contrast, people with hyperthymic temperament appear less susceptible to experiencing seasonal problems. The homogeneity of the sample; only retrospective self-reported data were considered; measures of temperament and seasonality were simultaneously assessed. Understanding which affective temperaments may constitute a potential predisposing factor for vulnerability to seasonal changes can aid in better assessing SAD and predicting its outcome. [Display omitted] • Environmental changes associated with seasonal variations impact human behavior and mood. • Seasonal affective disorder (SAD) is a condition characterized by recurrent seasonal depression. • Cyclothymic and anxious temperaments are a factor of risk for SAD. • A comprehensive psychological evaluation is essential to managing and treating SAD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Affective temperaments are documented predictors of psychopathology, but cumulating data suggest their relationship with coronary artery disease (CAD). We aimed to evaluate their role in relation to surrogate semiquantitative markers of coronary plaque burden, as assessed by coronary CT angiography (CCTA). We included 351 patients who were referred for CCTA due to suspected CAD. All patients completed the Temperament Evaluation of Memphis, Pisa, Paris and San Diego Autoquestionnaire (TEMPS-A). The severity and extent of CAD was evaluated by CCTA, applying semiquantitative plaque burden scores, notably Segment Involvement Score (SIS) and Segment Stenosis Score (SSS). Logistic regression analyses were performed to define the predictors of CAD severity and extent. Regarding the scores evaluated by TEMPS-A that consists of 110 questions, in men, significant inverse association was found between hyperthymic temperament score and SSS (β = −0.143, (95%CI: −0.091 to −0.004), p = 0.034). Compared to the TEMPS-A form, applying the abbreviated version – containing 40 questions – significant relationship between affective temperaments and SSS or SIS was found in case of both sexes. Concerning men, hyperthymic temperament was demonstrated to be independent predictor of both SSS (β = −0.193, (95%CI: −0.224 to −0.048), p = 0.004) and SIS (β = −0.194, (95%CI: −0.202 to −0.038), p = 0.004). Additionally, we proved, that significant positive association between irritable temperament and SSS (β = 0.152, (95%CI: 0.002 to 0.269), p = 0.047) and SIS (β = 0.155, (95%CI: 0.004 to 0.221), p = 0.042) exists among women. Cross-sectional analysis of a single center study with self-reported questionnaires. Assessment of affective temperaments could offer added value in stratifying cardiovascular risk for patients beyond traditional risk factors. • Hyperthymic temperament might be a protective factor against the development of coronary artery disease in men. • Irritable temperament independently predicted the severity and the extent of coronary artery disease in women. • Assessing affective temperaments can aid in cardiovascular risk stratification for patients beyond traditional risk factors. • The 40-item TEMPS-A autoquestionnaire can reliably assess affective temperaments alongside the original 110-item version. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Coronary artery disease (CAD) is increasing at an alarming rate worldwide, and psychological risk factors are also involved in the morbidity and spread of the disease. The present study aimed to determine the effectiveness of emotionally focused couple therapy (EFCT) on affective temperaments in patients with CAD. Methods: This semi-experimental study was conducted with two groups using a pre-test, posttest, and follow-up design involving 34 couples, where one partner had CAD, in Mashhad, Iran, in 2022. The couples were selected via two-stage cluster sampling and allocated into two groups: The intervention group (16 couples) and the control group (18 couples) through permuted block randomization. An EFCT based on the healing hearts together (HHT) educational program was performed in the intervention group during eight weekly 2-hour sessions. The control group received only routine care. Data were collected using a demographic questionnaire and the temperament evaluation of the Memphis, Pisa, Paris, and San Diego auto questionnaire (TEMPS-A) before, after, and two months following the intervention. Data were analyzed using the chi-square test, independent t-test, and repeated measures ANOVA by SPSS software, version 26. Results: The EFCT significantly decreased the mean score of irritable, anxious, and depressed temperaments but significantly increased the mean score of hyperthymic temperament in the post-test and follow–up. However, the changes observed at the follow-up stage were less pronounced than those at the post-test stage (P<0.05). There was no significant difference in the mean score of the cyclothymic temperament dimension between the intervention and control groups in the post-test and follow-up (P>0.05). Conclusion: Using EFCT in couples can improve affective temperaments in patients with CAD. EFCT in couples, where one partner has CAD, can be effective in health maintenance and promotion, as well as in enhancing the quality of life (QoL) for patients with CAD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Coronary artery disease (CAD) is increasing at an alarming rate worldwide, and psychological risk factors are also involved in the morbidity and spread of the disease. The present study aimed to determine the effectiveness of emotionally focused couple therapy (EFCT) on affective temperaments in patients with CAD. Methods: This semi-experimental study was conducted with two groups using a pre-test, post-test, and follow-up design involving 34 couples, where one partner had CAD, in Mashhad, Iran, in 2022. The couples were selected via two-stage cluster sampling and allocated into two groups: The intervention group (16 couples) and the control group (18 couples) through permuted block randomization. An EFCT based on the healing hearts together (HHT) educational program was performed in the intervention group during eight weekly 2-hour sessions. The control group received only routine care. Data were collected using a demographic questionnaire and the temperament evaluation of the Memphis, Pisa, Paris, and San Diego auto questionnaire (TEMPS-A) before, after, and two months following the intervention. Data were analyzed using the chi-square test, independent t-test, and repeated measures ANOVA by SPSS software, version 26. Results: The EFCT significantly decreased the mean score of irritable, anxious, and depressed temperaments but significantly increased the mean score of hyperthymic temperament in the post-test and follow–up. However, the changes observed at the follow-up stage were less pronounced than those at the post-test stage (P0.05). Conclusion: Using EFCT in couples can improve affective temperaments in patients with CAD. EFCT in couples, where one partner has CAD, can be effective in health maintenance and promotion, as well as in enhancing the quality of life (QoL) for patients with CAD.

The paper outlines the role of affective temperaments, as defined by Akiskal, in the development and maintenance of alcohol use disorders with a particular focus on the clinical course of addiction. Among affective temperaments, a cyclothymic temperament seems to play a key role in the development and maintenance of alcohol use disorders, and have the greatest influence on the clinical course of addiction. A high cyclothymic score is associated with inter alia an earlier onset of drinking and alcohol dependence, a negative course of alcohol dependence, relapse and alcohol craving. The structure of affective temperaments is also a predictor of suicidal behavior and drug addiction in the alcohol addict population. Interest has been growing regarding the role of affective temperament in the development and course of alcohol dependence; however, further research in this area is needed. An understanding of the temperamental determinants of alcohol dependence in the affective dimension may significantly support diagnostic and therapeutic procedures. Affective temperament profile may be suggestive of alcohol use disorders and may be a primary prognostic factor of craving and relapse, potential suicide, treatment motivation and the co-occurrence of drug dependence among patients with alcohol use disorder. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome (CP/CPPS) is characterized by a multiform clinical presentation requiring a differentiated treatment based on different phenotypes including the psychosocial and sexual domains. The aim of this study was assessing the complex correlations between somatic, psychological, and sexual symptoms of CP/CPPS patients. Materials and methods: We performed a cross-sectional study on patients attending a Prostatitis Clinic. Patients were administered the following questionnaires: National Institutes of Health-Chronic Prostatitis Symptom Index (NIH-CPSI), International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS), International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF), Premature Ejaculation Diagnostic Tool (PEDT), Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9), Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7-item (GAD-7), Oxford Happiness Questionnaire (OHQ), and Temperament Evaluation of Memphis, Pisa, Paris and San Diego Autoquestionnaire (TEMPS-A). Results: Linear regression analyses show highly significant correlations between scores of the NIH-CPSI and the scores of the GAD-7, PHQ-9 and OHQ psychometric questionnaires. IPSS scores correlate significantly with the psychometric scores only when a non-parametric analysis is performed. IIEF and PEDT sexual function scores did not correlate with any of the psychometric tests. NIH-CPSI scores correlate positively with most of the TEMPS-A profiles but the hyperthymic profile correlated negatively with the total and QoL NIH-CPSI and with PEDT scores. Conclusions: Scores measuring anxiety, depression, and psychological well-being in patients with CP/CPPS are strictly correlated with prostatitis-like symptoms although they are poorly correlated with symptoms of prostatism, as measured by IPSS, and not correlated with scores of sexual dysfunctions, as measured by IIEF and PEDT. A hyperthymic temperament may temperament may increase resilience against the disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The affective temperaments are defined as the fundamental predisposition from which normal affective states originate or as the constitutional core of personality. Recently, researchers have started considering the role of affective temperament on the clinical expression of affective disorders. The aim of the study is to learn more about the role of affective temperaments on irritability, anxiety and depression symptoms. Methods: 748 subjects belonging to Italian population were included. Data were collected through an online survey including IDAS and TEMPS-A questionnaire. Two correlation analysis were performed to assess sex differences in the affective patterns. A linear regression analysis was performed to assess how age, sex and temperamental dimensions could play a role as predictors of depression, anxiety and irritability symptoms. Results: The correlation analysis shows that ''Cyclothymic,'' ''Depressive,'' ''Irritable'', and ''Anxious'' temperaments, in both genders, positively correlate with Anxiety, Depression, and Irritability. Hyperthymic temperament, instead, negatively correlates with Depression in men and with both Anxiety and Depression in women. Linear regression show that Cyclothymic, depressive and anxious temperaments are significant predictors of anxiety symptoms while depressive and cyclothymic temperaments are predictors of depressive symptoms. The irritability was found to be a significant predictor of depression and anxiety disorders. The results of the linear regression analysis show that the Cyclothymic and Irritable temperaments significantly predicted “Irritability”. Finally, female sex was found to be a predictor of anxiety (β = 0.090, t = 2.906, p =

INTRODUCTION: Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder is a clinically important condition that affects a significant proportion of women and causes deterioration of quality of life. In this study, it was aimed to evaluate the frequency of premenstrual dysphoric disorder and its relationship with demographic and clinical variables and affective temperaments. METHODS: An online survey form including sociodemographic data, Premenstrual Symptoms Screening Tool, and Temperament Evaluation of Memphis, Pisa, Paris, and San Diego Auto-questionnaire was applied to 408 healthy women participants. RESULTS: The frequency of premenstrual dysphoric disorder and moderate to severe premenstrual syndrome were 13.2%, and 14.5%, respectively. The presence of lifetime psychiatric diagnosis, positive family history of psychiatric illness, suicide attempts, and anxious temperament were significantly higher in the premenstrual dysphoric disorder group. Cyclothymic and anxious temperaments had a positive predictive effect on the Premenstrual Symptoms Screening Tool Section A scores. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: Our findings show a possible relationship between anxious and cyclothymic temperament traits and premenstrual dysphoric disorder symptom severity. Premenstrual symptoms may be more severe in women with cyclothymic and anxious temperament features. However, large-scale studies in which the diagnosis of the premenstrual dysphoric disorder is determined by clinical interview are needed for this judgment.

(1) Background: Bipolar disorder (BD) is divided into type I (BD-I) and type II (BD-II). Polarity at onset (PO) is a proposal to specify the clinical course of BD, based on the type of the first episode at disorder onset—depressive (D-PO) or manic (M-PO). At the same time, affective temperaments represent preexisting variants of the spectrum of affective disorders. Our objectives were to investigate the hypothesis that temperament may exert an influence on PO, and that this factor can serve as an indicator of the forthcoming course of the disorder, carrying significant therapeutic implications. (2) Methods: We included 191 patients with BD and examined clinical variables and temperament; the latter was assessed using the short version of the Temperament Evaluation of Memphis, Pisa, Paris, and San Diego—Auto-questionnaire (TEMPS-A-39-SV). We tested the associations between these variables and PO using standard univariate/bivariate methods followed by multivariate logistic regression models. (3) Results: 52.9% of the sample had D-PO and 47.1% had M-PO. D-PO and M-PO patients scored higher for dysthymic and hyperthymic temperaments, respectively (p < 0.001). Also, they differed in BD subtypes, age at first affective episode, illness duration, number of depressive episodes, seasonality, suicide risk, substance use, lithium, and benzodiazepine use (p < 0.05). Only BD-II and age at first depressive episode were predictors of D-PO, whereas BD-I, age at first manic/hypomanic episode, and hyperthymic temperament were predictors of M-PO (p < 0.01). (4) Conclusions: Our findings point to the importance of carefully assessing temperament and PO in patients with BD, to better predict the clinical course and tailor therapeutic interventions to individual patients' needs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Hypertension is responsible for more than 8 million deaths per year due to stroke, ischaemic heart disease, and other vascular diseases. One of the most common problems in hypertensive patients is medication non- -adherence. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between affective temperaments and medication non-adherence in patients with hypertension. Materials and methods: In this cross-sectional study, the study population consisted of all hypertensive patients referring to the cardiovascular clinic of Ayatollah Taleghani Hospital in Tehran, Iran in 2020 and 2021. Two hundred patients with hypertension were selected. They completed the Persian versions of the Temperament Evaluation of Memphis, Pisa, Paris, and San Diego Auto questionnaire (TEMPS-A) to assess affective temperaments, the 8-item Morisky Medication Adherence Scale (MMAS-8) to assess medication adherence, the Hospital Anxiety Depression Scale (HADS) to assess concurrent anxiety and depression, and a researcher-made questionnaire to assess the patients’ demographic information. Results: Of 200 patients, 72 (36%) were male and 128 (64%) were female. The age range of patients was 5–89 years (54.01 ± 14.33). In this study, medication adherence and non-adherence were reported in 72.5% and 37.5% of patients, respectively. Among demographic characteristics and clinical variables, fewer drugs and higher levels of education were predictors of medication adherence. Also, depressive temperament was a predictor of poor medication adherence. Conclusions: According to the findings, psychological factors such as personality characteristics are important factors in medication adherence. If a patient obtains high scores in depressive temperament (which predicts poor medication adherence), she/he should follow special training programs to improve her/his medication adherence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Binge-watching is a new type of behaviour that has started to gain popularity since 2013 and is defined as “watching multiple episodes of TV series (at least two to six) in a single session”. Binge-watching is a phenomenon that affects the general population up to over 65 years of age, with a trend in the 18–39 age group. It is plausible to think that affective temperament dimensions may have an impact on the excessive use of watching serious TV. The affective temperaments play a significant role on motivated behaviour, impulsivity, and decision-making of binge watching. This behaviour provides instant gratification, leading a person to lose self-control.The aim of the present study is to learn about the possible role of affective temperaments on motivated behaviour, impulsivity, and decision-making of binge watching in the general Italian population. Methods: The sample consisted of 1,701 subject belonging Italian population. Data were collected by an online survey including the Binge-Watching Addiction Questionnaire (BWAQ) and the short form of the Temperament Evaluation of Memphis, Pisa, Paris and San Diego (TEMPS-A) questionnaire. A multivariate regression analysis, in which the BWAQ variables (Anticipation, Avoidance, Craving, Dependency) were considered dependent variables and all the TEMPS-A factors were included in the equation, was performed to assess what kind of temperamental dimension could play the role of specific predictor towards the different aspects of binge watching. Results: Anxious and cyclothymic temperaments are highly significant. The factors that have a weaker impact on the dependent variables (significance at the 5 % level) are depressive and hyperthymic temperaments on the craving and avoidance dimensions, respectively. The irritable temperament is significant at the 5 % level for the models associated with the avoidance and dependency dimensions. Conclusion: In summary, the results of multivariate regression analysis show that subjects with anxious and cyclothymic temperaments have a higher risk of engaging in binge-watching behaviour. It is important to obtain further knowledge on the psychological consequences of this phenomenon for future diagnosis, prevention and therapeutic implementations.

Purpose: Chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome (CP/CPPS) is characterized by a multiform clinical presentation requiring a differentiated treatment based on different phenotypes including the psychosocial and sexual domains. The aim of this study was assessing the complex correlations between somatic, psychological, and sexual symptoms of CP/CPPS patients. Materials and methods: We performed a cross-sectional study on patients attending a Prostatitis Clinic. Patients were administered the following questionnaires: National Institutes of Health- Chronic Prostatitis Symptom Index (NIH-CPSI), International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS), International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF), Premature Ejaculation Diagnostic Tool (PEDT), Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9), Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7-item (GAD-7), Oxford Happiness Questionnaire (OHQ), and Temperament Evaluation of Memphis, Pisa, Paris and San Diego Autoquestionnaire (TEMPS-A). Results: Linear regression analyses show highly significant correlations between scores of the NIH-CPSI and the scores of the GAD-7, PHQ-9 and OHQ psychometric questionnaires. IPSS scores correlate significantly with the psychometric scores only when a non-parametric analysis is performed. IIEF and PEDT sexual function scores did not correlate with any of the psychometric tests. NIH-CPSI scores correlate positively with most of the TEMPS-A profiles but the hyperthymic profile correlated negatively with the total and QoL NIH-CPSI and with PEDT scores. Conclusions: Scores measuring anxiety, depression, and psychological well-being in patients with CP/CPPS are strictly correlated with prostatitis-like symptoms although they are poorly correlated with symptoms of prostatism, as measured by IPSS, and not correlated with scores of sexual dysfunctions, as measured by IIEF and PEDT. A hyperthymic temperament may increase resilience against the disease.

The aim of this study was to explore the association between affective temperaments and orthorexic eating and whether temperament may explain cross-cultural differences in this behavior while considering the two dimensions of orthorexic eating, healthy (HeOr) and nervosa (OrNe). To accomplish this, 337 and 389 individuals were recruited in Lebanon and Germany, respectively. The brief version of the Temperament Evaluation of Memphis, Pisa, Paris and San Diego explored depressive, hyperthymic, cyclothymic, anxious and irritable temperaments, and the Teruel Orthorexia scale explored orthorexic eating. HeOr appeared comparable between countries but OrNe was higher in Lebanon. In terms of affective temperaments, the higher the depressive, cyclothymic, irritable, and anxious temperaments, the higher were the levels of OrNe. Only the hyperthymic temperament scale was positively associated with HeOr. Three-step regression analysis indicated only gender as a unique predictor for HeOr. By contrast, gender, depressive, hyperthymic, and anxious temperament as well as the two-way interactions country*depressive temperament and country*hyperthymic temperament were significant predictors of OrNe. The positive association between OrNe and depressive temperament was only found for the German sample while the negative association between hyperthymic temperament and OrNe was somewhat stronger in the Lebanese sample. Overall, a higher healthy interest in diet was linked to the hyperthymic temperament. Findings emphasized the role of temperaments in pathological orthorexic eating in general as well as in explaining cross-cultural differences in these behaviors. The assessment of temperaments could help to fit treatments for eating pathologies to individuals from different cultures, focusing interventions more on these aspects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder is a clinically important condition that affects a significant proportion of women and causes deterioration of quality of life. In this study, it was aimed to evaluate the frequency of premenstrual dysphoric disorder and its relationship with demographic and clinical variables and affective temperaments. Method: An online survey form including sociodemographic data, Premenstrual Symptoms Screening Tool, and Temperament Evaluation of Memphis, Pisa, Paris, and San Diego Auto-questionnaire was applied to 408 healthy women participants. Results: The frequency of premenstrual dysphoric disorder and moderate to severe premenstrual syndrome were 13.2%, and 14.5%, respectively. The presence of lifetime psychiatric diagnosis, positive family history of psychiatric illness, suicide attempts, and anxious temperament were significantly higher in the premenstrual dysphoric disorder group. Cyclothymic and anxious temperaments had a positive predictive effect on the Premenstrual Symptoms Screening Tool Section A scores. Discussion: Our findings show a possible relationship between anxious and cyclothymic temperament traits and premenstrual dysphoric disorder symptom severity. Premenstrual symptoms may be more severe in women with cyclothymic and anxious temperament features. However, large-scale studies in which the diagnosis of premenstrual dysphoric disorder is determined by clinical interview are needed for this judgment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study was aimed at investigating the clinical correlates of evening chronotype in a population of subjects suffering from bipolar disorders (BD). We assessed chronotype using the Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire. We administered the brief Temperament Evaluation of Memphis, Pisa, and San Diego, the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale, and the Alda Scale to evaluate affective temperaments, impulsiveness, and response to mood stabilisers. We performed bivariate analyses and ran a logistic regression model to analyse clinical variables associated with evening chronotype. In our sample (n = 178), subjects with an evening chronotype (n = 56, 31.5%) more often suffered from BD type I and reported higher prevalence of seasonality, antidepressant-induced mood switches, psychotic, aggressive, mixed, and anxiety features, and substance use disorders. The number of lifetime suicide attempts and mood episodes was higher in this subgroup. Depressive, cyclothymic, irritable, and anxious temperament scores were higher among evening-chronotype subjects, who also displayed greater levels of impulsiveness and worse treatment response. At the logistic regression, evening chronotype was associated with depressive and irritable temperaments. Subjects with evening chronotype display higher clinical severity and worse BD course. Clinicians should evaluate the presence of evening chronotype in BD subjects, especially in those with irritable or depressive temperament. Evening chronotype is a frequent clinical feature in subjects suffering from bipolar disorders (BD); Affective temperaments, particularly depressive and irritable, are associated with evening chronotype in BD; Evening chronotype underpins higher severity of the clinical picture in BD, as well as a worse response to mood stabiliser treatment; Circadian preferences should be systematically assessed in subjects suffering from BD, with particular attention to evening preference. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background The primary objectives of this study were to examine whether affective temperaments are associated with satisfac-tion with life; to determine whether satisfaction with life can mediate the relationship between affective tempera-ments and insomnia; and to reaffirm the relationship between affective temperaments and insomnia. We hypothe-sized that affective temperaments were associated directly and indirectly via satisfaction with life with insomnia. Participants and procedure A total of 497 participants aged 18 to 67 years, including 435 women and 62 men, were recruited from the general population via an online recruitment platform. We used the Temperament Evaluation of the Memphis, Pisa, Paris and San Diego Autoquestionnaire to evaluate affective temperaments and the Satisfaction with Life Scale to assess satis-faction with life. The Athens Insomnia Scale was used to assess participants’ level of insomnia symptoms. Results Depressive, cyclothymic, irritable and anxious temperaments correlated positively with insomnia symptoms, but hyperthymic temperament correlated negatively with insomnia symptoms. Satisfaction with life correlated negative-ly with insomnia symptoms. Hyperthymic temperament correlated positively with satisfaction with life, but depres-sive, cyclothymic, irritable and anxious temperaments correlated negatively with satisfaction with life. Hierarchical regression analysis indicated that 30% of the variance in insomnia symptoms was attributable to satisfaction with life level and the presence of cyclothymic and anxious temperaments. The mediation analysis suggested a significant indirect effect of cyclothymic and anxious temperaments on insomnia through satisfaction with life as a mediator between affective temperaments and insomnia. Conclusions Cyclothymic and anxious temperaments can influence the symptoms of insomnia directly and indirectly as mediated by satisfaction with life.

BACKGROUND: Job satisfaction, as a multidimensional psychological response to work experience, includes both cognitive and affective components which influence individuals' appraisals and state of minds. In recent years, researchers have begun to explore the psychological processes that might underlie the dispositional causes of job satisfaction. Affective temperaments can influence the experience of emotionally significant events at work and this, in turn, may influence job satisfaction. OBJECTIVE: To investigate possible associations between affective temperamental features and job satisfaction in the health professions. METHODS: The sample consisted of 294 subjects selected among health professionals. Data were collected by an online survey including the Professional Quality of Life (ProQOL) questionnaire and the short form of the Temperament Evaluation of Memphis, Pisa, Paris and San Diego (TEMPS-A) questionnaire. RESULTS: Hyperthymic, depressive, irritable and anxious temperaments predicted the risk of experiencing job dissatisfaction in healthcare professionals. No associations between cyclothymic temperament and job satisfaction were found. CONCLUSION: The identification of affective temperamental assets and liabilities is potentially useful in the development of supportive and psycho-educational strategies, aimed at preventing work-related stress and promoting mental health in workplaces, also reducing the risk of job dissatisfaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Adult attention-deficit disorder (ADD) is a common diagnosis, and amphetamine medications are increasingly used. Recent reports suggest high prevalence of affective temperaments, such as cyclothymia, in adult ADD. This study reexamines prevalence rates as reflecting misdiagnosis and reports for the first time on the effects of amphetamine medications on mood/anxiety and cognition in relation to affective temperaments. Among outpatients treated at the Tufts Medical Center Mood Disorders Program (2008–2017), 87 cases treated with amphetamines were identified, versus 163 non–amphetamine-treated control subjects. Using the Temperament Scale of Memphis, Pisa, Paris and San Diego–Autoquestionnaire, 62% had an affective temperament, most commonly cyclothymia (42%). In amphetamine-treated cases, mood/anxiety symptoms worsened notably in 27% (vs. 4% in the control group, risk ratio [RR] 6.2, confidence interval [CI], 2.8–13.8), whereas 24% had moderate improvement in cognition (vs. 6% in the control group; RR, 3.93; CI, 1.9–8.0). Affective temperaments, especially cyclothymia, are present in persons about one-half of persons diagnosed with adult ADD and/or treated with amphetamines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background The present study aims to assess clinical and psychological correlates of psychological functioning in patients with mood disorders, in a naturalistic setting. In particular, we aimed to describe which sociodemographic, clinical, and temperamental dispositions are more frequently associated with poor psychological functioning, and to describe the association between cognitive and psychological functioning in euthymic patients with major depression and bipolar disorder. Methods Inclusion criteria were as follows: (1) diagnosis of major depression, or bipolar disorder type I or II; (2) age between 18 and 65 years; and (3) being in a stable phase of the disorder. Patients’ psychiatric symptoms, quality of life, affective temperaments, and impulsivity were investigated with validated assessment instruments. Results 166 patients have been recruited, mainly female (55.4%), whose mean age was 47.1 ± 14.2 years. 42.6% of individuals reported a diagnosis of major depression. According to regression analyses, poor cognitive performance (p

Bipolar disorder (BD) and alcohol use disorder (AUD) commonly co-occur and their interplay is influenced by several factors. Alexithymia is connected to BD and AUD; affective temperaments serve as risk factors for both; craving contributes to the development and maintenance of AUD. The present study tested whether alexithymia play a mediating role in the relationship between affective temperaments and craving in alcoholic bipolar patients. 151 alcoholic bipolar patients (38 % females, mean age: 45.69 ± 9.04 years) were enrolled. The Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI), the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS), the Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS-20), the Temperament Evaluation of the Memphis, Pisa, Paris and San Diego scale (TEMPS-A), and the Typology Craving Questionnaire (CTQ) were administered. Correlations among TAS-20, TEMPS-A, CTQ were conducted. Regression analyses were applied to verify the mediating hypothesis. Difficulty in identifying feelings mediated the association between anxious temperament and craving (Indirect effect: 0.42, BCaCI: 0.22–0.69), cyclothymic temperament and craving (Indirect effect: 0.55, BCaCI: 0.30–0.87), irritable temperament and craving (Indirect effect: 0.45, BCaCI: 0.19–0.80). TAS-20 difficulty in communicating feelings to others mediated the association between anxious temperament and craving (Indirect effect: 0.20, BCaCI: 0.06–0.41). The sample size did not allow subgroup analyses. Data were collected cross-sectionally and in a single center. We did not investigate whether BD or AUD occurred first, although it might influence the mediation role of alexithymia. Among alcoholic bipolar patients, assessing and targeting alexithymia may be useful to modulate craving and, in turn improve, the general mental status of patients. • Alexithymia was significantly associated with alcohol craving. • Anxious, cyclothymic, and irritable temperaments were positively correlated with alexithymia and craving in BD-AUD subjects. • Alexithymia mediated the relationship between anxious, cyclothymic, and irritable temperaments. • Modifying alexithymia may be useful in reducing craving in BD-AUD subjects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

(1) Background: Bipolar disorder (BD) is divided into type I (BD-I) and type II (BD-II). Polarity at onset (PO) is a proposal to specify the clinical course of BD, based on the type of the first episode at disorder onset—depressive (D-PO) or manic (M-PO). At the same time, affective temperaments represent preexisting variants of the spectrum of affective disorders. Our objectives were to investigate the hypothesis that temperament may exert an influence on PO, and that this factor can serve as an indicator of the forthcoming course of the disorder, carrying significant therapeutic implications. (2) Methods: We included 191 patients with BD and examined clinical variables and temperament; the latter was assessed using the short version of the Temperament Evaluation of Memphis, Pisa, Paris, and San Diego—Auto-questionnaire (TEMPS-A-39-SV). We tested the associations between these variables and PO using standard univariate/bivariate methods followed by multivariate logistic regression models. (3) Results: 52.9% of the sample had D-PO and 47.1% had M-PO. D-PO and M-PO patients scored higher for dysthymic and hyperthymic temperaments, respectively (p < 0.001). Also, they differed in BD subtypes, age at first affective episode, illness duration, number of depressive episodes, seasonality, suicide risk, substance use, lithium, and benzodiazepine use (p < 0.05). Only BD-II and age at first depressive episode were predictors of D-PO, whereas BD-I, age at first manic/hypomanic episode, and hyperthymic temperament were predictors of M-PO (p < 0.01). (4) Conclusions: Our findings point to the importance of carefully assessing temperament and PO in patients with BD, to better predict the clinical course and tailor therapeutic interventions to individual patients’ needs.

Background: Affective temperaments show potential for aggressive behavior (AB) preventive strategies in bipolar disorder (BD). We aim to define intra-diagnostic subgroups of patients with BD based on homogeneous behaviors related to AB. Subsequently, to assess whether affective temperament dimensions may contribute to the presence and severity of AB.Methods: Patients with BD were recruited. AB was evaluated through the modified overt aggression scale (MOAS); affective temperaments were assessed with the TEMPS-A. A cluster analysis was conducted based on TEMPS-A and MOAS scores. Stepwise backward logistic regression models were used to identify the predictive factors of cluster membership.Results: 799 patients with BD were enrolled. Three clusters were determined: non-aggressive (55.5 %), self-aggressive (18 %), and hetero-aggressive (26.5 %). Depressive, irritable, and anxious temperament scores significantly increased from the non-aggressive (lower) to the self-aggressive (intermediate) and the hetero-aggressive group (highest). A positive history of a suicide attempt (B = 5.131; OR = 169.2, 95 % CI 75.9; 377) and rapid cycling (B = -0.97; OR = 0.40, 95 % CI 0.17; 0.95) predicted self-aggressive cluster membership. Atypical antipsychotics (B = 1.19; OR = 3.28, 95 % CI 2.13; 5.06) or SNRI treatment (B = 1.09; OR = 3, 95 % CI 1.57; 5.71), psychotic symptoms (B = 0.73; OR = 2.09, 95 % CI 1.34; 3.26), and history of a suicide attempt (B = -1.56; OR = 0.20, 95 % CI 0.11; 0.38) predicted hetero-aggressive cluster membership.Limitations: Recall bias might have affected the recollection of AB.Conclusions: Clinical factors orientate the prevention of different ABs in BD. Affective temperaments might play a role in preventing AB since patients with more pronounced affective temperaments might have an increased risk of showing AB, in particular hetero-AB. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pregnancy is a unique experience in women's life, requiring a great ability of adaptation and self-reorganization; vulnerable women may be at increased risk of developing depressive symptoms. This study aimed to examine the incidence of depressive symptomatology during pregnancy and to evaluate the role of affective temperament traits and psychosocial risk factors in predicting them. We recruited 193 pregnant women, collected data regarding sociodemographic, family and personal clinical variables, social support and stressful life events and administered the Mood Disorder Questionnaire (MDQ), the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9), and the Temperament Evaluation of Memphis, Pisa, Paris and San Diego-Autoquestionnaire (TEMPS-A). In our sample, prevalence of depressive symptomatology was 41.45% and prevalence of depression was 9.85% (6.75% mild and 3.10% moderate depression). We have chosen a cutoff >4 on PHQ-9 to identify mild depressive symptoms which may predict subsequent depression. Statistically significant differences between the two groups were found in the following factors: gestational age, occupation, partner, medical conditions, psychiatric disorders, family psychiatric history, stressful life events, and TEMPS-A mean scores. In our sample mean scores on all affective temperaments but the hyperthymic, were significantly lower in the control group. Only depressive and hyperthymic temperaments were found to be, respectively, risk and protective factors for depressive symptomatology. The current study confirms the high prevalence and complex aetiology of depressive symptomatology during pregnancy and suggests that affective temperament assessment seems to be a useful adjunctive instrument to predict depressive symptomatology during pregnancy and postpartum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The present study aims to assess clinical and psychological correlates of psychological functioning in patients with mood disorders, in a naturalistic setting. In particular, we aimed to describe which sociodemographic, clinical, and temperamental dispositions are more frequently associated with poor psychological functioning, and to describe the association between cognitive and psychological functioning in euthymic patients with major depression and bipolar disorder. Methods: Inclusion criteria were as follows: (1) diagnosis of major depression, or bipolar disorder type I or II; (2) age between 18 and 65 years; and (3) being in a stable phase of the disorder. Patients' psychiatric symptoms, quality of life, affective temperaments, and impulsivity were investigated with validated assessment instruments. Results: 166 patients have been recruited, mainly female (55.4%), whose mean age was 47.1 ± 14.2 years. 42.6% of individuals reported a diagnosis of major depression. According to regression analyses, poor cognitive performance (p < 0.05), reduced perceived quality of life (p <.0001), lifetime suicide attempts (p < 0.01), and increased trait-related impulsivity (p <0.001) strongly correlated with poor psychological functioning. Moreover, cyclothymic and irritable dispositions were also associated with poor social functioning (p < 0.01), whereas hyperthymic affective disposition was associated to a better psychological performance (p < 0.01). Conclusions: Our results support the evidence that patients with mood disorders should be assessed for psychological functioning and affective dispositions, to identify patients at higher risk to develop worse long-term outcomes and to develop targeted interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Nociceptive pain modulation is related to psychological and psychiatric conditions. Evidence from clinical studies backs innate temperaments as potential precursors of mood symptoms and disorders, and pain sensitivity. Our study examines the modulation effect of affective temperaments on pain sensitivity in a general population adult sample, accounting for possible intervening mood symptoms, lifetime anxiety and depression, and pain treatments.Methods: The sample is part of the CHRIS-AD study, Italy. Primary outcomes were the pain sensitivity questionnaire PSQ-total intensity score and the experimental pressure pain threshold (PPT). Affective temperaments were evaluated with the TEMPS-M. Lifetime depression, anxiety, current mood disorders, and treatments were self-reported via rating-scales. Directed acyclic graphs theory guided linear and mixed linear regression model analyses.Results: Among 3804 participants (aged 18-65; response rate 78.4 %, females 53.3 %, mean age 38.4 years) for any given temperament, both the PSQ-total and the PPT were associated with temperament. The TEMPS-M four cyclothymic-related temperaments aligned on the pain-sensitive pole and the hyperthymic on the pain-resilient pole. The inclusion of current or lifetime mood symptoms, or pain drug use, as possible intervening pathways only partly diluted these associations, with stronger evidence for an effect of trait anxiety.Limitations: The main limitations were the lack of experimental measures of suprathreshold pain intensity perception, and detailed information on affective disorders in the study population.Conclusions: These findings support the hypothesis of a biological dichotomous diathesis of affective temperaments towards pain sensitivity; hyperthymic suggesting protection, whereas cyclothymic suggesting predisposition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Objectives Our aim in this study was to identify affective temperament differences utilizing the TEMPS-A in a large sample size of Lebanese patients with schizophrenia and compare them to healthy controls. Gender differences, demographic factors and degree of psychotic symptoms were also considered. A cross‐sectional study was conducted at the Psychiatric Hospital of the Cross (PHC) from March to June 2019. Two-hundred fifty chronic patients with schizophrenia were compared to 250 healthy controls randomly chosen from the general population. Results Patients with schizophrenia significantly had higher mean depressive, cyclothymic, irritable and anxious temperament scores compared to healthy controls. Healthy controls significantly had a higher mean hyperthymic temperament score compared to patients with schizophrenia. In the group of patients with schizophrenia exclusively, females scored higher in terms of depressive, cyclothymic and anxious temperaments compared to males. In the group of healthy controls, males scored higher in terms of hyperthymic and irritable temperaments compared to females, whereas a higher mean depressive and anxious temperament scores were significantly found in females compared to males. In addition, higher PANSS total scores, as well as higher positive, negative and general subscales scores were significantly associated with higher depressive, cyclothymic, irritable and anxious temperament scores.

Abstract Background Adults all over the world face serious issues from problematic smartphone use (PSU). It influences them negatively on a cognitive, behavioral, and emotional level, as well as on their tendencies and well-being. In Lebanon, the prevalence of PSU was shown to be 20.2% within the adult population, specifically with young adults (18–34 years old). This study investigates the validity and reliability of the Smartphone Addiction Scale (SAS) Arabic version. In addition, this study evaluates the association between PSU and affective temperaments and the mediating role of self-esteem in this association. Method A cross-sectional study was carried out between August and September 2020, using a sample of community-dwelling participants aged 18 to 29 years. The Smartphone Addiction Scale—Short Version was used to evaluate smartphone addiction among adolescents and adults. The five different temperaments of the patients were assessed by using the Affective temperament Scale (TEMPS‐A). The Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale was used to evaluate self-esteem. Results 461 participants were included in this study. All items of the SAS were extracted and yielded a one-factor solution with Eigenvalues > 1 (variance explained = 49.96%; αCronbach = 0.886). The confirmatory analysis results consolidated those obtained from the factor analysis. Higher depressive temperament (B = 0.46) was significantly associated with more smartphone addiction, whereas higher self-esteem (B = − 0.28) was significantly associated with less smartphone addiction. Self-esteem was found to mediate the association between depressive and hyperthymic temperaments with smartphone addiction. Conclusion This study added a better understanding of the high smartphone addiction rate among adults in Lebanon. It confirms the association between affective temperaments and PSU through the mediating effect of self-esteem on Lebanese adults.

One reason behind the failure to understand the neurobiological background of affective disorders and develop more effective treatments is their heterogeneity warranting identification of clinically meaningful endophenotypes. Affective temperaments, considered subclinical manifestations and pathoplastic contributors of affective illnesses may constitute such endophenotypes. 775 general population subjects were phenotyped for affective temperaments using TEMPS-A, and genotyped using Illumina’s CoreExom PsychChip yielding 573141 variants. Primary SNP-based association tests were calculated using linear regression models assuming an additive genetic effect with the first 10 calculated principal components, gender, age, and other affective temperaments as covariates; a Bonferroni-corrected genome-wide significance threshold set at p≤5.0×10−8, and suggestive significance threshold set at p≤1.0x10-5. SNP-level relevances were aggregated to gene-level with the PEGASUS method, with a Bonferroni-corrected significance level set at 2.0×10-6, and suggestive significance thrshold set at p≤4.0×10-4. Functional effects of most significant SNPs as reported in public open databases based on expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) and 3D-chromatin interactions were explored using FUMA v1.3.5. In SNP-based tests a novel genome-wide significant variant, rs3798978 (p=4.44x10-8) and several other suggestively significant SNPs in ADGRB3 were found for anxious temperament along with suggestively significant SNPs for the other four affective temperaments. In gene-based tests suggestively significant findings emerged for all five temperaments. Functional analysis suggested that several of the identified variants influence gene-expression levels or participate in chromatin interactions in brain areas implicated in affective disorders. In the next step these findings should be investigated in patient samples, and in other models of affective disorders and related phenotypes.

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Background: Substance use disorders (SUD) in bipolar disorders (BD) present relevant impact on psychopathological features and illness course. The present study was aimed at analyzing the clinical correlates of this comorbidity.Methods: In- and outpatients suffering from BD were recruited. Socio-demographic and clinical characteristics were collected. Subjects underwent a psychopathological assessment evaluating affective temperaments and impulsiveness. The appraisal of treatment response to mood stabilizers was conducted with the Alda Scale. Bivariate analyses were used to compare subjects suffering from BD with (SUD-BD) or without comorbid SUD (nSUD-BD) (p<0.05). A logistic regression model was performed to identify specific correlates of SUD in BD.Results: Among the 161 included subjects, 63 (39.1%) were diagnosed with comorbid SUD. SUD-BD subjects showed younger age at onset (p = 0.003) and higher prevalence of BD type I diagnosis (BDI) (p<0.001). Furthermore, lifetime mixed features (p<0.001), psychotic symptoms (p<0.001), suicide attempts (p = 0.002), aggression (p = 0.003), antidepressant-induced manic switch (p = 0.003), and poor treatment response (p<0.001) were more frequent in the SUD-BD subgroup. At the logistic regression, SUD revealed a positive association with BD type I diagnosis (Odds Ratio (OR) 4.77, 95% CI 1.66-13.71, p = 0.004) and mixed features (OR 2.54, 95% CI 1.17-5.53, p = 0.019).Limitations: The cross-sectional study design and the relatively small sample size may limit the generalizability of the findings. The retrospective evaluation of comorbid SUD could have biased the outcome assessment.Conclusions: Subjects with BD and SUD are characterized by higher clinical severity and require careful assessment of treatment response. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is the most common medical complication of pregnancy. The current study aimed to investigate the possibility of a relationship between affective temperaments and GDM. This ethically approved cross-sectional study was conducted on 120 pregnant women with impaired glucose tolerance and 120 healthy pregnant women, all of whom were admitted to hospitals affiliated with Mashhad University of Medical Sciences for delivery during 2019. Depression Anxiety Stress Scale (DASS)-21 and Temperament Evaluation of Memphis, Pisa, Paris and San Diego-auto-questionnaire (TEMPS-A) were used to gather data. Mann–Whitney test was used to compare data between the two groups. A multivariate binary logistic regression model with maternal age, body mass index, and multiparity as the covariates was used to assess factors associated with GDM. Outcomes of TEMPS-A showed significantly higher scores of anxious and irritable temperaments in the GDM group compared to the control group (p = 0.014 and 0.023, respectively). Multivariate regression showed anxious temperament to be the sole independent predictor of GDM (odds ratio = 1.09, 95%confidence interval = 1.030–1.153; p = 0.003). DASS-21 anxiety score was also significantly higher among patients with GDM (p = 0.002). Severity of anxiety and stress according to DASS-21 was also significantly greater in patients with impaired glucose tolerance (p < 0.001 and p = 0.016, respectively). It is ostensible that affective temperaments, especially anxious temperament, are potentially associated with the development of GDM and impaired glucose metabolism during pregnancy. The association of affective temperaments with pregnancy complications has drawn compelling interest. The findings of this study showed significantly higher scores of anxious and irritable temperaments in GDM patients. GDM patients also showed significantly higher levels of anxiety compared to controls. Predominance of anxious temperament can be a potential risk factor that contributes to the development of GDM. Monitoring for GDM is especially recommended in pregnant women with predominant anxious and irritable temperaments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Restless legs syndrome (RLS) is a sleep-related sensorimotor disorder associated with mood and anxiety disorders. Although affective temperaments are considered subclinical manifestations of mood disorders (MDs), to date, no previous research has explored the relationship between affective temperaments and RLS. We aimed to evaluate affective temperaments, depressive symptoms, and anxiety among newly diagnosed, drug-naive patients with RLS. Additionally, our study identified possible associations between clinical variables and affective temperaments, depressive symptoms, and anxiety profiles in this group. Methods: The study included 74 patients with RLS and 90 healthy volunteers. All participants performed the Temperament Evaluation of Memphis, Pisa, Paris, and San Diego Autoquestionnaire, Beck Depression Inventory, and Hamilton Anxiety Inventory. Results: Temperament, depression, and anxiety scores in patients with RLS were significantly higher than those in healthy controls (p ≤ 0.05). Linear regression analysis showed that anxious temperament scores were positively related to longer disease duration (β = 0.658, p = 0.000), whereas disease severity (as measured by the International RLS Study Group Rating Scale) (β = 0.447, p = 0.006) and lower educational status (β = − 0.803, p = 0.008) correlated with the anxiety profile. Conclusions: Results suggested that higher scores on the affective temperament, depression, and anxiety scales indicate subclinical MDs and psychiatric comorbidities in RLS. Therefore, exploring the predictors of mood and anxiety disorders in patients with RLS may improve treatment strategies and clinical outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Sexual functioning in bipolar disorder (BD) is dependent on multiple clinical and demographic determinants that can eventually lead to sexual dysfunction. However, the contribution of affective temperaments remains unstudied in this population. In this cross-sectional multicentric work, we studied the impact of temperament traits on sexual functioning in 100 euthymic BD outpatients treated only with mood stabilizers with or without benzodiazepines. Temperament was evaluated using the Temperament Evaluation of Memphis, Pisa, Paris, and San Diego – Autoquestionnaire (TEMPS-A) and sexual functioning with the Changes on Sexual Functioning Questionnaire (CSFQ-14). The effect of temperament on sexual functioning was analyzed using Bayesian ordinal regression models, which included age, gender, BD type, dominant polarity, metabolic syndrome, marital status, and affective symptomatology. Our results showed that hyperthymic traits predicted a significantly higher CSFQ-14 score for global sexual functioning (OR = 1.222; 95% CI [1.073, 1.431]), desire (OR = 1.164; 95% CI [1.025, 1.357]), arousal (OR = 1.278; 95% CI: [1.083, 1.551]), and orgasm (OR = 1.182; 95% CI [1.037, 1.365]). We did not find a significant contribution for other types of temperaments. Better sexual functioning was also associated with a better quality of life. Our findings highlight the importance of temperament traits in sexual functioning in euthymic BD, which may have implications in sexual dysfunction prevention. • SF of euthymic patients with BD is complex and depends on multiple factors • SF determinants include type of treatment, sex, age, type of BD and temperamental traits. • Hyperthymic temperament traits contribute to a better SF in all sexual domains. • A better SF was related to a better self-perceived quality of life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Affective temperaments are regarded as subclinical manifestations of major mood disorders and cumulating evidence suggest their role in cardiovascular (CV) pathology. We wished to analyze associations between affective temperaments and severe coronary artery disease (CAD), as assessed by coronary computed tomography angiography (CCTA).Methods: 225 consecutive patients referred to CCTA due to suspected CAD were included. Medical history and demographic parameters were recorded and all patients completed the Temperament Evaluation of Memphis, Pisa, Paris, and San Diego Autoquestionnaire (TEMPS-A). The severity and extent of CAD was evaluated by CCTA. Logistic regression analysis was used to identify predictors of severe CAD (≥70% luminal stenosis in ≥1 major coronary artery).Results: According to multivariate logistic regression analysis, elevated hyperthymic affective temperament scores significantly decreased the odds of severe CAD (OR=0.92 CI: 0.84-1.00, p = 0.04), while independent positive associations were observed in case of dyslipidemia (OR=4.23 CI: 1.81-9.88, p = 0.001) and cyclothymic affective temperament scores (OR=1.12 CI: 1.02-1.23, p = 0.02). Furthermore, receiver operating curve (ROC) analysis was used to define ideal cutoff values. Hyperthymic temperament scores >11 (OR=0.41 CI: 0.19-0.90, p = 0.03), cyclothymic scores >7 (OR=3.23 CI: 1.35-7.76, p = 0.01) and irritable scores >6 (OR=2.79 CI: 1.17-6.69, p = 0.02) were also independently associated with severe CAD.Limitations: Our study was limited by the cross-sectional design and the self-report nature of the questionnaires.Conclusions: Evaluation of affective temperaments might help to identify patients with elevated risk for severe CAD and subsequent need for coronary intervention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective Gestational hypertension (GH) is an important pregnancy complication. Sparse studies have shown a correlation between this complication and psychological disorders in patients. In this study, we aimed to assess the possible association between affective temperaments and GH. Methods This cross-sectional study was conducted on women with GH hospitalized in hospitals affiliated with Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, compared with healthy women admitted for normal delivery in the same centers during the study. Data were collected via Temperament Evaluation of Memphis, Pisa, Paris, and San Diego-Auto-questionnaire (TEMPS-A) and Depression Anxiety Stress Scale (DASS) 21. Results TEMPS-A revealed that scores anxious (P

Objectives: Our aim in this study was to identify affective temperament differences utilizing the TEMPS-A in a large sample size of Lebanese patients with schizophrenia and compare them to healthy controls. Gender differences, demographic factors and degree of psychotic symptoms were also considered. A cross‐sectional study was conducted at the Psychiatric Hospital of the Cross (PHC) from March to June 2019. Two-hundred fifty chronic patients with schizophrenia were compared to 250 healthy controls randomly chosen from the general population. Results: Patients with schizophrenia significantly had higher mean depressive, cyclothymic, irritable and anxious temperament scores compared to healthy controls. Healthy controls significantly had a higher mean hyperthymic temperament score compared to patients with schizophrenia. In the group of patients with schizophrenia exclusively, females scored higher in terms of depressive, cyclothymic and anxious temperaments compared to males. In the group of healthy controls, males scored higher in terms of hyperthymic and irritable temperaments compared to females, whereas a higher mean depressive and anxious temperament scores were significantly found in females compared to males. In addition, higher PANSS total scores, as well as higher positive, negative and general subscales scores were significantly associated with higher depressive, cyclothymic, irritable and anxious temperament scores. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between suicidal ideation and neurological, psychological, and psychiatric features in patients with blepharospasm (BSP). We enrolled 70 BSP patients and 80 control subjects. All participants underwent a psychiatric and psychometric evaluation: Structured Clinical Interview, Clinical Global Impression, Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale, Hamilton Depression Rating Scale, Columbia-Suicide Severity Rating Scale, Beck Hopelessness Scale, Temperament Evaluation of Memphis, Pisa, San Diego Auto-questionnaire. BSP severity was assessed using the Blepharospasm Severity Rating Scale. Suicidal ideation was reported in 18% of BSP patients and 6% had current suicidal ideation. 83% of BSP patients had severe hopelessness. BSP patients presented an increased sense of hopelessness (OR= 1.39, 95% CI = 1.13/1.70) and a pronounced depressive temperament (OR= 1.36, 95% CI = 1.12/1.65). Suicidal ideation in BSP patients correlated with psychiatric disorders (OR = 3.96, 95% CI = 1.23/12.74) and higher scores on the HAM-A (OR = 1.11, 95% CI = 1.02/1.20), HAM-D (OR = 1.18, 95% CI = 1.05/1.32), CGI (OR = 1.85, 95% CI = 1.18/2.90), TEMPS-A Cyclothymia (OR = 1.16, 95% CI = 1.02/1.31). Our findings suggest the presence of suicidal ideation and severe hopelessness in BSP patients. BSP patients as compared to controls more frequently reported the presence of a psychiatric disorder and more severe anxiety and depressive symptoms, psychopathology on the CGI, suicidal ideation, and hopelessness. BSP patients with prevalent cyclothymic temperament had more severe suicidal ideation, suggesting an increased suicide risk most likely due to difficulties in psychological adaptation to changing environments, including the neurological disease. A psychiatric assessment is recommended for patients with this condition, with possible referral to a suicide prevention centre. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Studies showed that affective temperaments and attachment are associated with depressive symptoms, and that they bi-directionally influence each-other. The aim of this study is to explore mechanisms underlying the relationship between the affective temperaments (i.e., depressive, cyclothymic, irritable, hyperthymic and anxious), interview-based attachment, and depressive symptoms.Methods: A sample of 61 adolescents and young adults outpatients were asked to complete the Temperament Evaluation of Memphis, Pisa, and San Diego Autoquestionnaire (TEMPS-A) and the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HAM-D). Attachment was assessed through the Adult Attachment Interview (AAI) and employing a dimensional approach to obtain continuous measures. Mediation models were performed with the affective temperaments as predictor, depressive symptoms as the criterion variable, and attachment dimensions as mediators.Results: Findings showed significant direct effects between all the affective temperaments and depressive symptoms. Only the cyclothymic (β = 0.22; SE = 0.1; 95% IC = 0.05, 0.42) and irritable (β = 0.21; SE = 0.09; 95% IC = 0.04, 0.4) temperaments showed an indirect effect on depressive symptoms through secure-insecure attachment. Dismissing attachment did not predict either the affective temperaments nor depressive symptoms. Preoccupied attachment significantly predicts depressive symptoms and, when controlling for it, the hyperthymic temperament no longer directly associates with depressive symptoms.Limitations: The cross-sectional study design limit conclusion about causation and directionality.Conclusions: Secure attachment could be a protective factor for depressive symptoms for individuals with a cyclothymic or irritable temperament. Differently, the hyperthymic temperament loses its protective role toward depressive symptoms when accounting for preoccupied attachment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Adults all over the world face serious issues from problematic smartphone use (PSU). It influences them negatively on a cognitive, behavioral, and emotional level, as well as on their tendencies and well-being. In Lebanon, the prevalence of PSU was shown to be 20.2% within the adult population, specifically with young adults (18–34 years old). This study investigates the validity and reliability of the Smartphone Addiction Scale (SAS) Arabic version. In addition, this study evaluates the association between PSU and affective temperaments and the mediating role of self-esteem in this association. Method: A cross-sectional study was carried out between August and September 2020, using a sample of community-dwelling participants aged 18 to 29 years. The Smartphone Addiction Scale—Short Version was used to evaluate smartphone addiction among adolescents and adults. The five different temperaments of the patients were assessed by using the Affective temperament Scale (TEMPS‐A). The Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale was used to evaluate self-esteem. Results: 461 participants were included in this study. All items of the SAS were extracted and yielded a one-factor solution with Eigenvalues > 1 (variance explained = 49.96%; αCronbach = 0.886). The confirmatory analysis results consolidated those obtained from the factor analysis. Higher depressive temperament (B = 0.46) was significantly associated with more smartphone addiction, whereas higher self-esteem (B = − 0.28) was significantly associated with less smartphone addiction. Self-esteem was found to mediate the association between depressive and hyperthymic temperaments with smartphone addiction. Conclusion: This study added a better understanding of the high smartphone addiction rate among adults in Lebanon. It confirms the association between affective temperaments and PSU through the mediating effect of self-esteem on Lebanese adults. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hypomanic personality, hyperthymic temperament and irritable temperament are considered as psychological vulnerability factors to bipolar disorders. Semantic memory is impaired in bipolar patients. Spreading activation is among the probable candidates for accounting this impairment. The aim of this study was to assess spreading activation according to vulnerability factors continuum to determine whether it could be a factor of vulnerability to bipolar disorders. A sample of 61 healthy volunteers was recruited. Spreading activation was assessed by semantic mediated priming implemented in a double lexical decision task. Results shown that semantic mediated priming was negatively associated to hyperthymic temperament and irritable temperament. Impairment in semantic memory, and more specifically spreading activation, appear to be a cognitive factor of vulnerability to bipolar disorders. Our results can contribute to a better understanding of semantic impairment in vulnerable population and in bipolar disorder.

Hypomanic personality, hyperthymic temperament and irritable temperament are considered as psychological vulnerability factors to bipolar disorders. Semantic memory is impaired in bipolar patients. Spreading activation is among the probable candidates for accounting this impairment. The aim of this study was to assess spreading activation according to vulnerability factors continuum to determine whether it could be a factor of vulnerability to bipolar disorders. A sample of 61 healthy volunteers was recruited. Spreading activation was assessed by semantic mediated priming implemented in a double lexical decision task. Results shown that semantic mediated priming was negatively associated to hyperthymic temperament and irritable temperament. Impairment in semantic memory, and more specifically spreading activation, appear to be a cognitive factor of vulnerability to bipolar disorders. Our results can contribute to a better understanding of semantic impairment in vulnerable population and in bipolar disorder. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Affective temperaments influence depressive symptoms (DS), and DS correlates with functional disability. However, the interaction between affective temperaments, DS, and functional disability remains unknown. We investigate the interaction effects between affective temperaments and functional disability on DS and those between affective temperaments and DS on functional disability. Methods: A total of 558 adult community volunteers in Japan were evaluated using the Temperament Evaluation of Memphis, Pisa, Paris, and San Diego-Autoquestionnaire version; the Patient Health Questionnaire-9; and the Sheehan Disability Scale. We analyzed the data by using hierarchical multiple regression with interaction effects. Results: There were significant interaction effects between affective temperaments and functional disability on DS. The cyclothymic and anxious temperaments positively interacted with total functional disability on DS, while hyperthymic temperament negatively interacted with it. No significant interaction between affective temperaments and DS on functional disability was found. Limitations: The cross-sectional design prevented the identification of causal associations between the parameters. Our findings might not be generalizable to patients with affective disorders or other psychiatric conditions. Conclusions: This study suggests that functional disability moderates the influence of affective temperaments on DS, but DS may not moderate the influence of affective temperaments on functional disability. To address DS associated with affective temperaments and functional disability, evaluating the interaction effects may be useful in clinical practice.

Background: Affective temperaments have been considered antecedents of major depressive disorder (MDD). However, little is known about how the covariation between alterations in brain activity and distinct affective temperaments work collaboratively to contribute to MDD. Here, we focus on the insular cortex, a critical hub for the integration of subjective feelings, emotions, and motivations, to examine the neural correlates of affective temperaments and their relationship to depressive symptom dimensions. Methods: Twenty-nine medication-free patients with MDD and 58 healthy controls underwent magnetic resonance imaging scanning and completed the Temperament Evaluation of Memphis, Pisa, Paris and San Diego (TEMPS). Patients also received assessments of the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS). We used multivariate analyses of partial least squares regression and partial correlation analyses to explore the associations among the insular activity, affective temperaments, and depressive symptom dimensions. Results: A profile (linear combination) of increased fractional amplitude of low-frequency fluctuations (fALFF) of the anterior insular subregions (left dorsal agranular–dysgranular insula and right ventral agranuar insula) was positively associated with an affective-temperament (depressive, irritable, anxious, and less hyperthymic) profile. The covariation between the insula-fALFF profile and the affective-temperament profile was significantly correlated with the sleep disturbance dimension (especially the middle and late insomnia scores) in the medication-free MDD patients. Conclusions: The resting-state spontaneous activity of the anterior insula and affective temperaments collaboratively contribute to sleep disturbances in medication-free MDD patients. The approach used in this study provides a practical way to explore the relationship of multivariate measures in investigating the etiology of mental disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Resilience is a process that allows recovery from or adaptation to adversities. The aim of this study was to evaluate state resilience during the COVID-19 pandemic in psychiatric patients (PP), unaffected relatives (UR) and community controls (CC).Methods: This study is part of the Barcelona ResIlience Survey for Mental Health COVID-19 (BRIS-MHC) project. Logistic regression models were performed to identify mental health outcomes associated with bad state resilience and predictors of good state resilience. The association between state resilience and specific affective temperaments as well as their influence on the association between depressive symptoms and state resilience were verified.Results: The study recruited 898 participants that took part in the survey. The presence of depressive symptoms was a predictor of bad state resilience in PP (β=0.110, OR=1.117, p=0.028). No specific mental health outcome was associated with bad state resilience in UR and CC. Predictors of good state resilience in PP were having pursued hobbies/conducted home tasks (β=1.261, OR=3.528, p=0.044) and level of organization in the family (β=0.986, OR=2.682, p=0.008). Having a controlling family was inversely associated with good state resilience in CC (β=-1.004, OR=0.367, p=0.012). The association between bad state resilience and depressive symptoms was partially mediated by affective temperaments.Limitations: Participants self-reported their psychiatric diagnoses, their relatives' diagnoses or the absence of a psychiatric disorder, as well as their psychiatric symptoms.Conclusions: Enhancing resilience and coping strategies in the face of the COVID-19 pandemic might have important implications in terms of mental health outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Ratings of affective temperament types show promise in helping to differentiate diagnostic groups among major affective disorders as well as to predict associations with important aspects of morbidity including suicidal risk. Methods The Temperament Evaluation of Memphis, Pisa, Paris, and San Diego auto-rating (TEMPS-A) questionnaire was completed by 858 unselected, consecutive, consenting adults diagnosed with a DSM-5 major affective disorder (173 bipolar-1 [BD-1]), 250 BD-2, 435 major depressive disorder [MDD]) to score for anxious (anx), cyclothymic (cyc), dysthymic (dys), hyperthymic (hyp), and irritable (irr) affective temperaments. We tested their associations with diagnosis and selected clinical factors, including diagnosis, depression scores, suicidal ideation or acts, substance abuse, episodes/year, and %-time ill. Results Scores for cyc ranked: BD-2 > BD-1 > MDD; anx ranked: MDD > BD-2 > BD-1; irr was greater in BD than MDD; dys was greater in MDD than BD; hyp did not differ by diagnosis. We confirmed associations of suicidal risk with higher scores of all temperament types except lower hyp scores. Higher cyc and irr scores and lower anx scores were associated with substance abuse. Several scores were higher with measures of greater affective morbidity: cyc with current depression, episodes/year, and %-time ill; irr with more episodes and depressions/year and greater %-time manic. Some of these associations were selective for BD or MDD. Conclusions The findings indicate that TEMPS-A ratings of affective temperament types can contribute to differential diagnoses and predict types and amounts of affective morbidity, as well as detecting suicidal risks.