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In an unprecedented event of global and intersectoral repercussion, the service sector - due to its inherent implication of direct interaction - has been one of the most affected, with the travel industry standing out. Current projections foresee a gradual recovery fraught with much confusion. A fundamental factor that affects the habit of traveling comes from economic income. This, according to projections for Latin America and the Caribbean, would see a considerable loss in the progress achieved in the last two decades. Thus, the volume of potential domestic and interregional demand would see a substantial reduction. In such a scenario, the destinations where the market share is predominantly international would be the most affected. Hence the need for public policies on such geographic spaces and their economic agents. Thus, this article lists public policy options in the labour, financial, domestic demand, as well as market opportunities in a post-pandemic horizon., En un evento sin precedentes de una repercusión mundial e intersectorial, el sector servicios -por su implicancia inherente de interacción directa- ha sido uno de los más afectados, en especial la industria de viajes. Las proyecciones actuales avizoran una recuperación paulatina cargada de mucho desconcierto. Un factor fundamental que incide en el hábito de viajar proviene de los ingresos económicos. Esto, según proyecciones para América Latina y el Caribe, vería una pérdida considerable en progresos alcanzados en las últimas dos décadas. Así, el volumen de la demanda interna e interregional potencial vería una reducción sustantiva. En tal panorama, los destinos donde la cuota de mercado es preponderantemente internacional serían los más afligidos. De ahí la necesidad de políticas públicas sobre tales espacios geográficos y sus agentes económicos. Así, el presente artículo lista opciones de política pública en el ámbito laboral, financiero, demanda interna, así como oportunidades de mercado en un horizonte pospandemia.

El trabajo describe y caracteriza las cámaras empresariales de la industria pesquera argentina en la actualidad. Esta industria reviste especial importancia no solo por las divisas que genera, sino también por el mercado de trabajo asociado a ella en forma directa e indirecta. Sin embargo, en la actualidad, es escasa la información disponible respecto del sector empresarial de esta trascendente actividad económica. Las investigaciones actuales en ciencias sociales sobre la industria pesquera argentina versan principalmente sobre el rol de los asalariados, sus asociaciones gremiales y sindicales y la conflictividad laboral. Desde diversas fuentes secundarias y 10 entrevistas realizadas a representantes de las cámaras empresariales, se describe a este agente económico del sector según sus actividades productivas e intereses económicos. A partir del análisis se caracteriza el modo cómo se agrupan y organizan la diversidad de empresas de la actividad pesquera en la actualidad. This paper characterizes the heterogeneity of business chambers in the Argentine fishing industry. This activity is important not only because of the foreign currency it generates, but also because of the labor market associated with it. However, at present, little information is available on the business sector of this important economic activity. Moreover, current social science research on the Argentine fishing industry mainly deals with the role of employees, their trade associations, unions and labor conflicts. Methodologically, we worked with secondary sources and interviews with representatives of the business chambers to characterize the sector and to know how they are grouped and organized. In this way, the history and genesis of the different economic agents of the fishing activity at present is approached.

La presencia de desigualdades regionales, y la persistencia que demuestran en el largo plazo, en uno de los máximos problemas y desafíos a los que se deben enfrentar los agentes económicos del país. Bajo el objetivo de analizar la realidad económica que dibujan las distintas CCAA, este trabajo se elabora con el propósito de ofrecer un diagnostico sobre las disparidades económicas registradas durante las últimas cuatro décadas. Para ello, se propone hacer un análisis de carácter económico y teórico, donde poder constatar el debate elaborado por los modelos y teorías del crecimiento y desarrollo respecto a los procesos desiguales producidos en las economías, así como analizar el recorrido de la disparidad en las regiones españolas a través del uso de una serie de indicadores. Adicionalmente, el diagnostico de los desequilibrios constatado desde un plano teórico y práctico, finalizará con un análisis de los aspectos básicos de la política regional.

Tese especialmente elaborada para obtenção do grau de Doutor em Ciências Sociais (Especialidade de Desenvolvimento Socioeconómico) - ISCSP O ano de 1997 ficou registado na história de São Tomé e Príncipe (STP) como o início de uma nova era, pelo facto de o país ter celebrado um Memorando de Entendimento com uma empresa estrangeira para a exploração e produção de petróleo nas suas águas territoriais. Esse acordo foi amplamente divulgado ao nível internacional e seguido com atenção pelas instituições financeiras internacionais e grandes empresas de petróleo, que olhavam com interesse a possibilidade de um Pequeno Estado Insular em Desenvolvimento (PEID) se converter num potencial produtor de petróleo. Este trabalho procura contribuir para ajudar a perceber o processo de exploração de petróleo em STP, não na sua vertente da engenharia, geociência ou tecnológica, mas numa outra vertente que muito prematuramente atingiu, de forma profunda e transversal, não só toda a sociedade santomense como também a comunidade associadas à exploração de petróleo. Utilizando análise documental, sobretudo, de fontes secundárias e a recolha de dados por meio de entrevistas semiestruturadas, pretendeu-se identificar a influência das expetativas sobre o comportamento e as ações de vários agentes económicos. Este trabalho procedeu também à verificação dos aspetos críticos associados à exploração do petróleo incluídos na definição da maldição dos recursos naturais. O estudo termina com um conjunto de propostas visando uma gestão mais equilibrada das expetativas, destacando o papel das instituições e a observação correta e transparente dos instrumentos legais de regulação operacional e financeira já existentes e outros a serem criados, de forma a garantir que o petróleo sirva de forma justa todos os santomenses, numa perspetiva de desenvolvimento sustentável do país e dos seus cidadãos 1997 was marked in the history of São Tomé and Príncipe (STP) as the year of beginning of a new era, because the country signed a Memorandum of Understanding with a foreign company for the exploration and production of oil in its territorial waters. This agreement was widely publicized at the international level and followed with attention by international financial institutions and large oil companies, which looked with interest at the possibility of a Small Island Developing State (SIDS), becoming a potential oil producer. This work seeks to help to understand the process of oil exploration in STP, not in terms of engineering, geoscience or technology, but in another aspect that very deep and precipitately reached, in a transversal way, not only the whole of Santomeans society but also the International Community. We are talking about expectations associated with oil exploration. Using documentary analysis of secondary sources and data collection through semi-structured interviews, it was possible to identify the effect on the behaviour and actions of various economic agents generated by expectations. This work also used the verification of the critical aspects associated with oil exploration included in the definition of the natural resource curse. The study ends with a set of proposals aimed at a more balanced management of expectations, highlighting the role of institutions and the transparent observation of the legal instruments of operational and financial regulation that already exist and others to be created, to ensure that oil resources serve equally all Santomeans in a perspective of sustainable development for the country and its citizens. N/A

La microeconomia permet identificar aspectes clau en les decisions dels agents econòmics, no obstant això, és insuficient puix que les decisions no només es limiten als pactes entre les parts sinó també es veuen afectades per polítiques de govern i l'acompliment de la indústria. D'altra banda, l'anàlisi de la macroeconomia destaca l'existència de polítiques que incideixen en el desenvolupament del mercat tals com: controls de preus, nivell d'institucionalitat, barreres internacionals i oportunitats econòmiques. L'acord de maternitat subrogada és un mitjà que permet la mútua satisfacció de les parts: l'aspecte reproductiu / filial dels pares i l'aspecte econòmic de la mare subrogada. Els controls de preus i barreres internacionals afecten les mares gestants en múltiples formes, a més els efectes d'aquests controls varien en cada país. El Perú és una destinació potencial per al turisme reproductiu donat els baixos costos dels seus serveis mèdics i els alts estàndards de qualitat d'aquests, així com la jurisprudència uniforme que viabilitza els convenis de maternitat subrogada, sent el buit legal un inconvenient per a la realització d'aquest tipus d'actes. De legalitzar-se els acords de maternitat subrogada, el preu de la contraprestació dependrà de l'estat de necessitat de la dona i el seu cost d'oportunitat. Una regulació permissiva no sempre assegurarà un just intercanvi de recursos si no està recolzada per una adequada institucionalitat que incentivi la reproducció assistida com un dret de la persona., Microeconomics allows the identification of key aspects in the decisions of economic agents; however, it is insufficient because the decisions are not only limited to the agreement between parties but also, they are affected by government policies and industry performance. On the other hand, the macroeconomic analysis emphasizes the existence of policies that influence market development such as: price controls, level of institutionality, international barriers and economic opportunities. The surrogacy agreement is a mean that allows the mutual satisfaction of the parties: the reproductive/filial aspect of the intended parents and the economic aspect of the surrogate mother. Price controls and international barriers affect pregnant mothers in multiple ways, and the effects of these controls vary among countries. Peru is a potential destination for reproductive tourism given the low costs of their medical services and high-quality standards, as well as the uniform jurisprudence that makes surrogacy agreements viable. Nonetheless, the legal gap is an inconvenience for the realization of this type of act. If surrogacy agreements are legalized, the compensation price will depend on the woman’s state of need and her opportunity cost. A permissive regulation will not always guarantee a fair exchange of resources if it is not supported by an adequate institutional framework that encourages assisted reproduction as a right of the person., La microeconomía permite identificar aspectos clave en las decisiones de los agentes económicos, sin embargo, es insuficiente por cuanto las decisiones no sólo se limitan a lo pactado entre las partes sino también se ven afectadas por políticas de gobierno y el desempeño de la industria. Por otro lado, el análisis de la macroeconomía destaca la existencia de políticas que inciden en el desarrollo del mercado tales como: controles de precios, nivel de institucionalidad, barreras internacionales y oportunidades económicas. El acuerdo de maternidad subrogada es un medio que permite la mutua satisfacción de las partes: el aspecto reproductivo / filial de los padres y el aspecto económico de la madre subrogada. Los controles de precios y barreras internacionales afectan a las madres gestantes en múltiples formas, además los efectos de estos controles varían en cada país. El Perú es un destino potencial para el turismo reproductivo dado los bajos costos de sus servicios médicos y los altos estándares de calidad de estos, así como la jurisprudencia uniforme que viabiliza los convenios de maternidad subrogada, siendo el vacío legal un inconveniente para la realización de este tipo de actos. De legalizarse los acuerdos de maternidad subrogada, el precio de la contraprestación dependerá del estado de necesidad de la mujer y su costo de oportunidad. Una regulación permisiva no siempre asegurará un justo intercambio de recursos si no está respaldada por una adecuada institucionalidad que incentive la reproducción asistida como un derecho de la persona.

Los sectores productivos son fundamentales para el desarrollo de las sociedades, debido a los impactos que generan en la economía local. En la investigación realizada se caracterizó el funcionamiento de las principales actividades productivas de la comuna Las Gilces de la parroquia Crucita y se evidenciaron los factores que configuran su problemática. Se utilizó la metodología cualitativa a partir del método histórico-descriptivo, que se complementó con técnicas de grupos focales y entrevistas a actores claves del desarrollo productivo. Los resultados evidencian que sus principales actividades productivas giran en torno a cuatro ejes: agricultura, pesca, turismo y producción de sal. Se concluye que la problemática productiva de esta zona se debe a: capacitación sesgada y mal aprovechada en la práctica sectorial, carencia de recursos financieros, movilidad interproductiva, desatención de instituciones públicas y privadas, falta de infraestructura, limitada tecnología, competencia desleal entre comunas y economía de sobrevivencia. The productive sectors are fundamental for the development of societies, due to the impacts it generates in the local economy. In this research, the operation of the main productive activities of the Las Gilces commune of the Crucita parish was characterized and the factors that shape their problems were evidenced. The qualitative methodology was used from the historical-descriptive method, which was complemented with techniques of focal groups and interviews to key actors of productive development. The results make evident that its main productive activities revolve around four axes: agriculture, fishing, tourism and salt production. It is concluded that the productive problems of this area are due to: biased and misused training in the sectorial practice, lack of financial resources, inter-productive mobility, neglect of public and private institutions, lack of infrastructure, limited technology, unfair competition between communes and survival economy.

As décadas finais do século XX foram marcadas por profundas transformações econômicas, sociais, científicas e tecnológicas. A crise estrutural do capital propiciou modificações nos meios de comunicação, nas formas produtivas, na organização do trabalho, dos espaços, do território e da sociedade, que foram impactados pelas mutações no campo tecnológico. O desenvolvimento dos recursos técnico-científicos se refletiu na mudança dos paradigmas da sociedade contemporânea, alterando-a à medida que novos padrões de vida, valores, conceitos, formas de consumo e mobilidade surgiram. Diante deste contexto, a presente pesquisa aborda a influência tecnológica na reestruturação e produção do espaço urbano na cidade de Ituiutaba, Minas Gerais, por meio da identificação e análise dos agentes econômicos, buscando compreender as relações entre mudanças das atividades terciárias e das práticas espaciais na perspectiva do consumo, em uma tarefa complexa para a compreensão da sociedade contemporânea e das alterações do espaço no tempo. Conferindo tanto um olhar empírico quanto teórico à pesquisa, a partir das atividades comerciais buscamos observar as transformações espaciais do solo urbano de Ituiutaba, visando entender como as novas tecnologias influenciam a dinâmica urbana. As principais percepções do estudo indicam que a humanidade experimenta consecutivas transformações tecnológicas, que contribuem com a aceleração e flexibilização do espaço-tempo, mas a evolução tecnológica não é o principal fator da reorganização espacial na perspectiva das atividades do setor terciário da cidade de Ituiutaba. A tecnologia abre caminho para novos lugares de consumo e redefine as práticas espaciais no cotidiano dos citadinos. The final decades of the 20th century were marked by profound economic, social, scientific and technological transformations. The structural crisis of capital has led to changes in the media, in the productive forms, in the organization of work, spaces, territory and society, which have been impacted by changes in the technological field. The development of technical-scientific resources was reflected in the change in the paradigms of contemporary society, changing it as new standards of living, values, concepts, forms of consumption and mobility emerged. In this context, this research approaches the technological influence on the restructuring and production of urban space in the city of Ituiutaba, Minas Gerais, through the identification and analysis of economic agents, seeking to understand the relations between changes in tertiary activities and spatial practices from the perspective of consumption, in a complex task for understanding contemporary society and changes in space in time. Giving both an empirical and theoretical look at the research, from the commercial activities we seek to observe the spatial transformations of the urban soil of Ituiutaba, aiming to understand how new technologies influence urban dynamics. The main perceptions of the study indicate that humanity experiences consecutive technological transformations, which contribute to the acceleration and flexibilization of space-time, but technological evolution is not the main factor of spatial reorganization from the perspective of the activities of the tertiary sector of the city of Ituiutaba. Technology paves the way for new places of consumption and redefines spatial practices in the daily life of city dwellers. Dissertação (Mestrado)

Este estudio tiene como finalidad conocer los factores que inciden en los programas de emprendimiento dirigido a jóvenes en riesgo de exclusión, mediante el análisis en base a las experiencias de los jóvenes involucrados en estos espacios. Se sugieren mejoras en estos programas de emprendimiento. Se trabajó con un enfoque de investigación mixta. The purpose of this study is to determine the factors that affect entrepreneurship programs aimed at young people at risk of exclusion, through an analysis of the experiences of young people involved in these programs. Some improvements are suggested to these entrepreneurship programs. The study was conducted under a mixed research approach.

A decisão de investimento por parte dos agentes econômicos passa pela confiança e expectativas de um ambiente de negócios mais propício. Esse otimismo pode funcionar como um mecanismo que impulsiona a criação de vagas no mercado de trabalho. Neste contexto, este artigo analisa a existência de relações de curto e longo prazos entre o desemprego e expectativas e confiança de empresários da indústria e comércio. A análise econométrica empregada foi a de estimação pelos métodos ARDL, OLS e GMM. Os resultados revelam que expectativas mais otimistas dos empresários, no longo prazo, se traduzem em queda dos níveis de desemprego com impactos de redução de 0,28% a 0,30% para cada 1 ponto de melhora nas expectativas. Para o curto prazo, não foram encontradas evidências estatisticamente significativas que o mesmo ocorra.

El presente tema de investigación está orientada al estudio sobre “El Planeamiento Estratégico en la Gestión de Cadenas Productivas Pecuarias en las Cooperativas Comunales de la Provincia de Pasco, período 2016”, de acuerdo a la investigación realizada los responsables de la gestión de las empresas asociativas en estudio no han formulado e implementado la Planeación Estratégica por lo cual no han gestionado en la innovación y valor agregado en cadenas productivas de sus materias primas pecuarias que obtienen durante una campaña de la producción de vacunos, ovinos y camélidos sudamericanos. La carencia del Planeamiento Estratégico no les permite formular la misión, visión, valores, objetivos, políticas y estrategias básicas para desarrollar planes sobre la gestión de cadenas productivas pecuarias, por lo cual han influido en el valor agregado de sus productos pecuarios que obtienen. Asimismo la falta del análisis del entorno interno no les permite realizar un diagnóstico y evaluar las debilidades y fortalezas internas de las empresas asociativas que se dedican a la crianza de vacunos, ovinos y camélidos sudamericanos para conocer las condiciones favorables que les permitan disminuir las amenazas y aprovechar las oportunidades de las áreas de producción que tienen el mayor potencial y productividad y disminuir los impactos negativos en beneficio de sus asociados, además la falta del análisis del ámbito externo del Planeamiento Estratégico, no les permiten identificar y evaluar los acontecimientos, cambios y tendencias que se presentan en el entorno de la empresas asociativas, no identifican las oportunidades que podrían beneficiar a la empresa y las amenazas que podrían perjudicarla, de igual forma la falta del análisis de los agentes económicos de los consumidores, productores y la influencia IV del estado que regula el funcionamiento del mercado que son los principales actores de las actividades económicas que tengan relación con la producción pecuaria que producen no les está permitiendo efectuar la gestión de cadenas productivas. En cuanto a la gestión de las cadenas productivas no articulan actividades técnicas desde el inicio del proceso de transformación biológica del ganado su transformación en un producto pecuario terminado mediante un valor agregado hasta la comercialización, debido a la falta de aplicación e implementación de un sistema constituido por actores interrelacionados de operaciones de producción, transformación y comercialización que incide en las ventajas competitivas, el incremento de la rentabilidad, aplicación de tecnología y en la innovación de productos pecuarios mediante planes productivos, programas estratégicos para transformar la leche, carne, cuero lana y fibra mediamente una gestión cadenas productivas . Para el análisis del fenómeno de investigación se utilizó la metodología opiniones durante el proceso del acopio de información sobre la aplicación del Plan Estratégico en la gestión de cadenas productivas para innovar y darle un valor agregado a los productos pecuarios que obtienen de acuerdo a los instrumentos de recolección de datos aplicados la opinión de los encuestados de acuerdo a la unidad de análisis. El Problema General es ¿En qué medida la carencia del Planeamiento Estratégico está afectando la Gestión de Cadenas Productivas Pecuarias en las Cooperativas Comunales de la Provincia de Pasco, periodo 2016 ?. Del cual se analizaron tres problemas específicos. El Objetivo General de la presente investigación es cconocer y analizar la carencia aplicación del Planeamiento Estratégico que está afectando la gestión de cadenas productivas pecuarias en las V Cooperativas Comunales de la Provincia de Pasco, periodo 2016. De la misma manera se analizaron también tres Objetivos Específicos. La Hipótesis General demostrada es: La Carencia del Planeamiento Estratégico está afectando de manera significativa la Gestión de Cadenas Productivas Pecuarias en las Cooperativas Comunales de la Provincia de Pasco, periodo 2016. La población de estudio estuvo constituida por nueve Cooperativas Comunidades de la Provincia de Pasco y como unidad de análisis 134 elementos que integran dichas empresas como: Consejo de Administración, Consejo de Vigilancia, Gerente, Contador y Administradores de las áreas de producción de ovinos, vacunos y camélidos sudamericanos y se aplicó una muestra aleatoria simple. El diseño de la investigación es correlacional, los instrumentos para la recolección de datos fueron el cuestionario y la técnica de análisis documental y la confiabilidad se determinó por el coeficiente de Cronbach al 95% de Confianza. El análisis estadístico de los datos se realizó con el apoyo de los programas computarizados SPSS versión 21, y EXCEL. Las variables están asociadas o correlacionadas en grado aceptable. Por consiguiente las hipótesis específicas de la presente investigación quedaron validadas. Tesis

La presente tesis destaca la necesidad de precisar mecanismos de protección ambiental y de formular propuestas para una regulación ambiental eficiente, destacando el rol del Estado, la empresa y el ciudadano como agente social. This thesis highlights the need to specify environmental protection mechanisms and formulate proposals for efficient environmental regulation, highlighting the role of the State, the company and the citizen as a social agent. Tesis

The present doctoral thesis entitled THE INEFFICIENCY OF THE BANKRUPTCY PROCESS IN SPAIN: AN ANALYSIS OF ITS CAUSES AND A EXPLANATORY MODEL, belongs to the interuniversity Phd Economic program in Business and Legal Sciences (3420) of the Escuela Internacional de Doctorado (International Doctoral School) of the Universidad Politecnica de Cartagena (Technical University of Cartagena) RD 99/2001, of January 28, by which the official PhD programs are regulated and is presented with the aim of obtaining the Doctor official title (PhD). The main motivation of this study derives from the need to understand a phenomenon, the bankruptcy of creditors in Spain, which is of great importance for the economy and the welfare of citizens. In the present, the inefficiency of the bankruptcy in Spain is studied, showing empirical evidence of the causes and proposing a model that explains it so that economic agents can act consistently and with scientific criteria. The thesis is structured in three fundamental chapters. In chapter 1, the analysis is contextualized by addressing the economic situation, the failure of businesses and the bankruptcy declaration in Spain as a particular feature of business failure since it is the legal solution to it. This work shows the evidence of the obvious inefficiency of the bankruptcy legal procedure in Spain as shown by the scientific literature consulted, the explanatory statement of intentions of the bankruptcy law and its multiple reforms, the descriptive statistics of the INE (Spanish National Institute of Statistics), the insolvency records of the Colegio de Registradores (Registers College) and the evidence of this thesis itself. Chapter 2 shows a descriptive analysis of the bankruptcy declarations in Spain at a geographical level and an empirical study is carried out using Exploratory Spatial Data Analysis to check if, in addition, there is a contagion effect between the different Spanish provinces during the period 2005 to 2013. The variable under study is the number of bankruptcy declarations in each period, for each province, globally and for two important economic sectors, the industrial sector and the construction sector. Two types of analysis have been carried out. The first, exploratory, which reflects the distribution of the phenomenon at the provincial level, through the quartile maps and frequency histograms. The second analysis tries to contrast the hypothesis of contagion between the provinces, both spatial and space-time, through the I of Moran. The analyses have shown interesting evidence about the phenomenon in both the descriptive aspect and in the study of contagion, leaving the doors open to new lines of research derived from the conclusions of the present study. The two most outstanding results are, on the one hand, the existence, for the whole observed period, of a clear northwest-southeast diagonal that divides the territory into two, with a greater concentration of bankruptcy declarations at the top of that diagonal. On the other hand, the evidence of the existence of a contagion effect at a global level between neighbouring provinces (or positive spatial autocorrelation) with a significance sometimes higher than 99%. This contagion effect occurs mainly in the industry sector, but it does not exist for the construction sector though. Chapter 3 deals with the efficiency of the bankruptcy procedure, through the analysis of the influence of agency costs in a second empirical study where the role of the main financial ratios is analysed in order to discriminate between those companies that finish their insolvency with a creditors’ agreement, and therefore the bankruptcy procedure has finished efficiently, from those that went liquidated. In addition, some proposed research hypotheses are tested and a model that tries to explain the said inefficiency is carried out. Thus, in this chapter two analysis are carried out. On one hand, the analysis of the difference in means for the companies’ main financial ratios between the group of firms that, after entering the bankruptcy process, end up with a creditors’ agreement, compared to those that ended up in liquidation, as well as in the role that different agency costs associated with the diverse economic agents had in them, that is, the bankruptcy administrator belonged or not to a Big4 company, their retribution, as well as judicial efficiency. On the other hand, these variables are analysed through a Logit analysis in an attempt to establish a model that tries to explain the inefficiency of the bankruptcy procedure in Spain, finding significant evidence that these variables influence on the different resolution of the process. Four hypotheses are proposed: H1: Companies that conclude the bankruptcy procedure have better values for the liquidity, solvency, profitability and rotation ratios when bankruptcy started, compared to those that ended up in liquidation. H2: A bankruptcy procedure managed by a bankruptcy administrator that belongs to the Big4 will increase the likelihood that the process will end up in a creditors’ agreement and not in liquidation. H3: Higher retribution will increase the likelihood that the process will end in a creditors’ agreement and not in liquidation. H4: Greater judicial efficiency will increase the likelihood that the process will end in a creditors’ agreement and not in liquidation. The main results obtained in this study are that there are differences of means between the group of companies that conclude with a creditors’ agreement and the group of firms that conclude in liquidation with respect to their liquidity, solvency, profitability, rotation ratios and size, although there is not a significant difference in age. Regarding the contingency tables, there are differences between the two groups depending whether the manager belongs to the Big4 or not and if the bankruptcy administrator is paid above or below the average. With respect to the results of the hypotheses, the first hypothesis is fulfilled, that is, the previous situation of the insolvent debtor, in relation to its position of liquidity, solvency and size, are decisive in the outcome of the bankruptcy procedure. The hypothesis that deals with the existence of agency costs between the bankruptcy administrator and the creditors is partially fulfilled, since the second hypothesis of belonging to the Big4s is corroborated but the third hypothesis is only fulfilled in the univariate analysis and not in the multivariate model, which may mean that retribution is determinant accompanied or influenced by other variables, such as size, but never by itself. Regarding the fourth hypothesis, some of the used proxies about judicial efficiency certify the existence of differences between the different courts and some other proxies do not. The main conclusions are that the inefficiency of bankruptcy is a stylised fact and that the causes of it are the situation of liquidity, solvency, profitability and size of the insolvent debtor. These results are in line with those given in pre-existing studies of business failure. The existence of agency costs between the bankruptcy administrator and the creditors is verified given the differences between the group of companies that end up with a creditors’ agreement and those that finish liquidated. Finally, several models were tested by running logit regressions, which show, in all of them, that the inefficiency of the bankruptcy proceeding is explained by the size and structure of the assets and liabilities of the insolvent company and the sales. The better resolution of the bankruptcy process is positively influenced by having a greater size, an adequate structure of the current assets with respect to total assets and liabilities, and a higher rotation. From the rest of the variables, the only ones showing significance have been the fact that the bankruptcy administrator belongs to the Big4 (in a positive way), and several proxies for the judicial efficiency, although the results have not been conclusive for all cases due to the probable widespread collapse existing since 2009 and the fact that the year of the bankruptcy declaration was before the economic recession.

As concepções de terra e território passaram por uma reconfiguração de significado no Direito Agrário Contemporâneo. Dentro deste novo contexto observa-se o surgimento do land grabbing, que em uma perspectiva internacional, tem preocupado a sociedade e ensejado em estudos para almejar seu conhecimento. Sua existência é visível no mundo, em razão da globalização e do princípio de livre circulação de capitais que lhe é inerente. Ocorre nos países da África, América do Sul e Ásia, mas também, com destaque, em países membros da União Europeia. Ressalta-se que seu conceito ainda é indeterminado e, talvez, se justifica pelo fato de os estudiosos não terem alcançado, com clareza, suas formas de manifestação, causas e consequências, tendo em vista que é um fenômeno recente. Trata-se de uma vertiginosa corrida por aquisição e concentração de terras, que se intensificou após a crise mundial de alimentos e a crise do subprime. A hipótese central que se buscou comprovar, é que o land grabbing é um fenômeno fundamentalmente econômico, caracterizado pela acentuada acumulação, apropriação e exploração de terras, divergindo da tese dominante que consiste em uma visão neocolonial, ideológica e geográfica. Far-se-á um exame filosófico e histórico do neocolonialismo, bem como uma análise weberiana, por meio da relação entre direito e economia capitalista, no que tange às restrições e concessões que o sistema jurídico proporciona aos agentes econômicos praticantes do land grabbing. Primeiramente, busca-se entendê-lo, mediante análise de seu surgimento e de seus lugares de ocorrência, com pontuação de suas características, para então alcançar o que fundamenta sua manifestação. Em um segundo momento, cria-se uma reconstrução da visão do fenômeno, tendo como ponto de partida sua realização nos Estados Europeus, por meio da demonstração de casos concretos, por meio de pesquisa bibliográfica, em que se assinala, desta forma, as principais causas, as quais estão diretamente relacionadas a um substrato econômico, de interesses financeiros de agentes públicos ou privados, internos ou externos aos países em que ocorrem. The conceptions of land and territory have undergone a reconfiguration of meaning in Contemporary Agrarian Law. Within a new context, the emergence of land grabbing has been observed that, in an international perspective, has preoccupied the society and has taken an interest in studies to attain its knowledge. Its existence is visible in the world, because of globalization and the principle of free movement of capital that is inherent. It occurs in countries of Africa, South America and Asia, but also, in particular, in the countries of the European Union. It is emphasized that its concept is still indeterminate and perhaps justified by the fact that researchers have not clearly achieved their forms of manifestation, causes and consequences, given that it is a recent phenomenon. It is a vertiginous race for acquisition and concentration of land, which have been intensified after a world food crisis and the subprime crisis. A central hypothesis that was sought to prove is the land grabbing is a fundamentally economic phenomenon, characterized by the accentuated accumulation, appropriation and exploitation of land, diverging from the dominant thesis that consists of a neocolonial, ideological and geographical view. A philosophical and historical examination of neocolonialism will be made, as well as a Weberian Analysis, through the relation between the law and the capitalist economy, regarding the restrictions and concessions that the legal system provides to the economic agents practicing land grabbing. Firstly, it was sought to understand it, by analyzing its emergence and its places of occurrence, with the score of its characteristics, and then to reach what is the basis of its manifestation. In a second moment, a reconstruction of the vision of the phenomenon is created, starting from its realization in the European States, through the demonstration of concrete cases, by means of bibliographical research, in which it is pointed out, in this way, the main causes, which are directly related to an economic substrate of financial interests of public or private agents, internal or external to the countries in which they occur.

The present event revolves around the definition and evolution of merger control, as well as the need to implement a tool like this in the national market, evaluating if the necessary conditions for proper implementation are presented. El presente evento gira en torno a la definición y evolución del control de concentraciones, así como la necesidad de implementar una herramienta como esta en el mercado nacional, evaluando si se presentan las condiciones necesarias para una adecuada implementación.

The present event revolves around the definition and evolution of merger control, as well as the need to implement a tool like this in the national market, evaluating if the necessary conditions for proper implementation are presented. El presente evento gira en torno a la definición y evolución del control de concentraciones, así como la necesidad de implementar una herramienta como esta en el mercado nacional, evaluando si se presentan las condiciones necesarias para una adecuada implementación.

This paper attempts to show the need that students in business programs have about training in economics theory based on the importance of having them approach an understanding of four basic concepts: 1) a rational behavior of economic agents; 2) their strategic behavior; 3) their constraints, and 4) the trade-offs imposed by their constraints. These principles will acquire a new dimension when considering international business. Based on these aspects, there will be a short reference to some areas which overlap or interact between economics and business. Finally, the conclusions of this paper will make emphasis on the importance of articulating the approach to various problems in an integrated discussion in respect to Economic Development as a way to implement the main idea expressed here, which is to propose the training of the approach and business problem-solving from an economic perspective., La necesidad de que los estudiantes de los programas de negocios tengan entrenamiento en teoría económica esta basada en la importancia de que ganen un entendimiento de cuatro conceptos básicos: 1) la conducta racional de los agentes económicos; 2) su comportamiento estratégico; 3) los contraints que ellos enfrentan; 4) los trade-offs que estos constraints les imponen. Todos estos principios adquieren una nueva dimensión al considerar los negocios internacionales. Después de considerar estos aspectos se introducirá una breve referencia a unas áreas de overlapping o interacción entre la economía y los negocios. Finalmente se concluirá enfatizando la importancia de articular el abordamiento de diversos problemas en una discusión integrada en la perspectiva del Desarrollo Económico como forma de implementar la idea central del documento de entrenar en el abordamiento y la solución de problemas empresariales desde una perspectiva económica.