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Impulsive stimulated Raman scattering (ISRS) using a single short femtosecond pump pulse to excite molecular vibrations offers an elegant pump-probe approach to perform vibrational imaging below 200cm−1. One shortcoming of ISRS is its inability to offer vibrational selectivity as all the vibrational bonds whose frequencies lie within the short pump-pulse bandwidth are excited. To date, several coherent control techniques have been explored to address this issue and selectively excite a specific molecular vibration by shaping the pump pulse. There has not been any systematic work that reports an analogous shaping of the probe pulse to implement preferential detection. In this work, we focus on vibrational imaging and report vibrational selective detection by shaping the probe pulse in time. We demonstrate numerically and experimentally two pulse-shaping strategies with one functioning as a vibrational notch filter and the other functioning as a vibrational low-pass filter. This enables fast (25μs/pixel) and selective hyperspectral imaging in the low-frequency regime (

International audience; A general asymptotic plane strain crack tip stress field is constructed for linear versions of neo-Hookean materials, which spans a wide variety of special cases including incompressible Mooney elastomers, the compressible Blatz–Ko elastomer, several cases of the Ogden constitutive law and a new result for a compressible linear neo-Hookean material. The nominal stress field has dominant terms that have a square root singularity with respect to the distance of material points from the crack tip in the undeformed reference configuration. At second order, there is a uniform tension parallel to the crack. The associated displacement field in plane strain at leading order has dependence proportional to the square root of the same coordinate. The relationship between the amplitude of the crack tip singularity (a stress intensity factor) and the plane strain energy release rate is outlined for the general linear material, with simplified relationships presented for notable special cases.

Laser–plasma interaction and hot electrons have been characterized in detail in laser irradiation conditions relevant for direct-drive inertial confinement fusion. The experiment was carried out at the Gekko XII laser facility in multibeam planar target geometry at an intensity of approximately $3\times {10}^{15}$ W/cm2. Experimental data suggest that high-energy electrons, with temperatures of 20–50 keV and conversion efficiencies of $\eta , were mainly produced by the damping of electron plasma waves driven by two-plasmon decay (TPD). Stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) is observed in a near-threshold growth regime, producing a reflectivity of approximately $0.01\%$ , and is well described by an analytical model accounting for the convective growth in independent speckles. The experiment reveals that both TPD and SRS are collectively driven by multiple beams, resulting in a more vigorous growth than that driven by single-beam laser intensity.

International audience; Unimolecular deamination of protonated a,?-alkanediamines (1,2-ethanediamine (1), 1,3-propanediamine (2), 1,4-butanediamine (3), and 1,5-pentanediamine (4)) in the gas phase has been examined by tandem mass spectrometry experiments including metastable ions decompositions and collisional activation techniques and molecular orbital calculations up to the G2(MP2,SVP) level. For all the protonated molecules, only one unimolecular dissociation channel, leading to the formation of a protonated cyclic amine via an internal nucleophilic substitution, was detected. The hydride ion transfer from the a carbon to the ? position is not competitive with the internal nucleophilic substitution. This has been found to be the result of a large critical energy for this latter reaction.

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We tested the adhesive response of polymer surfaces structured with arrays of cylindrical fibrils having diameters of 10–20 µm and aspect ratios 1–2.4. Fibrils had two different tip shapes of end-flaps and round edges. A preload-induced mechanical buckling instability of the fibrils was used to switch between the states of adhesion and non-adhesion. Non-adhesion in fibrils with round edges was reached at preloads that caused fibril buckling, whereas fibrils with end-flaps showed adhesion loss only at very high preloads. The round edge acted as a circumferential flaw prohibiting smooth tip contact recovery leading to an adhesion loss. In situ observations showed that, after reversal of buckling, the end-flaps unfold and re-form contact under prevailing compressive stress, retaining adhesion in spite of buckling. At very high preloads, however, end-flaps are unable to re-form contact resulting in adhesion loss. Additionally, the end-flaps showed varying contact adaptability as a function of the fibril–probe alignment, which further affects the preload for adhesion loss. The combined influence of preload, tip shape and alignment on adhesion can be used to switch adhesion in bioinspired fibrillar arrays.

BackgroundOne can assume a relatively high prevalence of urinary incontinence (UI) in people with multimorbidity. However, literature in this area is scarce. There is a need for further robust research to aid GPs to identify patients at a particular risk for UI, and to initiate the early treatment and multidisciplinary management of this condition.AimTo examine the association between multimorbidity and UI in 23 089 individuals aged ≥15 years and residing in Spain.Design and settingThis study used data from the Spanish National Health Survey 2017, a cross-sectional sample of 23 089 participants aged ≥15 years residing in Spain (54.1% female; mean [standard deviation] age = 53.4 [18.9] years).MethodUI and 30 other physical and mental chronic conditions were self-reported. Multimorbidity was defined as the presence of ≥2 physical and/or mental chronic conditions (excluding UI). Control variables included sex, age, marital status, education, smoking, and alcohol consumption. Multivariable logistic regression analyses were conducted to assess the association between multimorbidity and UI.ResultsThe prevalence of UI was 5.9% in this sample. UI was more frequent in the presence than in the absence of each one of the 30 chronic conditions (PPPConclusionIn this large sample of Spanish individuals aged ≥15 years, suffering from multimorbidity was associated with a significantly higher level of UI.

International audience; The 11-11-2019 Le Teil earthquake (Mw4.9), located in the Rhône river valley occurred along the La Rouvière fault (LRF) within the NE termination of the Cévennes faults system (CFS). This very shallow moderate magnitude and reverse-faulting event inverted an Oligocene normal fault which was not assessed to be potentially active, causing surface rupture and strong ground shaking. Its morphology shows no evidence of cumulative reverse faulting during the Quaternary. These observations lead to the question whether the fault was reactivated for the first time since the Oligocene during the Teil earthquake, or if it had broken the surface before, during the Quaternary period, but could not be detected in the morphology.

International audience; A new approach, based on the shifted Proper Orthogonal Decomposition (sPOD), for modelling and optimizing flows with moving geometries is presented. This novel model order reduction technique is shown to be efficient for advection dominated systems and its approximation properties are assessed. Moreover its applicability for path optimization of moving geometries will be shown.

At depth, O2 depleted because of organic matter remineralization is generally estimated based on apparent oxygen utilization (AOU). However, AOU is an imperfect measure of oxygen utilization because of O2 air-sea disequilibrium at the site of deep-water formation. Recent methodological and instrumental advances have paved the way to further deconvolve processes driving the O2 signature. Using numerical model simulations of the global ocean, we show that measurements of the dissolved O2/Ar ratio, which so far have been confined to the ocean surface, can provide improved estimates of oxygen utilization, especially in regions where the disequilibrium at the site of deep-water formation is associated with physical processes. We discuss applications of this new approach and implications for current tracers relying on O2 such as remineralization ratios, respiratory quotients and preformed nutrients. Finally, we propose a new composite geochemical tracer, [O2]*bio combining dissolved O2/Ar and phosphate concentration. Being insensitive to photosynthesis and respiration, the change in this new tracer reflects gas exchange at the air-sea interface at the sites of deep-water formation. Plain Language Summary Oxygen utilization at depth offers insight into organic matter remineralization and the strength of the biological carbon pump. However, the oxygen concentration in the ocean interior is also impacted by additional biotic and abiotic processes occurring at the sites of deep-water formation and during transit in the ocean interior. In this study, we summarize, formalize, and model these processes to explore how decomposing the O2 signal at depth with new tools can provide new insight and more refined budgets of the broad-scale oceanic biogeochemical cycling of oxygen and nutrients. This is particularly important in light of the recent evidence that the role of physical processes in regions of convective deep-water formation may currently be underestimated.

Four-wave mixing processes are ubiquitous in ultrafast optics and the determination of the coefficients of the χ(3) tensor is thus essential. We introduce a novel time-resolved ultrafast spectroscopic method to characterize the third-order nonlinearity on the femtosecond time-scale. This approach, coined as “nonlinear chirped interferometry,” makes use of the variation of the optical group delay of a transmitted probe under the effect of an intense pump pulse in the nonlinear medium of interest. The observable is the spectral interference between the probe and a reference pulse sampled upstream and the metric is the transient swing of the probe group delay. We show that the detected signal is enhanced when the pulses are weakly chirped, and that, although interferometric, the method is intrinsically less sensitive to environmental phase fluctuations and drifts. By chirping adequately the reference pulse, the transient frequency shift of the probe pulses is also detected in the time domain and the detected nonlinear signal is enhanced. Nonlinear phase shifts as low as 10 mrad, corresponding to a frequency shift of 30 GHz, i.e., 0.01% of the carrier frequency, are detected without heterodyne detection or active phase-stabilization. The diagonal and/or non-diagonal terms of reference glasses (SiO2) and crystals (Al2O3, BaF2, CaF2) are characterized. The method is finally applied to measure the soft vibration mode of KTiOAsO4 (KTA).

International audience; Error correction is an essential step in the classical post-processing of all quantum key distribution (QKD) protocols. We present error correction methods optimized for discrete variable (DV) QKD and make them freely available as an ongoing open-source project (github.com/XQP-Munich/LDPC4QKD). Our methods are based on irregular quasi-cyclic (QC) low density parity check (LDPC) codes and stateof-the-art rate adaption techniques [1].

Large-scale multi-omic analysis allows a thorough understanding of different physiological or pathological conditions, particularly cancer. Here, an extraction method simultaneously yielding DNA, RNA and protein (thereby referred to as "triple extraction", TEx) was tested for its suitability to unbiased, system-wide proteomic investigation. Largely proven efficient for transcriptomic and genomic studies, we aimed at exploring TEx compatibility with mass spectrometry-based proteomics and phospho-proteomics, as compared to a standard urea extraction. TEx is suitable for the shotgun investigation of proteomes, providing similar results as urea-based protocol both at the qualitative and quantitative levels. TEx is likewise compatible with the exploration of phosphorylation events, actually providing a higher number of correctly localized sites than urea, although the nature of extracted modifications appears somewhat distinct between both techniques. These results highlight that the presented protocol is well suited for the examination of the proteome and modified proteome of this bladder cancer cell model, as efficiently as other more widely used workflows for mass spectrometry-based analysis. Potentially applicable to other mammalian cell types and tissues, TEx represents an advantageous strategy for multi-omics on scarce and/or heterogenous samples. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

In this paper we study the scheduling problem under memory constraints, noted P k|G, mem|C$_{max}$, that arise from executing numerical simulations on HPC architectures. We assume that the tree-width of the graph G is bounded by a constant, and we present a fully polynomial time approximation scheme (FPTAS) based on a dynamic programming algorithm. It allows to find a solution within a factor of $1 + \epsilon$ of the optimal makespan, where the capacity of the machines may be exceeded by a factor at most $1 + \epsilon$. This result extends somehow a previous fixed-parameter tractable algorithm with respect to the path-width of the graph G, and rely on the use of a nice tree decomposition of G and its traversal in a specific way which may be useful on its own. The case of unrelated machines, i.e. Rk|G, mem|C$_{max}$, is also tractable with minor modifications.

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Objective: Obesity is a multifactorial condition that is associated with high levels of morbidity and mortality, but the negative consequences of obesity vary between individuals. Considerable evidence suggests that Body Mass Index (BMI) needs to be completed with an assessment of psychological and behavioural factors related to obesity in order to provide adequate treatment for patients with obesity. However, there is a lack of understanding concerning psychological factors and behavioural patterns related to weight status. The present study aimed to identify different profiles of individuals with normal-weight, overweight and obesity Methods: Seventy-six healthy individuals were weighed and measured, then characterized according to their responses to several questionnaires assessing sociodemographic variables, food-related variables, quality of life variables, body image, and psychological aspects.Results: Our results show that health and body dissatisfaction, sensation seeking, and frequent consumption of fatty-savoury foods were higher in individuals with higher BMI. Moreover, a hierarchical cluster analysis permitted to identify 3 profiles of individuals with various weight statuses: satisfied, protected and vulnerable. Conclusions: The implication of these findings in caring patients is crucial and more research on the various phenotypes that can be found within overweight and obesity groups must be encouraged.

WOS:000467382200008; Whereas specially designed dinitroxide biradicals, reconstitution protocols, oriented sample geometries and NMR probes have helped to much increase the DNP enhancement factors of membrane samples they still lag considerably behind those obtained from glasses made of protein solutions. Here we show that not only the MAS rotor material but also the distribution of the membrane samples within the NMR rotor have a pronounced effect on the DNP enhancement. These observations are rationalized with the cooling efficiency and the internal properties of the sample, monitored by their T-1 relaxation, microwave ON versus OFF signal intensities and DNP effect. The data are suggestive that for membranes the speed of cooling has a pronounced effect on the membrane properties and concomitantly the distribution of biradicals within the sample.

International audience; Marine biodiversity and ecosystem functioning are facing unprecedented pressuresin the Anthropocene, with climate change being a primary stressor. To understand the biologicalresponse mechanisms along coastlines, the international scientific community requires coordinatedaction, integrating obervations through observatory networks and spatially extensiveexperiments using standardized approaches over broad geographic scales. Currently, however, a multinational, integrated approach is lacking, with little application of standard methodologies or data sharing across countries. Changes in the abundance, distribution and competitive dominance of rocky intertidal organisms are useful sentinels of climate change because these communities are easy to observe and long-term time series exist. Europe is in a prime position to lead by example, building on the extensive history of sustained observations and experimental research to establish an integrated network of studies and monitoring programmes. These will improve our understanding of how organismal responses translate into biogeographic range shifts, and generate more biologically realistic predictions of future climate change impacts with which to design mitigation, adaptation and conservation strategies

A series of aggregation-induced emission (AIE) fluorescent gelators (TPE-Cn -Chol) were synthesized by attaching tetraphenylethylene (TPE) to cholesterol through an alkyl chain. The properties of the gel, nano-/microaggregate, and condensed phases were studied carefully. TPE-Cn -Chol molecules form AIE fluorescent gels in acetone and in DMF. Their fluorescence can be reversibly switched between the "on" and "off" states by a gel-sol phase transition upon thermal treatment. The AIE properties of aggregated nano-/microstructures in acetone/water mixtures with different water fractions were studied by using fluorescence spectrometry and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). In different acetone/water mixtures, the TPE-Cn -Chol molecules formed different nano-/microaggregates, such as rodlike crystallites and spherical nanoparticles that showed different fluorescence colors. Finally, the condensed phase behavior of TPE-Cn -Chol was studied by using polarizing microscopy (POM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), fluorescence spectrometry, fluorescence optical microscopy, and wide-angle X ray scattering (WAXS). The clover-shaped TPE unit introduced into the rodlike cholesterol mesogen inhibits not only the formation of a liquid-crystal phase but also recrystallization upon cooling from the isotropic liquid phase. Very interestingly, TPE-Cn -Chol molecules in the condensed state change their fluorescence color under external stimuli, such as melting, grinding, and solvent fuming. The phase transition is the origin of these thermo-, mechano-, and vapochromic properties. These findings offer a simple and interesting platform for the creation of multistimuli-responsive fluorescent sensors.

We consider the simple exclusion process on Z x {0, 1}, that is, an "horizontal ladder" composed of 2 lanes, depending on 6 parameters. Particles can jump according to a lane-dependent translation-invariant nearest neighbour jump kernel, i.e. "horizontally" along each lane, and "vertically" along the scales of the ladder. We prove that generically, the set of extremal invariant measures consists of (i) translation-invariant product Bernoulli measures; and, modulo translations along Z: (ii) at most two shock measures (i.e. asymptotic to Bernoulli measures at $\pm$$\infty$) with asymptotic densities 0 and 2; (iii) at most one (outside degenerate cases) shock measure with a density jump of magnitude 1. We fully determine this set for a range of parameter values. In fact, outside degenerate cases, there is at most one shock measure of type (iii). Our results can be generalized in several directions using the same approach and answer certain open questions formulated in [6] as a step towards the process on Z${}^2$., Comment: 74 pages

International audience; Terahertz-light imaging is attracting great attention as a new approach in non-invasive/non-staining biopsy of cancerous tissues. Positively, terahertz light has been shown to be sensitive to the cell density, the hydration content, and the chemical composition of biological samples. However, the spatial resolution of terahertz imaging is typically limited to several millimeters, making it difficult to apply the technology to image biological tissues which have sub-terahertz-wavelength-scale inhomogeneity. For overcoming the resolution, we have recently developed a terahertz near-field microscope with a spatial resolution of 10 µm, named scanning point terahertz source (SPoTS) microscope. In contrast to conventional far-field terahertz techniques, this microscope features the near-field interactions between samples and point terahertz sources on a sub-terahertz-wavelength scale. Herein, to evaluate the usefulness of terahertz imaging in cancer tissue biopsy in greater detail, we performed terahertz near-field imaging of a paraffin-embedded human-breast-cancer section having sub-terahertz-wavelength-scale inhomogeneity of the cancer cell density using the SPoTS microscope. The observed terahertz images successfully visualized local (~250 µm) inhomogeneities of the cell density in breast invasive ductal carcinoma. These results may bypass the terahertz limitation in terms of spatial resolution and may further motivate the application of terahertz light to cancer tissue biopsy.

In this paper we analyze how growing income/wealth inequality and the functional income distribution inequality have contributed to the sustained low potential growth observed in the industrialized economies during the last two decades, a period that includes the Great Recession (GR). Growing inequality may constitute a drawback for the recovery of these economies, especially after the Great Pandemic (GP). To this aim, we modify the semi-structural model originally proposed by Holston, Laubach and William, by considering the effects of several types of inequalities. We jointly estimate potential growth and the natural interest rates. We show that the latter can substantially modify the time path of the real interest rate that prevails when economies are at full strength and inflation is stable.

The paper investigates the pace of technology adoption in telecom technology post liberalization and its effect on stock returns using a new global panel dataset. Results are twofold. First, evidence points to the complementarity between telecom liberalization and regulatory independence in driving a sustained pace of technology adoption. Second, results show a positive and economically significant effect of telecom adoption on stock returns pointing to significant spillovers of telecom to the rest of the economy.

International audience; We report the absorption and emission properties of neodymium (Nd3+)-doped APLF glasses [20Al(PO3)3-80LiF + x NdF3, x = 0.5–2.0 mol%] as potential vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) scintillator materials due to their interconfigurational 4f25d transitions which have not yet been investigated. The Nd3+-doped APLF glasses exhibit absorption and emission peaks from the VUV to the near-infrared (NIR) regions which correspond to the different interconfigurational 4f25d and intraconfigurational 4f3 transitions of Nd3+ ions. Detailed analysis of the absorption and emission spectra reveals that the Nd3+-doped glass has a disordered structure and low symmetry, as expected from amorphous materials. However, the most important feature of these glasses is their electric-dipole allowed 4f25d → 4f3 (4I9/2) broadband emissions, between two configurations of opposite parity, around 187 nm (VUV) whose ~ 5.0 ns decay times are faster than known Nd3+-doped scintillators. At room temperature (RT), the absorption edge located around 192 nm overlaps with this VUV emission indicating that self-absorption primarily limits the emission intensity. This overlap could potentially be minimized by working at low temperatures and doping with higher (>2.0 mol%) concentrations. Despite the presence of self-absorption, the fast emission decay times from the 4f25d excited state make the Nd3+-doped APLF glasses promising new VUV scintillator materials for high-counting-rate fast neutron detection.

When a heavy atomic nucleus splits (fission), the resulting fragments are observed to emerge spinning1; this phenomenon has been a mystery in nuclear physics for over 40 years2,3. The internal generation of typically six or seven units of angular momentum in each fragment is particularly puzzling for systems that start with zero, or almost zero, spin. There are currently no experimental observations that enable decisive discrimination between the many competing theories for the mechanism that generates the angular momentum4–12. Nevertheless, the consensus is that excitation of collective vibrational modes generates the intrinsic spin before the nucleus splits (pre-scission). Here we show that there is no significant correlation between the spins of the fragment partners, which leads us to conclude that angular momentum in fission is actually generated after the nucleus splits (post-scission). We present comprehensive data showing that the average spin is strongly mass-dependent, varying in saw-tooth distributions. We observe no notable dependence of fragment spin on the mass or charge of the partner nucleus, confirming the uncorrelated post-scission nature of the spin mechanism. To explain these observations, we propose that the collective motion of nucleons in the ruptured neck of the fissioning system generates two independent torques, analogous to the snapping of an elastic band. A parameterization based on occupation of angular momentum states according to statistical theory describes the full range of experimental data well. This insight into the role of spin in nuclear fission is not only important for the fundamental understanding and theoretical description of fission, but also has consequences for the γ-ray heating problem in nuclear reactors13,14, for the study of the structure of neutron-rich isotopes15,16, and for the synthesis and stability of super-heavy elements17,18. γ-ray spectroscopy experiments on the origin of spin in the products of nuclear fission of spin-zero nuclei suggest that the fission fragments acquire their spin after scission, rather than before.

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International audience; Most of SMEs are engaged in open innovation practices, but they do not benefit from open innovation or from patenting in the same way as larger firms do. At the same time SMEs, as territorialized suppliers, play a crucial role within evolving regional specialization. In this context the purpose of our study is to examine how low and medium technology supplier SMEs learn and organize themselves at a territorial level to address the challenge of IP protection in an open innovation paradigm. We used a qualitative method with a longitudinal multi-case study involving 27 companies with a historical lance to compare the territorial dynamics of knowledge protection within clustered supplier SMEs in two European regions. The results show they protect their knowledge by learning how to design, in a direct relationship with clients, customized complex technological products to develop a new organizational matrix of multidisciplinary knowledge that reveals itself difficult to imitate within the clusters. They also cope with other supplier firms across sectors even if they show societal path dependencies in the way to build cooperation. This dynamic has given birth to changing structural relationships among regionally clustered SMEs and between them and large firms.

International audience; Two-electron reduction of the amidate-supported U(III) mono(arene) complex U(TDA)(3) (2) with KC8 yields the anionic bis(arene) complex [K[2.2.2]cryptand][U(TDA)(2)] (3) (TDA = N-(2,6-di-isopropylphenyl)pivalamido). EPR spectroscopy, magnetic susceptibility measurements, and calculations using DFT as well as multireference CASSCF methods all provide strong evidence that the electronic structure of 3 is best represented as a 5f(4) U(II) metal center bound to a monoreduced arene ligand. Reactivity studies show 3 reacts as a U(I) synthon by behaving as a two-electron reductant toward I-2 to form the dinuclear U(III)-U(III) triiodide species [K[2.2.2]cryptand][(UI(TDA)(2))(2)(mu-I)] (6) and as a three-electron reductant toward cycloheptatriene (CHT) to form the U(IV) complex [K[2.2.2]cryptand][U(eta(7)-C7H7)(TDA)(2)(THF)] (7). The reaction of 3 with cyclooctatetraene (COT) generates a mixture of the U(III) anion [K[2.2.2]cryptand][U(TDA)(4)] (1-crypt) and U(COT)(2), while the addition of COT to complex 2 instead yields the dinuclear U(IV)-U(IV) inverse sandwich complex [U(TDA)(3)](2)(mu-eta(8):eta(3)-C8H8) (8). Two-electron reduction of the homoleptic Th(IV) amidate complex Th(TDA)(4) (4) with KC8 gives the mono(arene) complex [K[2.2.2]cryptand][Th(TDA)(3)(THF)] (5). The C-C bond lengths and torsion angles in the bound arene of 5 suggest a direduced arene bound to a Th(IV) metal center; this conclusion is supported by DFT calculations.

International audience; A functional sense of smell is essential for evaluating and enjoying food, receiving information about conspecifics, and detecting threats via airborne chemical cues. Olfactory dysfunction has been associated with an impaired quality of life, reflected by a higher incidence of undesirable mental states such as depression and social insecurity. Addressing and overcoming related olfactory dysfunction issues require a detailed understanding of peripheral and central processes involved in olfaction. Consequently, there is a growing body of research unravelling molecular and cellular interactions that shape olfactory sensation. Recent studies have demonstrated that in the nasal mucosa odorants are biotransformed by metabolizing enzymes into metabolites that themselves have signaling properties. In addition, the demonstration that metabolites synthesis is very fast (hundreds of millisecond range) supports a potential functional impact of these odorous metabolites on olfactory perception. Therefore, an advanced characterization of this hitherto neglected mechanism could radically change our understanding of olfactory perception.The underlying enzymatic processes involved in nasal odorant biotransformation have been investigated for few odorants, to date, and knowledge on the odor characteristics of nasal volatile metabolites is very limited. Here, we present the international consortium “NAOMI” which combines different expertises to explore the formation, the identity, and the sensory properties of volatile odorant metabolites through complementary studies in animal and cellular models, as well as human sensory approaches. The aim is to gain a comprehensive understanding of how aroma and odor perception is shaped by nasal metabolic products. NAOMI brings together multi-disciplinary skills ranging from clinical expertise in Oto-Rhino-Laryngology (Hackenberg) and airway tissue engineering (Steinke), over molecular biology/enzymology (Heydel, Le Quéré, Neiers, Reynaud, Thomas-Danguin) to aroma chemistry and sensory evaluation (Buettner, Kornbausch, Loos, Thomas-Danguin). Comprising both the detailed characterization of molecular processes as well as of sensory correlates, the NAOMI consortium aims to better understand how molecular enzymatic mechanisms shape olfactory perception. This project is supported by ANR and DFG.

International audience; The ocean fine scale (from the mesoscale to the submesoscale) is susceptible to impact air-sea exchange and has an integral effect on the large scale atmosphere and ocean dynamics. Many recent advances in understanding underlying processes have been obtained from modeling efforts and only few in-situ observational studies exist one of them being the EUREC4A-OA/ATOMIC campaign that was added to the EUREC4A atmospheric campaign. This experiment took place in January-February 2020 in the Northwest Tropical Atlantic Ocean with the aim to collect synchronized ocean and atmosphere data to improve our understanding of the role of fine scale processes in the internal ocean dynamics and air-sea interaction.Four oceanographic vessels, coordinated with air-borne observations and autonomous ocean platforms (underwater gliders, Saildrones, drifters), simultaneously acquired ocean and atmosphere data east of the island of Barbados and further south, up to the border of French Giuana. This way, ocean and atmospheric data was acquired in two contrasting regions: (1) the Trade wind region and (2) a region filled with mesoscale eddies. Operations allowed investigating upper ocean processes from small to mesoscale and from sub-diurnal to monthly.A variety of mesoscale eddies were crossed with diverse characteristics, ranging from shallow cyclonic and anticyclonic eddies to the deep reaching structures. Some of these eddies, and in particular North Brazil Rings, have been previously observed and described in dedicated oceanographic experiments. Nonetheless, the EUREC4A-OA/ATOMIC campaign brings in new details about the vertical structure, the dynamics and the potential impact on air-sea interactions of these mesoscale features.With the various observing platforms it was possible to sample the upper-ocean in great detail, resolving frontal scales and stratification. For example, the remnants of the Amazon plume, flowing northward along the shelf-break and being advected far offshore though NBC rings, create a rich variety of submesoscale fronts and a strong barrier layer impacting air-sea exchange of heat and momentum. The ongoing analyses on the ocean dynamics regional and local structures and specifics of air-sea interaction will be highlighted in this presentation.

International audience; A growing literature shows that perception and action are already tightly coupled in the newborn. The current study aimed to examine the nature of the coupling between olfactory stimuli from the mother and the newborn's crawling and rooting (exploratory movements of the head). To examine the coupling, the crawling and rooting behavior of 28 2-day-old newborns were studied while they were supported prone on a mobility device shaped like a mini skateboard, the Crawliskate®, their head positioned directly on top of a pad infused with either their mother's breast odor (Maternal) or the odor of water (Control). Video and 3D kinematic analyses of the number and types of limb movements and quantification of displacement across the surface revealed that newborns are significantly more efficient crawlers when they smell the maternal odor, moving greater distances although performing fewer locomotor movements. In addition, the newborns made significantly more head rooting movements in the presence of the maternal odor. These findings suggest that the circuitry underlying quadrupedal locomotion and exploratory movements of the head is already adaptable to olfactory information via higher brain processing. Moreover, the coupling between olfaction and the two action systems, locomotion and rooting, is already differentiated. As crawling enables the newborn to move toward the mother's breast immediately after birth and facilitates mother-infant interaction, the results of this study highlight the potential value of using maternal odors to stimulate mobility in infants at risk of motor delay and/or deprived of this odor when born prematurely.

International audience; Extension of stable longitudinal coherence from vacuum ultraviolet to x rays is highly sought after in the free-electron laser (FEL) community, but it is often prevented by bandwidth broadening originated in the electron beam microbunching instability. We demonstrate that a proper tuning of the linear optics before the beam enters the undulator mitigates the microbunching-induced sideband instability. The experiment was conducted at the Fermi FEL operated in echo-enabled harmonic generation mode, where the spectral brightness at 7 nm wavelength was doubled. The FEL performance is compared to nonoptimized optics solutions and characterized in terms of peak intensity and spectral bandwidth shot-to-shot stability. The technique has straightforward implementation, because it uses quadrupole magnets routinely adopted for beam transport, and it applies to any FEL architecture, so paving the way to the production of high-intensity Fourier-transform limited x-ray pulses in existing and planned FEL facilities.

Septins are conserved cytoskeletal proteins that regulate cell cortex mechanics. The mechanisms of their interactions with the plasma membrane remain poorly understood. Here we show by cell-free reconstitution that membrane binding requires electrostatic interactions of septins with anionic lipids and promotes the ordered self-assembly of fly septins into filamentous meshworks. Transmission electron microscopy reveals that both fly and mammalian septins form arrays of single and paired filaments. Atomic force microscopy and quartz crystal microbalance demonstrate that the fly filaments form mechanically rigid, 12 to 18 nm thick, double layers of septins. By contrast, C-terminally truncated septin mutants form 4 nm thin monolayers, indicating that stacking requires the C-terminal coiled coils on DSep2 and Pnut subunits. Our work shows that membrane binding is required for fly septins to form ordered arrays of single and paired filaments and provides new insights into the mechanisms by which septins may regulate cell surface mechanics.

Higher symmetries frequently amaze human beings because of the illusions and incredible landscapes such symmetries can produce. For example, imagine the unearthly pictures of the Dutch graphic artist M.C. Escher. He made use of glide symmetry and reflection to produce unbelievable transitions and transformations of objects and beings, as illustrated in Figure 1(a). However, the history of higher symmetries started much earlier. Escher was partially inspired by the Moorish tessellations in the Alhambra in Granada, Spain, such as the ones pictured in Figure 1(b). The authors would like to thank Oskar Zetterström for providing the photo in Figure 5(a). This work was partly funded by the Spanish Government, under grant TEC2016-79700-C2-2-R; the French Government, under National Research Agency (ANR) Modeling and De - sign of Holey Metasurfaces project grant ANR JCJC 2016, ANR-16-CE24-0030; the Vinnova project High-5 (grant 2018-01522), under the Strategic Program on Smart Electronic Systems; the Stiftelsen Åforsk project Higher-Symmetric Materials for 5G Communications (grant 18-302); and COST Action SyMat CA18223, supported by COST (European Cooperation in Science and Technology), www.cost.eu.

International audience; Solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance under magic angle spinning (MAS) enhanced with dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP) is a powerful approach to characterize many important classes of materials, allowing access to previously inaccessible structural and dynamic parameters. Here, we present the first DNP MAS experiments using a 0.7 mm MAS probe, which allows us to reach spinning frequencies of 65 kHz, with microwave irradiation, at 100 K. At the highest magnetic field available for DNP today (21.1 T), we find that the polarizing agent HyTEK2 provides DNP enhancements as high as 200 at a spinning rate of 65 kHz at 100 K, and BDPA yields an enhancement of 106 under the same conditions. Fast spinning rates enable excellent DNP performance, but they also yield unprecedented 1 H resolution under DNP conditions. We report well-resolved 1 H-detected 1 H− 13 C and 1 H− 15 N correlation spectra of microcrystalline histidine•HCl•H 2 O.

High-brightness electron bunches, such as those generated and accelerated in free-electron lasers (FELs), can develop small-scale structure in the longitudinal phase space. This causes variations in the slice energy spread and current profile of the bunch which then undergo amplification, in an effect known as the microbunching instability. By imposing energy spread modulations on the bunch in the low-energy section of an accelerator, using an undulator and a modulated laser pulse in the centre of a dispersive chicane, it is possible tomanipulate the bunch longitudinal phase space. This allows for the control and study of the instability in unprecedented detail. We report measurements and analysis of such modulated electron bunches in the 2Dspectro-temporal domain at the FERMI FEL, for three different bunch compression schemes. We also perform corresponding simulations of these experiments and show that the codes are indeed able to reproduce the measurements across a wide spectral range. This detailed experimental verification of the ability of codes to capture the essential beam dynamics of the microbunching instability will benefit the design and performance of future FELs., 12 pages, 14 figures

The COVID-19 lockdowns have brought about the need of large fiscal responses in all European countries. However, countries across Europe are differently equipped to respond to the shock due to differences in economic conditions and fiscal space. In this paper, we build on the model by Berger et al. (2019) to compare gains from alternative mechanisms of EU fiscal integration in the presence of moral hazard. We show that any EU response strategy to the COVID-19 crisis excluding mutual financial support to member countries lacks credibility. Some form of fiscal risk sharing is indeed better than none, and the associated moral hazard can be hedged by introducing fiscal centralization to Brussels. While the desirable level of centralization increases monotonically with the stock of a country’s debt issued to finance COVID-related spending, the degree of risk sharing responds non-linearly. When the costs of delegating fiscal authority are relatively low, the optimal policy envisages increasingly higher delegation of fiscal authority and lower fiscal risk sharing. On the contrary, when the costs of transferring fiscal powers are relatively high the optimal mix favors more risk sharing. Proposed arrangements at the EU level in response to the COVID-19 shock seem reflecting these basic insights by rotating around a combination of fiscal risk sharing and delegation in the form of fiscal conditionality.

International audience; Using only a limited number of computationally expensive functions, we show a way how to construct accurate and computationally efficient approximations of the Colebrook equation for flow friction based on the asymptotic series expansion of the Wright ω-function and on symbolic regression. The results are verified with 8 million of Quasi-Monte Carlo points covering the domain of interest for engineers. In comparison with the built-in “wrightOmega” feature of Matlab R2016a, the herein introduced related approximations of the Wright ω-function significantly accelerate the explicit solution of the Colebrook equation. Such balance between speed and accuracy could be achieved only using symbolic regression, a computational intelligence approach that can find optimal coefficients and the best structure of the equation. The presented numerical experiments show that the novel symbolic regression approximation reduced the maximal relative error from 0.045% to 0.00337%, i.e. more than 13 times, even the complexity remains almost unchanged. Moreover, we also provide a novel highly precise symbolic regression approximation (max. relative error 0.000024%), which, for the same speed as asymptotic expansion, reduces the relative error by factor 219. This research is motivated by estimation of flow rate using electrical parameters of pumps where direct measurement is not always possible such as in offshore underwater pipelines.

Surface hydrophobization of cellulose nanomaterials has been used in the development of nanofiller-reinforced polymer composites and formulations based on Pickering emulsions. Despite the well-known effect of hydrophobic domains on self-assembly or association of water-soluble polymer amphiphiles, very few studies have addressed the behavior of hydrophobized cellulose nanomaterials in aqueous media. In this study, we investigate the properties of hydrophobized cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) and their self-assembly and amphiphilic properties in suspensions and gels. CNCs of different hydrophobicity were synthesized from sulfated CNCs by coupling primary alkylamines of different alkyl chain lengths (6, 8, and 12 carbon atoms). The synthetic route permitted the retention of surface charge, ensuring good colloidal stability of hydrophobized CNCs in aqueous suspensions. We compare surface properties (surface charge, ζ potential), hydrophobicity (water contact angle, microenvironment probing using pyrene fluorescence emission), and surface activity (tensiometry) of different hydrophobized CNCs and hydrophilic CNCs. Association of hydrophobized CNCs driven by hydrophobic effects is confirmed by X-ray scattering (SAXS) and autofluorescent spectroscopy experiments. As a result of CNC association, CNC suspensions/gels can be produced with a wide range of rheological properties depending on the hydrophobic/hydrophilic balance. In particular, sol–gel transitions for hydrophobized CNCs occur at lower concentrations than hydrophilic CNCs, and more robust gels are formed by hydrophobized CNCs. Our work illustrates that amphiphilic CNCs can complement associative polymers as modifiers of rheological properties of water-based systems.

Most currently used approximations for the one-particle Green's function G in the framework of many-body perturbation theory, such as Hedin's GW approximation or the cumulant GW+C approach, are based on a linear response approximation for the screened interaction W. The extent to which such a hypothesis is valid and ways to go beyond have been explored only very little. Here we show how to derive a cumulant Green's function beyond linear-response from the equation of motion of the Green's function in a functional derivative formulation. The results can be written in a compact form, which opens the possibility to calculate the corrections in a first principles framework using time-dependent density functional theory. In order to illustrate the potential importance of the corrections, numerical results are presented for a model system with a core level and two valence orbitals., 9 pages, 1 figure

International audience; With growing interest in ocean uses for sustainable economic development, there is an increasing need for cross-sectoral marine spatial planning to balance different resource uses and conservation requirements. Ecosystem service assessments can provide the evidence to inform marine spatial planning decisions. Existing case studies suggest that these assessments can also have positive effects on the engagement of marine stakeholders in management and planning processes. Stakeholder engagement is a central element in marine spatial planning and other area-based management approaches. However, in a marine context, engagement is often difficult due to the lack of clear boundaries in the ocean, traditionally sectoral marine management and limited understanding of marine ecosystems. The study presented here investigated ecosystem service assessments as a tool for improving marine stakeholder engagement. Stakeholder experiences with ecosystem service assessments in six marine management and planning case studies were analysed to identify why, how and under what conditions ecosystem service assessments can support effective engagement. The findings show that under the right conditions, ecosystem service assessments can provide an inclusive and integrative platform for engagement, enable a better understanding of marine ecosystems, human-ecosystem interactions and management contexts, and support better stakeholder relationships. Stakeholder participation also improves the evidence base for ecosystem service assessments. Thus, involving stakeholders in ecosystem service assessments can improve marine spatial planning decisions and lead to better management and conservation outcomes for the ocean.

International audience; Beyond its public health dimension, the unfolding coronavirus epidemic also represents a severe economic stress test for Europe that comes from a totally unexpected side. This time, it is primarily a shock to the real economy hitting all European countries more or less equally (time lags will soon become a footnote). The buffers and firewalls put in place after the global financial crisis and the euro crisis have been designed to fighta different sort of crisis, originating in the financial sector or in a particular sovereign. This time is different.

Gradient-descent-based algorithms and their stochastic versions have widespread applications in machine learning and statistical inference. In this work we perform an analytic study of the performances of one of them, the Langevin algorithm, in the context of noisy high-dimensional inference. We employ the Langevin algorithm to sample the posterior probability measure for the spiked matrix-tensor model. The typical behaviour of this algorithm is described by a system of integro-differential equations that we call the Langevin state evolution, whose solution is compared with the one of the state evolution of approximate message passing (AMP). Our results show that, remarkably, the algorithmic threshold of the Langevin algorithm is sub-optimal with respect to the one given by AMP. We conjecture this phenomenon to be due to the residual glassiness present in that region of parameters. Finally we show how a landscape-annealing protocol, that uses the Langevin algorithm but violate the Bayes-optimality condition, can approach the performance of AMP., 11 pages and 5 figures + appendix

District heating systems are considered as key tools to contribute to the energy transition in urban areas through their ability to promote waste and renewable energies. Waste heat sources (also named excess heat) are still under-exploited in district heating systems although there is significant potential, especially in urban areas. Waste heat sources located near or in dense urban areas (wastewater, datacenters, laundries, etc.) are the research topic of this thesis. Methods have been developed to precisely evaluate their energy potential, knowing that all these sources have different technical characteristics (temperature and variability in particular). These methods have been integrated into a simulation tool, named Recov’Heat. It calculates technical, economic and environmental indicators to assess the relevance of an urban heat source. The Recov'Heat model has been tested on various case studies and obtains results close to reality despite a tendency to overestimate the energy recovered. Technical simplifications in the model and the calculation of the maximum energy potential justify these differences. The viability of integrating a waste heat source in a district heating system depends not only on technical and economic parameters, but also on several conditions linked to the local context, which may affect the implementation of such projects. Several case studies show the influence of local authorities’ support on the success of these projects. They have a decisive role to play in stimulating consultation between a multitude of actors involved in these projects and to understand the contractual complexities between them, Les réseaux de chaleur sont considérés aujourd’hui comme des systèmes clés pour accompagner la transition énergétique des milieux urbains. Leur principal atout est de pouvoir valoriser des sources locales d’énergie renouvelable et de récupération. Les sources de chaleur fatale (ou de récupération) sont encore peu exploitées dans ces réseaux alors qu’il existe un gisement important, notamment en milieu urbain, soit très proche des bâtiments consommateurs. Ces sources urbaines de chaleur fatale (eaux usées, datacenter, blanchisseries, entrepôts frigorifiques) sont les objets de recherche de cette thèse. Des méthodes ont été développées pour évaluer finement leur potentiel énergétique, sachant que toutes ces sources présentent des caractéristiques techniques différentes (température et variabilité notamment). Ces méthodes ont été intégrées à un outil de simulation, appelé Recov’Heat, qui calcule des indicateurs techniques, économiques et environnementaux permettant de juger la pertinence quant à la valorisation d’une source urbaine de chaleur fatale. Le modèle Recov’Heat a été testé sur divers études de cas et obtient des résultats proches de la réalité malgré une tendance à surestimer l’énergie réellement récupérée. Des simplifications techniques dans le modèle et le calcul du potentiel énergétique maximal justifient ces écarts. La valorisation d’une source d’énergie fatale dans un réseau de chaleur ne dépend pas que de paramètres technico-économiques, mais également de plusieurs conditions liées au contexte des territoires, qui peuvent remettre en cause la mise en œuvre de tels projets. Plusieurs analyses de cas montrent l’influence du portage des collectivités territoriales sur l’aboutissement de ces projets. Elles ont un rôle décisif pour impulser la concertation entre une multitude d’acteurs concernés par ces projets et appréhender les complexités contractuelles entre ces acteurs