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Background: Recurrent respiratory papillomatosis (RRP) is caused by HPV types 6 and 11 and has a substantial papilloma growth in the airway and is recurrent. The activity of HPV neoplasms is related to the cell cycle, a complex series of processes that cause cells to grow and replicate. The p53 and Ki67 proteins, as one of the tumor gene controllers, have the function of controlling the cell cycle and assisting the apoptotic process of damage to DNA. Objective: This study aims to analyze the relationship between RRP aggressiveness and p53 and Ki67 protein expression as one of the predictive factors for aggressive disease progression. Methods: This study was an observational analytic study with a crosssectional form. The p53 and Ki67 protein examination results were obtained from immunohistochemical examination by staining monoclonal antibody rabbit Anti-Human p53 and Ki67 clone 318-6-11. Data analysis used binary logistic regression to determine the relationship between the independent and dependent variables with a significant p <0.05. Results: From 19 samples, the distribution of the sex distribution of male patients (42.10%), while for women of eleven patients (57.90%). The type of RRP that was served the most by the participants was RPP for 13 children (68.40%). Positive p53 protein expression was found in 8 (42.10%) patients, while 11 (57.90%) patients had negative p53 protein expression. Moreover, on positive Ki67 protein expression, there were 5 (26.30%) patients and 14 (73.70%) patients with negative Ki67 protein expression. Discussion: High p53 protein expression indicates that the cell cycle is not controlled, so it is regulated by the p53 protein to control the cycle through the process of apoptosis or capture. The uncontrolled cell cycle causes tumors to grow very fast. Meanwhile, high Ki67 protein expression indicates an uncontrolled cell cycle because most of them are not resting. Conclusion: There is no relationship between the aggressiveness of recurrent tract papillomas with p53 and Ki67 protein expression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fusarium culmorum (Fc) and F. graminearum (Fg) belong to the predominant causal agents of fusarium crown and root rot (FCR) in wheat. While many studies have been done to investigate crown rot, including stem base infection, root colonization and mycotoxin production associated with root rot is not well understood. In this study the impact of mycotoxins on the colonization of wheat roots and stem bases was analysed by using Fc and Fg isolates that varied in both quantity and types of trichothecenes they produce. Seedling inoculations in growth chambers with a high deoxynivalenol (DON)‐ and 3‐acetyldeoxynivalenol (3ADON)‐producing isolate led to more severe symptoms and 20‐times greater colonization of the stem base, as measured by Fc DNA accumulation, than isolates that produced less DON/3ADON. In contrast to stem base colonization, in vitro inoculations of roots with a Tri5 deletion mutant deficient in Fg trichothecene production led to three‐times higher colonization than the wildtype. Furthermore, an Fc isolate that produced low levels of zearalenone resulted in twice the level of colonization of a high DON/3ADON‐producing isolate included in the study. When root inoculation with a low DON/3ADON‐producing Fc isolate was supplemented with exogenous DON, DON production decreased by more than half per unit weight of Fc DNA, and root colonization doubled compared to the untreated control. Therefore, in contrast to its potential role as an aggressiveness factor in stem base infection, trichothecene production by Fc and Fg is detrimental to the early stages of wheat root colonization in FCR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The blue mould decay of apples is caused by Penicillium expansum and is associated with contamination by patulin, a worldwide regulated mycotoxin. Recently, a cluster of 15 genes ( patA-patO) involved in patulin biosynthesis was identified in P. expansum. blast analysis revealed that patL encodes a Cys6 zinc finger regulatory factor. The deletion of patL caused a drastic decrease in the expression of all pat genes, leading to an absence of patulin production. Pathogenicity studies performed on 13 apple varieties indicated that the PeΔ patL strain could still infect apples, but the intensity of symptoms was weaker compared with the wild-type strain. A lower growth rate was observed in the PeΔ patL strain when this strain was grown on nine of the 13 apple varieties tested. In the complemented PeΔ patL: patL strain, the ability to grow normally in apple and the production of patulin were restored. Our results clearly demonstrate that patulin is not indispensable in the initiation of the disease, but acts as a cultivar-dependent aggressiveness factor for P. expansum. This conclusion was strengthened by the fact that the addition of patulin to apple infected by the PeΔ patL mutant restored the normal fungal colonization in apple. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The Predictive Hypoglycemia Minimizer System ("Hypo Minimizer"), consisting of a zone model predictive controller (the "controller") and a safety supervision module (the "safety module"), aims to mitigate hypoglycemia by preemptively modulating insulin delivery based on continuous glucose monitor (CGM) measurements. The "aggressiveness factor," a pivotal variable in the system, governs the speed and magnitude of the controller's insulin dosing characteristics in response to changes in CGM levels., Methods: Twelve adults with type 1 diabetes were studied in closed-loop in a clinical research center for approximately 24 hours. This analysis focused primarily on the effect of the aggressiveness factor on the automated insulin-delivery characteristics of the controller, and secondarily on the glucose control results., Results: As aggressiveness increased from "conservative" to "medium" to "aggressive," the controller recommended less insulin (-3.3% vs -14.4% vs -19.5% relative to basal) with a higher frequency (5.3% vs 14.4% vs 20.3%) during the critical times when the CGM was reading 90-120 mg/dl and decreasing. Blood glucose analyses indicated that the most aggressive setting resulted in the most desirable combination of the least time spent <70 mg/dl and the most time spent 70-180 mg/dl, particularly in the overnight period. Hyperglycemia, diabetic ketoacidosis, or severe hypoglycemia did not occur with any of the aggressiveness values., Conclusion: The Hypo Minimizer's controller took preemptive action to prevent hypoglycemia based on predicted changes in CGM glucose levels. The most aggressive setting was quickest to take action to reduce insulin delivery below basal and achieved the best glucose metrics., (© 2015 Diabetes Technology Society.)

The Hypoglycemia-Hyperglycemia Minimizer (HHM) System aims to mitigate glucose excursions by preemptively modulating insulin delivery based on continuous glucose monitor (CGM) measurements. The "aggressiveness factor" is a key parameter in the HHM System algorithm, affecting how readily the system adjusts insulin infusion in response to changing CGM levels. Twenty adults with type 1 diabetes were studied in closed-loop in a clinical research center for approximately 26 hours. This analysis focused on the effect of the aggressiveness factor on the insulin dosing characteristics of the algorithm and, to a lesser extent, on the glucose control results observed. As the aggressiveness factor increased from conservative to medium to aggressive: the maximum observed insulin dose delivered by the algorithm—which is designed to give doses that are corrective in nature every 5 minutes—increased (1.00 vs 1.15 vs 2.20 U, respectively); tendency to adhere to the subject's nominal basal dose decreased (61.9% vs 56.6% vs 53.4%); and readiness to decrease insulin below basal also increased (18.4% vs 19.4% vs 25.2%). Glucose analyses by both CGM and Yellow Springs Instruments (YSI) indicated that the aggressive setting of the algorithm resulted in the least time spent at levels >180 mg/dL, and the most time spent between 70-180 mg/dL. There was no severe hyperglycemia, diabetic ketoacidosis, or severe hypoglycemia for any of the aggressiveness values investigated. These analyses underscore the importance of investigating the sensitivity of the HHM System to its key parameters, such as the aggressiveness factor, to guide future development decisions., (© 2014 Diabetes Technology Society.)