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In an authentic flight simulator, the instructor is traditionally located behind the learner and is thus unable to observe the pilot's visual attention (i.e. gaze behaviour). The focus of this article is visual attention in relation to pilots' professional learning in an Airbus A320 Full Flight Simulator. For this purpose, we measured and analysed pilots' visual scanning behaviour during flight simulation-based training. Eye-tracking data were collected from the participants (N = 15 pilots in training) to objectively and non-intrusively study their visual attention behaviour. First, we derived and compared the visual scanning patterns. The descriptive statistics revealed the pilots' visual scanning paths and whether they followed the expected flight protocol. Second, we developed a procedure to automate the analysis. Specifically, a Hidden Markov model (HMM) was used to automatically capture the actual phases of pilots' visual scanning. The advantage of this technique is that it is not bound to manual assessment based on graphs or descriptive data. In addition, different scanning patterns can be revealed in authentic learning situations where gaze behaviour is not known in advance. Our results illustrate that HMM can provide a complementary approach to descriptive statistics. Implications for future research are discussed, including how artificial intelligence in education could benefit from the HMM approach.

The winter storm of late 2022 caused difficulties for many US-based airlines, but none more so than Southwest Airlines. Like other airlines, Southwest canceled flights in the early stages of the storm. Their attempted recoveries failed due to procedural and technology issues. The airline was unable to cope with the magnitude of canceled flights, aircraft and crews in the wrong places, disrupted passenger plans, and luggage separated from its owners. Over the next several days, Southwest canceled tens of thousands of flights, called in thousands of additional staff to support manual operations, and flew a reduced schedule for a time before returning to normal operations. The case provides numerous scenarios for you to analyze and research, to strengthen your understanding of the underlying concepts.

Currently, the aviation business is a popular service that helps people travel conveniently, quickly, and safely. People in the airline business have become more stressed with the need to learn about inflight safety-based competence to effectively serve the broad range of passengers' needs. One reason for this is the nature of their jobs, which also affects their learning. Therefore, this research study developed an autonomous learning model to enhance inflight safety-based competence for cabin crew and then studied the effects of using an autonomous learning model to enhance inflight safety-based competence for cabin crew. This study was conducted in two parts using research and development methodology (R&D). The first phase identified problems and needs in learning about inflight safety-based competence, while the second stage examined the results of using the developed learning model. The results revealed that an autonomous learning model consisted of the model's purpose, identification and management of learning goals, knowledge development of learning strategies, the trainer's role, practical ideas, and reflection on and evaluation of the learner's learning. Furthermore, the cabin crew members had improved scores in inflight safety-based competence learning in four areas: safety policy, risk management, safety promotion, and safety assurance, compared before participating in the autonomous learning model testing. The vital learning promotion course for cabin crew dealing with the inflight safety of the passengers. The developed autonomous learning model should enhance the inflight safety-based competence of cabin crew.

The rapid growth of international student mobility has attracted much research on the many benefits it offers to students, higher education institutions, and societies in general. However, studies on the costs and potential tribulations caused by mobility are comparatively rare, despite increasing evidence of such costs inherent in the marketization of higher education. Furthermore, the few existing studies are predominantly framed in terms of consumerism and the commodification of education, but they give less attention to mobility in the context of wider social issues. The climate crisis is foremost among such social impacts, with the extensive air travel inherent in global mobility patterns causing significant damage, combined with curricula, pedagogies, and institutional strategy that are either ambivalent or contradictory on the climate crisis. This paper examines international student mobility in European higher education to better understand how the environmental costs of higher education can be conceptualized in policy and practice. It contrasts policies and practices that promote international student mobility in Europe--in which mobility has aspects of what are commonly referred to as "public goods"--with initiatives that promote mobility to Europe, which illustrate a historic and ongoing entanglement between European colonialism, higher education, and climate change. It concludes with reflections on possibilities for greater sustainability in international student mobility in Europe.

The COVID-19 pandemic has put the airline business in a challenging position. It is one of the leading businesses with tremendous impacts from the pandemic. Although international airlines confront difficulties returning to typical situations, they still need to provide their cabin crew the training courses because they must always be ready to return to work. This study aimed to explore international airline cabin crew's needs, problems, and experiences of training platforms during the pandemic of COVID-19. The key informant of five cabin crew was selected from the international airlines in Thailand. An interview approach was used to collect the data using an in-depth interview form which was then analyzed using content analysis. The findings revealed 1) the organization should identify the characteristics of trainers when conducting during the pandemic, 2) the organization should set the appropriate climate for online training classes during the pandemic, 3) the organization should clarify the differences between theoretical class and practical class during the pandemics, 4) the organization should learn from the difficulties in conducting the online training class during the pandemics, 5) the organization should identifying the difference between conducting theoretical class and practical class, 6) the organization should take it to the next level, and 7) everyone in the organization should consider it as the new normal in life as the cabin crew. The study summarized, then proposed the findings of the overall cabin crew's needs, problems, and experiences of training platforms during the pandemic of COVID-19.

The air transportation industry was experiencing massive growth across the globe before the COVID-19 pandemic. At that time, future projections from major forecasting indicators, such as the Boeing Global Forecast and Airbus Market Forecast, predicted a greater than 4% average yearly growth rate over the next twenty years. The Federal Aviation Administration also predicted higher-than-average growth rates in the United States. The Global Covid pandemic brought significant cutbacks and losses to the industry. In 2022, the air transportation industry is bouncing back. With increased aircraft purchases comes the need for thousands of new pilots, managers, cabin crew members, and maintenance technicians. Currently, collegiate aviation is one of the primary producers of qualified candidates in the aviation industry. This paper analyzes the projected growth of the air transportation industry before and after the COVID-19 pandemic and evaluates the status of collegiate aviation programs in supporting that growth worldwide.

English for Specific Purposes (ESP) plays a pivotal role in enhancing the communicative competence of students preparing for careers. In order to develop the ESP learning materials for ground handling students, this study focuses on the needs analysis. The needs analysis will capture two aspects: 1) The participants' perspectives on the development of ESP learning materials 2) the use of the English language by the airport ground handling crews. A mixed-method design was employed, incorporating surveys and interviews. The 397 participants involved students, instructors, and airport ground crews. Descriptive statistics were used to unveil the trends in the findings, and simultaneously, data reduction, data display, and drawing verification were used to delve into the participants perspectives. The validity and reliability of the survey questionnaire were tested, and member checking was used to justify the credibility of the qualitative findings. The findings provide valuable input for the development of ESP learning materials that are contextually relevant and aligned with the needs of airport ground handling services students.

The aim of this task-based needs analysis is two-fold: firstly, to uncover the tasks performed by U.S.-based Spanish-language flight attendants and the associated language needs and, in doing so, to expand the breadth of task-based needs analysis (TBNA) through the application of multiple methods and sources (Long, 2005) and tackling the under-researched issue of transfer from TBNA to task design (Gilabert & Malicka, 2021a; 2021b). A questionnaire-guided interview and online survey were used. Analysis of the extracted information illuminated the essential tasks and subtasks (Gilabert, 2005), including details regarding frequency, need for training, and language use. Findings suggest that each task and subtask requires varying amounts of Spanish, as well as knowledge of distinct linguistic dimensions. Triangulation of multiple sources and methods adds to the understanding of the tasks and language needs. Finally, suggestions as to how the outcome of this NA may transfer to task design are presented, hence extending the field of TBNA.

Purpose: This paper aims to explore the extent and characteristics of Canadian university reporting of and policy regarding greenhouse gas emissions from air travel. It identifies current approaches' details and limits and recommends improvements. Design/methodology/approach: The study developed questions and considerations for analysing reporting and policy, reviewed university documents and webpages and contacted university staff. Findings: Roughly 20% of Canadian universities report flight emissions. Figures vary by factors of over 100 even when normalized or expressed as a percentage of institutional emissions. Inter-university differences in data collection and emissions calculation practices shape reporting. Canadian university air travel emissions cannot be meaningfully compared. Few universities have flight emissions reduction policies; those that do leave relevant decisions to individuals. These approaches do not respond adequately to the emissions reduction challenge. Originality/value: This study is the first comprehensive survey of university flight emissions reporting for any country. Its original framework highlights calculation's complexities. It recommends standardizing reporting process information disclosure, reporting flight emissions as a range and faculty leadership of emissions reduction efforts.

On 24 June 1994 at Fairchild Air Force Base, during practice for an air show, a low-flying B-52H aircraft banked its wings vertically and crashed. Emphasizing the activity of modeling drag and gravity, these notes examine the possibility of recovery with several models. First, with algebra, historical data lead to a model where in a free fall near Earth's surface, the distance fallen is proportional to time squared. Calculus then gives an ordinary differential equation to model free fall near Earth's surface. Second, with calculus, historical data lead to various models of drag on objects moving through air. Third, combining models of drag and gravity with Newton's Laws of Motion leads to ordinary differential equations that model free fall in air. Fourth, predictions from such models with ordinary differential equations are consistent with the aircraft crash. Further models examine the possibility of increasing engine thrust to regain the vertical component of lift. All models fit in a first course in differential equations, without requiring any computational machinery. However, numerical experiments show how uninformed use of professional software can produce rounding errors to cause the modelled aircraft to plunge to the bottom of the deepest oceans and shoot up into space.

Purpose: This study aims to shape the future of academic air travel practices by identifying the challenges between existing air travel-related policies and practicing responsible air travel. Design/methodology/approach: With increasing concern over global warming, many institutions have implemented sustainability programmes to tackle carbon emissions and create sustainable practices. COVID-19 has resulted in many universities seizing the opportunity to maintain reduced levels of academic air travel emissions. However, the outdated travel-related policies have caused much scope for tension arising from the policy gap between pre-COVID university travel policies and academics' intentions to reduce their air travel emissions. This study interviewed academics at the University of Otago (New Zealand) to elicit detailed narratives of their perceptions of the university's air travel-related policies, generating co-created and mutually informative insights. Findings: The present programme of in-depth interviews with academic staff revealed that while most staff accept the need to reduce air travel emissions, they face challenges concerning career advancement, equity and equality issues. Universities will need to evolve their travel-related policies to address these challenges, enabling academics to adopt new practices that do not unreasonably disadvantage themselves, their disciplines or their institutions. Originality/value: The findings contribute to the literature by highlighting the institutional policy challenges to responsible academic air travel and the need for the current policy gap to be resolved. The authors propose directions for a responsible academic air travel future that will require both top-down and bottom-up approaches involving academics and institutions.

This paper examines the learning and performance of the air traffic control (ATC) work domain. This domain was chosen because it embodies features that represent future work for many other industries (e.g., information service provision mediated by information technologies; a high reliance on communication skills and collaborative work; increasing complexity and intensity of the work activity), within an organisational context undergoing considerable change. In ATC work learning occurs formally as part of accredited training and informally, as part of everyday practice. In this way learning and experience of ATC work shapes - and is shaped by - the way work is organised, which includes the divisions of labour and technological artefacts. ATC work is experienced temporally, complexly, through affect and socially. Controllers learn to use a variety of socio-material resources which include embodiment and artefacts to undertake the work. In so doing the article demonstrates the ways in which learning and performance is not just a cognitive undertaking, but one that draws on embodiment to achieve what here is called "interdependent sentience". This involves using all their senses to gain an awareness of problems as they emerge to collectively accomplish a seamless air traffic flow in a complex interdependent socio-technical system.

Aviation is one of the most severely affected global industries by the COVID-19 pandemic, including passenger traffic, airport workforce, and operational processes: the total number of seats offered by airlines in 2020 decreased by about 50%, the number of passengers fell by about 60%, and this resulted in an estimated 371 billion USD loss in 2020 and 324 billion USD loss in 2021. Aviation industry organisations, including Lithuanian Airports, had to urgently adapt their operations and use the new opportunities to overcome the COVID-19 crisis and maintain a competitive advantage. In order to find out what measures have been taken to stabilise the situation, the empirical evaluation was conducted using methods of case study, statistical data analysis, content analysis and semi-structured interviews. The research results suggest that many obstacles to successful change and adaptation in the aviation sector can be overcome by the ability to respond quickly to changes in the external environment: several recovery scenarios, based on business best practices and examples, prepared in advance, enabled Lithuanian Airports to restore business operations.

In the airline business, cabin crew are the employees who have direct contact with passengers. They are in an occupational group that generally has to face many difficulties in the workplace. In addition to their responsibilities to ensure the safety of the flight, one particular issue that creates tremendous stress for cabin crew is when they have to serve passengers from other different cultures. This study explores the understanding of cabin crew from the international airlines concerning cultural intelligence. The key informant of 12 cabin crew were selected from the international airlines in Thailand. Interview approach was used to collect the data using an in-depth interview form which was then analyzed by using content analysis. The findings revealed 1) there is the importance of knowing cultural intelligence for cabin crew from the international airlines, 2) it is not just the skills to deal with the passengers but everyone in workplace, 3) everyone is different, 4) their experiences matter, 5) we should think, learn, plan, and act, 6) we also should embrace and adapt the Thai cultures that have already existed to the world, 7) it is important to learn knowledge through the diversities and differences, 8) and also learn the knowledge through experiences, 9) we should realize the awareness of cultural diversity and difference. 10) we should expand the perspective since the world is bigger than you think, 11) we should discuss and learn the shared understanding and involvement in cultural diversity and difference for every cabin crew, and 12) we should identify the appropriate actions to effectively work and deal with people from different cultural backgrounds. The study summarized, then proposed the findings of overall understanding about cultural intelligence of cabin crew to Thailand's international airlines organization. The researchers proposed the outcomes to the research institutions, the academic institutions, and the airline organizations in Thailand and around the world.

For successful English language communication, EFL students are not only required to have effective language skills for the workplace, but also be able to use the language socially. This study aims to 1) examine student progress in language achievement in the airline context and 2) to investigate student attitudes towards the use of CLT activities in developing English communication skills. The participants were 27 EFL students from one public university in Thailand. The data were collected quantitatively from a language achievement test in the airline context and from a questionnaire. SPSS was used to analyze the data to determine mean scores and standard deviations. The findings from a paired t-test revealed significant differences between the pre-test and the post-test scores at the .05 confidence level. Specifically, the students who engaged in CLT activities had a better understanding of English used in the airline context compared to those who did not, showing marked improvement in vocabulary skills, colloquial language ability and grammatical competency. Furthermore, the results from the questionnaire reflected that students in the study viewed CLT activities (i.e., individual, pair and group activities) as a productive method for developing their English communication skills in the airline context. As a result, students who engage in CLT activities gained a better understanding of English compared to those who did not. [Note: The publication month range (Jan-Jun) shown on the PDF is incorrect. The correct month range of publication is Jul-Dec.]

In seeking to investigate the use of "sorry" in interlanguage refusal by Thai EFL users in an intercultural communication context, the present study collected data from Thai flight attendants who served passengers on international flights for a Thai airline, so as to examine how "sorry" is adopted in refusals in the context of in-flight services. A discourse completion task (DCT) questionnaire was employed to solicit responses from ten male and ten female participants. Through Weerachairattana and Wannaruk's (2016) classification of refusals and the syntactical construction of "sorry" by Arizavi and Choubsaz (2018), the data gathered were coded and analyzed in terms of semantic formulas, strategies used, and pragmatic transfer. Findings revealed that "sorry" conveyed conventional implicatures as "a marker for refusals," "expressing an excuse or reason," and "introducing a reason or showing sympathy," attested by the constructions used in refusals. The term was also uttered with an "excuse, reason, or explanation" to express politeness and regret in refusals in which pragmatic transfer was produced by flight attendants due to L1 pragmatic norms. These different functions of "sorry" used in refusals were bound to surrounding and situational contexts. However, gender differences did not have much bearing on the use of "sorry" in refusals because organizational culture plays a more significant part in discourse in professional contexts. This study was conducted in the hope that it could contribute to interlanguage pragmatic study, particularly to expand our understanding of intercultural communication between English native speakers and EFL learners and users.

In this article, we offer a critical perspective on the interrelationship between internationalisation and sustainability, particularly regarding the contribution higher education internationalisation practices reliant on mobility have made to climate degradation. Specifically, we focus on carbon emissions linked to air travel in the context of in-person internationalisation conferences. Drawing on decolonial approaches and lived realities in the global South, we argue that a return to pre-pandemic practices in the midst of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic and, more importantly, an existential climate crisis, is highly irresponsible, unjust and exclusionary. We raise issues and propose questions for internationalisation professionals and organisations to consider, unpack and action, both individually and collectively, aiming to move away from exclusionary and harmful internationalisation practices and to bring about change for a new and better 'normal' for all.

Universities worldwide have come to embrace the rhetoric of environmental sustainability and a commitment to climate action while simultaneously seeking to internationalize themselves within the context of the global economy. In seeking to internationalize, universities are highly dependent on air travel, for both their academic staff and students. Yet airplane flights are a significant source of greenhouse gas emissions and a driver of anthropogenic climate change. This article examines campaigns and individual efforts -- with particular attention to examples from Australia and New Zealand and the field of anthropology - to reduce flying among academics, including a greater reliance on teleconferencing, and explores strategies for drastically reducing student air travel. In that the internationalization of higher education has been occurring within the parameters of global capitalism, which functions as the overarching driver of climate change, this article proposes an eco-socialist alternative as a strategy for achieving social justice and environmental sustainability.

The economic importance of design, and design engineers to the success of a company has led to the exponential growth in the demand for qualified design engineers. To fill this demand, colleges and universities provide the best training available so that, after graduation these engineers will provide significant input from the first day of work. We live in a time known as industry 4.0 or the 4th Industrial Revolution, where computer power rules and takes on greater tasks, freeing up time for the design engineer to design more and more complex designs. Sometimes, it is good to stop, and take a breath to review our practices and remind ourselves of things we may have forgotten. It is true that we can design complex mechanisms and systems, in times past many of these would not be possible. But can we learn or be reminded of good practice by taking a journey through some of the design methods from the past. This paper will travel back to the 2nd century BC and look at cutting edge water pump design and the importance of a good literature review. It will highlight a serious gap in knowledge when comparing full-time and part-time students in our modern age. Airship design will be reviewed, the R100, R38 and R101 to remind us of the need to cross check design calculations. Looking at the beauty of Concorde design will remind us of the requirement in any design of good planning and regular meetings. This journey will finish by looking at the design process of the Boeing 777 commercial airliner, one of the first designs to use Computer Aided Design (CAD) and Computer Aided Manufacture (CAM). The use of Design Build Teams (DBT) with cross-disciplinary experts who can reside anywhere in the world will be considered. The reviewed historical examples may at first glance appear happen-stance but are in fact linked, and demonstrate a continuing growth in the ability, knowledge, complexity, and techniques of engineering design. This step back in time will remind teachers of some basic principles when teaching design to future design engineers. Designs have become more complex in this modern age, but it would be incorrect to say that complex design did not exist in times past. Before the internet, aircraft were built, global communication systems existed, men went to the moon.

International Civil Aviation Organization recognizes English proficiency tests for the aviation personnel. Despite this, no universal test has yet to be developed for this purpose. There are only local tests available on the market. Among them is a computerdelivered English proficiency test which is administered for a globally recognized flight company in Turkey. This test is implemented for flight attendants and has important consequences such as suspending flights until the required level of English is achieved in the test. Thus, test-takers' perceptions of the test are significant as they experience these impacts first-hand. This study, therefore, explored flight attendants' test-taking experiences. 26 flight attendants participated in this study. Semi-structured interviews and two focus group sessions were held to collect data and evidence. The findings showed that the respondents had concerns for test administration including the issues such as physical conditions of the setting, timing of the test, and test format. Although they agreed that the test had a representative sampling of the language, they thought it lacked relevant components in accordance with their needs and level. They also reported the test content did not reflect work-related context. The study, therefore, provided implications and suggestions to improve the test considering the aviation context.

This study was conducted to examine the needs of the students of cabin services program regarding English in order to guide the design of a vocational English language curriculum. The research design used in this study was the concurrent triangulation approach, one of the mixed methods models. This approach can be used when the researcher collects both qualitative and quantitative data at the same time not giving privilege to either approach. It compares the two different data types to find out similarities and differences. There were two groups of participants in this study. The first group was composed of 352 students, enrolled in the Vocational School of Civil Aviation from four universities, who were selected with cluster sampling method, while the second group included 10 instructors working in these universities and four in-service flight attendants. A questionnaire and a semi-structured interview developed by the researcher were utilized to collect data. The quantitative data obtained from the questionnaire were analyzed through descriptive statistics procedures including frequencies, percentages, means and standard deviations, while qualitative data were analyzed through content analysis. Findings revealed that the students needed to develop their speaking and listening skills in order to be successful in their future work settings, although they were least competent in these skills. Based on further findings determined by needs analysis, the study was concluded with a sample guide for practitioners planning to develop a vocational English language curriculum using Hilda Taba's curriculum development model.

Examining the hypermobility of many "elite" academic workers, this article situates mobility within the context of higher education and sustainability, decoloniality, and institutionalized expectations for academic travel. The mobility of HEI workers is described in relation to Anthropogenic climate change (ACC), which highlights the need for: (a) critical examination of and responses to the carbon footprint of academic workers; (b) exerting pressure to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) production associated with expected mobility; and (c) deliberate changes to professional mobility approaches that take into account issues of equity vis-à-vis knowledge production, the effects of ACC, and GHG production from academic air travel. We offer an instrument--in the form of queries--to provide starting points for individual deliberations and collective actions to begin addressing these three issue areas.

A lack of technical vocabulary is a major problem for English for Specific Purposes (ESP) learners in a foreign setting. In this paper, we argue for using word lists to help learners expand their technical lexis repertoire. Therefore, we propose English word lists in three disciplines constructed from compiled corpora--the Tourism Business Word List (TBWL), the Hotel Business Word List (HBWL), and the Airline Business Word List (ABWL). The three word lists were derived from the vocabulary and technical terms appearing in the Tourism Business Corpus (TBC), the Hotel Business Corpus (HBC), and the Airline Business Corpus (ABC), which comprise language used in hospitality official websites, magazines, news, and work operation manuals. The corpora for ESP learners were carefully filtered through Filter Lexical Frequency, Filter Lexical Range, Filter Lexical Profiling, Filter Lexical Keyness, and via input and feedback from specialists and experts. Ultimately, the TBWL, HBWL, and ABWL were narrowed down to 378, 274, and 245 words, respectively, each of which was categorised into 13, 9, and 8 sub-word lists, respectively. The findings also revealed that the TBWL covered 7.76% of the TBC, the HBWL covered 7.67% of the HBC, and the ABWL covered 6.74% of the ABC.

Besides English proficiency, intercultural communicative competence is a desirable qualification for flight attendants. An under-researched cultural group of Muslim passengers was the focus of this mixed-method study which investigated Thai flight attendants' intercultural sensitivity and related biographical details. Topics in intercultural communication between Muslim passengers and Thai flight attendants were explored. Data collected from 416 self-rated questionnaires on intercultural sensitivity were completed by a purposively selected sample and were analyzed using chi-square test and frequency count. The interview data from a total of 45 Muslim passengers as well as both Muslim and non-Muslim Thai flight attendants were analyzed based on content analysis. The findings showed that most Thai flight attendants rated themselves with a high score in intercultural sensitivity. The factors significantly associated with intercultural sensitivity were sex, work duration, job position, and being ex-crew at the significance level of 0.05. Qualitative findings suggested that three major topics, which were the concept of halal, religious practices, and some additional topics, should be considered in training on intercultural communication with Muslim passengers through English language teaching (ELT). Implications for both airlines and pedagogy are discussed in this paper.

Lexical metaphor functions as a rhetorical device that embellishes the texts with figurative meanings. In non-literary texts such as commercial texts on company websites, lexical metaphor can help to promote the company image and sales. It is vital in the service sector such as the airline industry where the competition is sky-high. This paper attempts to identify the lexical metaphor appearing on the English and Thai websites of Emirates Airline following Dickins' (2005) classification of lexicalised and non-lexicalised metaphors. The study also explores how the lexical metaphors are rendered into Thai by means of literal translation and adaptation. It is found that more lexicalised metaphors are identified in comparison with the non-lexicalised type. As for the types of translation, literal translation plays more part in retaining while adaptation tends to remove the original metaphorical form and meaning in the translated version.

Cognitive abilities are related to job performance. However, there is less agreement about the relative contribution of general versus specific cognitive abilities to job performance. Similarly, it is not clear how cognitive abilities operate in the context of complex occupations. This study assessed the role of cognitive abilities on the performance of three aviation-related jobs: flying, navigation, and air battle management (ABM). Correlated-factor and bifactor models were used to draw a conclusion about the predictive relations between cognitive abilities and job performance. Overall, the importance of particular cognitive abilities tends to vary across the three occupations, and each occupation has different sets of essential abilities. Importantly, the interplay of general versus specific abilities is different across occupations, and some specific abilities also show substantial predictive power.

Employee empowerment yields positive outcomes for employees, managers, and organizations. Yet, too many employees feel disempowered at work, and managers, while wanting to empower employees, often do not know how. Contributing to this state of affairs is the lack of published, high-fidelity exercises explicitly designed to instruct students on how empowerment "feels," how empowerment "works," and how to practically empower others. In this article, we outline a 90-minute face-to-face classroom exercise that integrates the structural and psychological empowerment perspectives enabling students to "feel" empowerment or disempowerment and see the productivity and quality benefits of an empowered workforce, and teaches students how to empower others at work. While participating in the exercise, students simulate working in an airplane manufacturing organization, working either in an empowered work environment or a traditional hierarchical work environment. The exercise provides instructors with an important classroom tool to instruct students about the importance of empowerment, trust, and performance in organizational life.

Purpose: Reducing our carbon footprint (CF) or decarbonizing is a sustainable development goal. Although there has been an increase in research on this topic, little is known about the status of CF research within universities. The purpose of this paper is to identify the initiatives implemented in universities aimed at reducing CF in their efforts toward creating a Green Campus. Design/methodology/approach: Using a bibliometric method, the status of this field of research was examined for the purpose of identifying the main publications and the most central researchers in terms of productivity and citations. Also, by using an exploratory factor analysis (EFA), the regions of the world with the most active research, as well as the direction of research, were identified. Findings: The survey identified the region that published the most on the subject in the past 10 years, as well as the most relevant authors in the publications. Through this factor analysis, it was possible to identify, among the 105 publications analyzed, four distinct factors (clusters) with different thematic strands that appear to define a difference between the related studies on this topic. These factors were identified as campus management: supply and consumption operations; greenhouse gases emissions assessment: CF calculation; university air travel; sustainable food systems. The changes in people's attitudes and in the use of university spaces during the COVID-19 pandemic in relation to the CF was also noted as a point that can be investigated in future research. As well as the reflection of the reduction in academic air travel and the "forced" occurrence of online events during the same period. Originality/value: The paper aims to innovate by applying the multidimensional scaling method and EFA to scientific articles on the topic of decarbonizing campuses and identifying the clusters that constitute this field of study. The research seeks to contribute to current metric knowledge on the topic and to the creation of a specific research agenda.

The identity of a city matters in a global age. This article explores the discursive construction of the global city's identity in relation to semiotic landscape, using the construction of Shanghai as a global city as a case study. In this increasingly globalising world, Shanghai authorities have recently demonstrated the desire to establish itself as a global city. Under the assumption of city agency in the semiotic practice of public signage, the signs photographed on site at Pudong International Airport of Shanghai were analysed from a critical perspective of multimodal discourse analysis, focusing on identity building for unique selling propositions. Questions addressed include what the identity of the global city looks like in Shanghai and how Shanghai is semioscaped as a global city and thereby its ethos implicitly represented. The findings suggest both global convergences and local particularities in the semioscaping of Shanghai as a global city. It argues that this way of identity building is attributable to the negotiation and contestation of power subject to the social norms, ideologies of a specific city.

The objective of the present study was to examine if the Outcome Bias also occurs in pilots flying under instrument flight rules (IFR). In a scenario-based survey, 60 pilots evaluated weather-related decisions made by hypothetical pilots. Participants rated the decisions as better, less risky, and regarded the probability that they would have made the same decision as higher when they were followed by a positive outcome, than when they were followed by a negative outcome. This effect showed likewise for novice pilots and for experienced pilots. These findings could be relevant for the flight-related decision-making of pilots, which sometimes is affected by the decisions made by third-party pilots. In particular, decisions made by other pilots that have led to positive outcomes might be hastily followed, whereas those that have led to negative outcomes might be hastily rejected.

Purpose: This paper aims to investigate the in-company training according to the technologically demanding and safety-critical feature of the aircraft industry. This study addresses to the tension between the structured and the more incidental part of in-company learning in their training and learning environment. Design/methodology/approach: Against the background of concepts of workplace learning from vocational training research and concepts of the safety management system from safety research, aircraft companies from England and Germany were visited. Data from interviews with training managers and trainees as well as non-participant observations are analysed. Findings: The findings show that workplace vocational learning in this industry is guided by different measures to design the learning environment to prevent purely incidental and informal knowledge acquisition. However, the formalisation of informal learning process leads to a high expenditure of material, personnel and time resources. The findings show that trainers and training managers working together internationally creatively manage different training systems. The training activities are designed to convey the values of safety culture like responsibility, accuracy, transparent communication and reporting. The requirements of the safety management system are also met through the training. Research limitations/implications: Challenges and tensions in the actual implementation of the training activities could not be identified. The people interviewed were selected by the companies, so there is a risk that certain perceptions are over-represented. Practical implications: The results show that the safety-critical industry needs its own pedagogical approach to workplace learning, which is not based on independent work processes in the workplace. Insights can be drawn for in-company training in other safety-critical industries too. However, to enable effective in-company learning, which at the same time strengthens the safety culture of the company, many resources must be used. The companies must consider all dimensions of work from the individual level to the work structure level. Originality/value: This paper discusses the tension between formal and informal learning and shows the specific design of this tension on the basis of a concrete industry for the specific needs of this industry. The results lead to the realisation that the general discussion about workplace learning must be viewed in a differentiated way depending on the industry.

Purpose: This paper aims to explore the manoeuvring room of higher education institutions to take action to reduce emissions from academic flying. In particular, this study investigates how university staff and central actors in university management evaluate potential measures in this area. Design/methodology/approach: The authors applied a single case study design encompassing an online survey directed at staff (N = 338) and 11 semi-structured interviews with key actors from management at an Austrian university. The authors used descriptive statistics and qualitative content analysis to examine the data. Findings: This study found considerable support among university staff in principle for implementing measures to reduce academic flying, but also serious concerns about the fairness and viability of some restrictive measures, especially disincentives and caps on flying. However, bans on short-haul flights were largely supported. Actors from university management saw their manoeuvring room limited by the potential resistance and non-compliance of staff, as well as by framework conditions external to the university. Practical implications: Dedicated leadership is needed to facilitate broad commitment within the university and to avoid shifting the responsibility between different governance levels. Restrictive measures to reduce academic air travel will be more readily accepted if perceived as fair and viable. Originality/value: Although several papers have addressed the behavioural and institutional factors that sustain extensive flying in academia, to the best of the authors' knowledge, this is one of the first contributions to investigate the potentials and challenges of introducing measures to reduce air travel in higher education institutions.

Aero medicine and first aid training is essential in preparing qualified cabin crew for in-flight medical emergencies. Nonetheless, it has always been regarded as a challenging aspect of cabin crew training. Cabin crew have been facing a more complex situation when conducting their duties onboard due to COVID-19. This study aims to explore the current status of aero medicine and first aid training in China. Using the snowballing technique, 17 participants were recruited for the in-depth semi-structured interview, including cabin crew from 9 airlines in China, first aid instructors from airline training centers, and lecturers from universities. Based on thematic analysis, four themes were extracted: required competencies, factors affecting first aid behaviors, course content and instructional strategies. Findings indicated that most airlines in China emphasized training their cabin crew in aero medicine and first aid. However, some conducted recurrent training once every two years, which was insufficient for skills and knowledge retention. Automated External Defibrillators (AED) were rarely equipped onboard. MedAire was not available for all airlines in China. The results pointed out the shortfalls on aero medicine and first aid aspect in China and can help improve the in-flight first aid facilities and optimize the training programs.

The goal of carrying out this work was to identify potential application areas for augmented reality (AR) in pilot education by addressing gender preferences. Like the field of engineering, the aviation industry is dominated by men. Because the aviation industry forecasts a high demand for pilots, it is highly desirable to address gender diversity and improve teaching methods in pilot education. In this study, potential application areas for AR-supported pilot training were investigated by conducting a survey with 60 pilots and flight instructors (including 12 women). Typical AR use cases were presented in videos, and the pilots reported their preferences regarding similar or other AR applications used in different parts of the flight training program. AR navigation was the use case that was most frequently preferred by both female and male pilots. The majority of pilots agreed that AR could potentially be used in theoretical instruction, pre-flight aircraft inspection, and procedure training. In addition, both gender groups showed similar preferences for various gaming concepts that make learning more interesting and engaging, such as receiving positive feedback. However, a higher percentage of women than men reported that achieving a target or receiving points to successfully finish a task and answering questions during the game were satisfying. Including a story in the game to attract attention was preferred by a higher percentage of men than women. The results of this study can be used to design AR educational concepts that support gender diversity in pilot education and other technical domains.

In the aftermath of the 11 September 2001 attacks against the United States, people immediately compared the attack with the Japanese assault on Pearl Harbor sixty years prior. In this article, we explore how US and world history textbooks published shortly after Pearl Harbor and 9/11 depicted and contextualized both events. The textbooks demonstrate that the depictions of Pearl Harbor neatly fit within a chapter about the origins, battles and home fronts of the Second World War. However, textbooks struggled to situate 9/11, placing it within histories of terrorism, histories of the modern Middle East, or twenty-first century problems. Moreover, the textbook authors likely relied on the powerful collective memories that each event triggered because the textbook descriptions of both attacks are exceedingly brief.

This paper presents recommendations for faculty mentors interested in conducting a study abroad program in the social sciences. The recommendations discussed in this paper aim to support faculty in pre-departure planning, during the study abroad experience, and after the study abroad experience concludes. The strategies presented in this paper aim to enhance the quality of the study abroad program, while creating an enjoyable, stimulating, and memorable experience for the students and faculty mentor.

Similar to how stealth materials were developed to reduce the radar wave energy returning from an aircraft, here we explore a low-cost laboratory demonstration that uses similar principles to prevent detection of an object by an ultrasonic sensor. This demonstration setup can be used as a starting point to encourage students to explore the surface properties of materials and the ways in which ultrasonic ranging sensors operate.

The Smithsonian Institution's National Air and Space Museum (NASM) remains one of the world's most visited museums precisely because it embodies the "romance of technological progress." From its origins in the US National Museum of the early twentieth century to the opening of its first dedicated building in 1976 and beyond, visitors have flocked to the NASM to see exhibits on the wonders of aerospace technology. An attempt to depart from that narrative in the 1990s by telling the story of the atomic bombings of Japan was crushed by an organized campaign. In the aftermath, the museum reverted to its old pattern, albeit broadened to include greater diversity in the historical actors it featured. Today, as NASM rebuilds its original building, it is again striving, albeit more cautiously, to stretch the limits of its traditional mission.

The research aimed to study and experimentally verify the efficiency of the use of problem-based methods in teaching future air traffic controllers to conduct radio exchange in non-routine situations. The professional readiness to conduct radio exchange is viewed as a complex of professional skills and knowledge (communicative, cognitive and functional) enhanced by motivation. The study involved 67 university students of a bachelor's degree programme majoring in "Aviation transport". Tests, observations and specially designed questionnaires were used to evaluate the use of problem-based methods (role-playing, simulation of specific situations, problem-solving, case studies) in ESP study. The conclusion was made about the effectiveness of problem-based ESP methods since they simulate possible professional situations and promote communication between future air traffic controllers and pilots, thus contributing to the acquisition of professional knowledge and activation of use of standard phraseology of radio exchange and plain English in non-routine situations. As shown by the results of our study, problem-based ESP methods are effective in raising future air traffic controllers' motivation to acquire Aviation English as they bring the learning closer to professional life.

The International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) has established English Language Proficiency Requirements (LPRs) for all flight crews operating on international routes, all air traffic controllers who communicate with foreign pilots, and air professionals. The ICAO requires those who operate on international routes to be qualified at least in Operational Level 4 in the Requirements. However, in Thailand, the only English test that all flight attendants are necessitated to take is the Test of English for International Communication (TOEIC). Apparently, there is a mismatch between the TOEIC test scores and the ICAO Language Proficiency Requirements (LPRs) as the foci of these two differ. The current study thus explored the relationship between the ICAO Language Proficiency Requirements (LPRs) and TOEIC scores of flight attendants in Thailand and their attitudes in order to better determine if the TOEIC is the most effective means to recruit flight attendants in Thailand. The data were collected from 100 Thai Airways International flight attendants using a four-point Likert scale self-assessment survey to measure the participants' self-assessed abilities on all the ICAO rating scale descriptors focusing on Operational Level 4. The data were quantitatively analyzed with inferential statistics of Pearson's product moment correlation coefficient. Moreover, to elicit in-depth information regarding the attitudes of Thai airways flight attendants, the semi-structured interview protocols were also used and subsequently analyzed by means of content analysis. The findings of the current study revealed that there is a positive correlation between the ICAO Language Proficiency Requirements (LPRs) and the TOEIC scores of Thai Airways International flight attendants, which was equal to 0.384, but this correlation was a weak uphill (positive) linear relationship. As a result, the present study suggests that Thai aviation companies should be aware of using the TOEIC as a recruitment requirement. To ensure a more accurate determination of language proficiency of applicants, it is recommended that the Thai aviation industry develop their own English language proficiency test for staff recruitment processes.

This case describes a real-world scenario based on a fictional new commuter airline seeking to develop a database to support their operations. Students are asked to design and develop a database to allow the airline to track flights, passengers, bookings, and more, based on a set of business rules, default data, and other requirements. The case has been designed for use in a database management course for students having little relational database experience other than the content of the course itself. Teaching notes containing suggestions and a possible solution are provided upon request.