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[Objective] Soil conditioners are commonly used to improve quality and productivity of saline soils. This paper experimentally compares the effects of different soil conditioners on the physical and chemical properties of saline soils. [Method] The experiment was conducted in pots to simulate a rice-oilseed rape rotational cropping system. The soil was amended with calcium superphosphate at rates of 750 kg/hm² (G1) and 1 500 kg/hm² (G2); hydrolyzed poly (maleic anhydride) at rates of 900 kg/hm² (J1), 1 200 kg/hm² (J2) and 1 500 kg/hm² (J3); and Bacillus megaterium at rates of 40 kg/hm² (W1), 60 kg/hm² (W2), and 80 kg/hm² (W3). The control treatment (CK) was conventional fertilization without soil amendment. In each treatment, we measured physical soil properties and electrical conductivity of soil solution. [Result] Compared to CK, J2 increased soil total porosity, maximum water holding capacity, field water holding capacity, and capillary water holding capacity by 12.49%, 13.60%, 13.63% and 12.41%, respectively, while reducing electrical conductivity of the soil solution by 64.73%. W2 improved total soil porosity, maximum water holding capacity, field water holding capacity, and capillary water holding capacity by 8.59%, 9.57%, 9.01%, and 9.79%, respectively, while reducing electrical conductivity of the soil solution by 55.66%. W1 reduced soil bulk density by 4.20%, enhanced maximum water holding capacity, field water holding capacity, capillary water holding capacity and soil organic matter by 6.58%, 9.02%, 9.69% and 25.82%, respectively, while reducing electrical conductivity of soil solution by 8.97%. [Conclusion] Principal component analysis ranked the conditioners and their application rates in terms of their efficacy the following order: 1 200 kg/hm² of hydrolyzed poly (maleic anhydride) > 60 kg/hm² of Bacillus megaterium > 40 kg/hm² of Bacillus megaterium. These findings provide a guidance for practical application of soil amendment agents to improve properties and productivity of saline soils in the studied regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and aims: Cadmium (Cd) pollution in rice is a health hazard. to humans. Amendments often decreases soil Cd bioavailability and Cd accumulation in rice plants. However, a complete and quantitative understanding of the effects of soil amendment on soil properties, Cd availability, rice yield, and Cd accumulation in rice is lacking. Methods: A meta-analysis was conducted using data obtained from 436 peer-reviewed articles to evaluate the impact of 11 types of amendments on different variables in a soil-rice system polluted with Cd. Results: Clay minerals, lime, phosphate fertilizers, nanomaterials, industrial by-products, biochar, manure, composite materials, other organic materials, and other inorganic materials significantly reduced the rice Cd content. Amendments decreased brown rice Cd concentrations by 33.4%, increased crop yields by 12.1%, and decreased the soil available Cd by 26.4%, on average. However, no amendments led to economic improvements. The amendments increased soil pH, CEC, and SOC by 7.94%, 14.73%, and 11.97%, respectively, affecting soil Cd forms. The selection of amendments principally determines their inhibitory effects on Cd in brown rice. Subgroup analysis revealed that during intense precipitation (> 2000 mm), amendments were more efficient at decreasing Cd content in brown rice. However, their effectiveness was diminished in loamy soils. Soil pH was essential for regulating accessible Cd in acidic soils. Conclusion: Amendments successfully lowered Cd levels in rice grains and enhanced soil quality while maintaining rice yield. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The utilization of biochar encountered numerous constraints in achieving increased production and addressing soil salinity issues when employed in isolation. It is essential to take specific measures to maximize its advantages. A two-season field experiment was conducted for planting sunflower using biochar (C, 15 t ha−1) and fulvic acid (FA, 0.15 t ha−1) amendment in the Hetao Irrigation Region in Inner Mongolia, China. The results indicated that the C+FA treatment led to a 28.9% reduction in soil salinity levels at a depth of 0–20 cm after the two-year sunflower cultivation when compared to CK. Analysis of ions revealed that the increase in the ratio of CO32- and HCO3− led to soil pH rise. The C+FA treatment showed 22.64 g kg−1 organic matter content at depth of 0–20 cm after harvested in the second year. The growth characteristics of sunflowers were enhanced, along with an improvement in the plant's nitrogen nutrition. The C+FA treatment resulted in a seed yield of 8.5 t ha−1, indicating a twofold increase in comparison to the CK treatment. The research indicates that utilizing biochar-based amendments offers practical benefits for promoting saline agricultural development in arid and semi-arid lands. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study involved conducting soil column simulation tests and pot experiments to explore the impact of applying five different proportions of amendments on fertilizer retention and ryegrass growth characteristics in copper tailings at high altitudes. The results demonstrated that fertilization with these varying proportions of amendments significantly enhanced the physical structure and nutrient content of the copper tailings, leading to a notable difference compared to the control group. Following application of the amendment to the surface layer (0–20 cm) of the tailings, nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium levels declined with increasing leaching times; however, even after six leaching times, the nutrient content still met afforestation planting soil fertility requirements. In contrast, nutrients in the lower layer (20–40 cm) without amendment initially rose significantly during leaching but ultimately exhibited less fertility increase compared to the control group. This suggests that pure copper tailings have limited capacity for nutrient absorption from leaching solutions and poor fertilizer retention effects. Ryegrass thrived on improved tailings, showing a positive correlation between its growth and organic matter content as well as available potassium, available phosphorus, and alkali-hydrolyzed nitrogen levels in the tailings. In conclusion, utilizing amendments for fertilizing copper tailings demonstrates superior fertilizer retention characteristics while providing essential nutrients for ryegrass growth. This approach could prove economical and effective when used for mine ecological restoration purposes aimed at rehabilitating surrounding ecological environments. Graphical AbstractHighlights: Resource utilization of copper tailings; Ecological restoration in high-altitude mining areas; Green restoration and sustainable development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Goal. The purpose of the article is to analyze the key terms of the Law of Ukraine “On Administrative Procedure”, especially new for Ukrainian legislation, which will contribute to ensuring legal certainty, unity of understanding of such categories for the purposes of administrative and judicial practice. It is worth noting that although the purpose of this work is devoted to the outline of the main terms of the Law of Ukraine “On Administrative Procedure”, they are important for Ukrainian legislation as a whole, given the fundamental nature of this law. Method. The methodology includes a complex analysis of the issues, theoretical elaboration of the current legal material on the raised issue and formation of relevant conclusions and recommendations. During the study, the following methods of scientific knowledge were used: terminological, systemic-structural, comparative-legal, and the method of analysis. The results. Based on the results of the research, the importance of ensuring proper legal understanding of the provisions of the Law of Ukraine “On Administrative Procedure” for its further effective legal application was revealed, the main novelties in terminology were analyzed and the importance of further scientific work on the analysis of both the provisions of the Law itself and the results of its legal application was noted. Separately, the historical component of the adoption of the Law of Ukraine “On Administrative Procedure” is briefly described, and attention is drawn to the relevant regulatory documents that became the “legal foundation” for its adoption. Emphasis is placed on the importance of legal analysis of the provisions of this legislative act, including monitoring the results of its application in practice. The presented analysis of individual terms of the normative legal act proved that legal regulation in the field of administrative procedure has deep roots, which, in turn, can serve as a basis for work in the direction of increasing theoretical studies in this field. Scientific news. The study emphasized the importance of the adoption of the Law of Ukraine “On Administrative Procedure”, its significance both for the legal system of Ukraine as a whole and separately in the field of administrative procedure. The article analyzes the main provisions of the Law of Ukraine “On Administrative Procedure” from the point of view of novelties in terminology. Emphasis is placed on the fact that the procedure of interaction between the state, on the one hand, and citizens and business, on the other, should become unified, effective and, of course, transparent, with an orientation to the interests of the latter. It was found that the implementation of the general administrative procedure at the legislative level has undoubtedly brought Ukraine closer to the standards of the European Union, because the “right to proper administration” is an integral part of a highly developed legal state. Practical significance. The result of this work is aimed at further encouraging an in-depth theoretical study of the field of administrative procedure as a “novel of Ukrainian legislation” and finding ways to effectively implement the Law of Ukraine “On Administrative Procedure” into the legal realities of our country today. In the process of consideration of amendments to the legislation, a generalization of the key terminology was carried out, the understanding of which will make it possible to effectively implement the regulatory act in practice.

Elevated concentrations of fluoride (F) and copper (Cu) in food substances cause health problems. Effects of Wood ash, Cattle manure and CAN+NPK on mobility and uptake of Cu and F by Chinese cabbage were explored. The soils in this study were collected from Arusha, Tanzania. The experiment was completely randomized design with four treatments, each replicated four times. Four Chinese cabbage seeds were sown in the sieved soil samples (1 kg) and sown in 1 L containers. The Chinese cabbage were irrigated daily and allowed to grow for six weeks, and harvested. Organic amendments decreased the soluble fractions of Cu and F in the soils and reduced their uptake by Chinese cabbage. For fluoride, although significant reductions were observed, the concentrations were still above the allowed concentrations for human consumption. The Wood ash treatment was generally the most effective treatment of all. It was revealed that log10 of Cu concentrations in Chinese cabbage was positively related with log10 concentration of F in the plants, elucidating that the presence of one contaminant will generally enhance the uptake of the other. It was concluded that the amendments reduced the possibility of contaminating the food chain by the two pollutants in the soils.

The Securities and Exchange Commission requires the disclosure of changes to or waivers of corporate codes of ethics. Because the nature of amendments or waivers can vary, we expect the text of Item 5.05 to include different topics within different filings. We examine the population of these disclosures in Item 5.05 8‐K filings from 2004 to 2020. While previous studies utilized small samples (fewer than 50 observations) to examine limited aspects of these filings, we use the population of these filings from 2004 to 2020 (2121 8‐K filings) to elucidate the nature and details of the disclosures. We assess whether Latent Dirichlet Allocation—a computational linguistics technique—can help discern the underlying topics represented in filings. While the Securities and Exchange Commission identifies two topics—amendments and waivers—the Latent Dirichlet Allocation analysis reveals four topics (three related to amendments): (1) code updates and clarifications; (2) combining codes of conduct for all officers and employees, or splitting codes to include a code directly applicable to senior financial officers; (3) codes of ethics waivers; and (4) substantive code changes. The overall trend is for fewer 8‐Ks to be filed in recent years, with updates and clarifications becoming the predominant filing type. Our results further indicate that Item 5.05s related to updates and clarifications, and those related to combined or split codes, use fewer words and are more easily readable than those disclosing waivers or material code changes. Although we find no significant price reaction to Item 5.05 8‐K filings, we find significant trading volume and volatility reactions, suggesting that these disclosures could give rise to differences in opinion among investors, which is consistent with the US Senate's assertion that these disclosures are of interest to investors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The increase in the frequency and magnitude of environmental stresses poses a significant risk to the stability of food supplies. In coastal areas of the Mediterranean, brackish water has long been considered a limitation on horticultural production. In this scenario, the use of biochar in agriculture could be considered a valuable tool to cope with the deleterious effects of salt stress. This work aimed to investigate, in a protected environment, the effects of different concentrations of biochar (0, 1, and 2% v/v) obtained from poplar (Populus L.) biomass on the yield and quality of dwarf San Marzano ecotype tomatoes irrigated with saline water at different concentrations of NaCl (0, 40 and 80 mM). The increase in salt concentration from 0 to 80 mM NaCl reduced the total yield (−63%) and the number of fruits (−25%), but improved the main quality parameters such as dry matter (+75%), total soluble solids (+56%), and polyphenol content (+43%). Compared to control conditions, biochar supplementation improved the total yield (+23%) and number of fruits (+26%) without altering the functional and organoleptic characteristics of the fruits. The promising results underscore the potential of biochar as a sustainable solution to amend soils in order to improve tomato production under unfavorable conditions such as high salinity. However, there is a need to clarify which adaptation mechanisms triggered by biochar amending improve production responses even and especially under suboptimal growing conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Española de Derecho Constitucional is the property of Centro de Estudios Politicos y Constitucionales and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Al-Anbar University for Islamic Sciences is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Abstract This research stems from various criticisms of the results of the amendment to Article 23 of the 1945 Constitution, which basically views that the results of the amendment have degraded the philosophy of the state budget, namely the sovereignty of the people. This has led to the loss of budgetary rights held by the House of Representatives. Based on this criticism, this study tries to find other perspectives and approaches in reading the formulation of popular sovereignty over the state budget by asking two questions; First, whether the amendments to the 1945 Constitution have degraded the existence of the state budget from a philosophical point of view; Second, how is the formulation of popular sovereignty over the state budget in the post-amendment 1945 Constitution? The research concluded that the philosophy of the state budget after the amendment of the 1945 Constitution is the sovereignty of the people. The sovereignty of the people over the state budget is formulated in several articles, which can be divided into formulations in formal aspects and formulations in material aspects. Abstrak Penelitian ini bertolak dari berbagai kritik atas hasil perubahan Pasal 23 UUD NRI 1945, yang pada dasarnya memandang bahwa hasil perubahan telah mendegradasi filosofi anggaran negara, yaitu kedaulatan rakyat. Hal ini membawa konsekuensi pada hilangnya hak anggaran yang dimiliki oleh Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat. Atas kritik tersebut, penelitian ini mencoba mencari sudut pandang dan pendekatan lain dalam membaca formulasi kedaulatan rakyat atas anggaran negara dengan mengajukan dua pertanyaan; Pertama, apakah perubahan UUD 1945 telah mendegradasi keberadaan anggaran negara dari sudut filosofi?; Kedua, bagaimana formulasi kedaulatan rakyat atas anggaran negara dalam UUD 1945 pasca perubahan? Hasil penelitian menyimpulkan bahwa filosofi anggaran negara pasca perubahan UUD 1945 adalah kedaulatan rakyat. Kedaulatan rakyat atas anggaran negara tersebut diformulasikan dalam beberapa pasal, yang dapat dibedakan menjadi formulasi dalam aspek formil dan formulasi dalam aspek materil.

There are two types of lawsuits in Turkish Administrative Procedural Law, namely annulment lawsuit and full remedy lawsuit. In full remedy lawsuits, the compensation requested is both pecuniary and non-pecuniary. The amendment of pleadings in full remedy lawsuits can be used by increasing the requested amount once until the final decision. This possibility to increase the amount of the claim has been introduced later in the Turkish Administrative Judicial Procedure Law. After the introduction of this regulation, it has been discussed whether it can be applied to non-pecuniary damages claims. In order to express these, we will first examine the concept of amendment in civil procedure law in general and its application by substantiating with the Court of Cassation rulings. Then the Council of State will be set forth. Subsequently, we will express our views on this area of debate, where the judicial and administrative judiciary have different decisions, that amendment in non-pecuniary damages should be possible in terms of administrative judiciary, that although it is made once as a rule, it can be made again in case new events arise, that this right should sometimes be recognized at the appeal stage too, and that this request can be asserted later, even if it is not included in the first petition.

AbstractThe objective of civil liability is to provide compensation for damages. Civil liability represents an explicit expression for the resolution of disputes that arise between the parties involved in a legal relationship, regardless of their source. It exists for the purpose of resolving such disputes, based on objective analysis, distancing itself from social and economic factors that led to contractual obligations, negligence, or legal mandates. Based on this objective, occasional legislative intervention becomes necessary to reconsider these provisions in terms of their cause and effect, especially within the context of economic and social transformation from traditional forms to more complex and evolving forms, in light of the industrial revolution and advancements in modern technology. Sustainable development has emerged, along with environmental issues, noise pollution, occupational safety, defective products, and new developments in nuclear damage. In this context, we delve into the subject matter according to the outlined plan below.

Gaining large-scale, temporally continuous surface soil moisture information through remote sensing techniques is of significant importance for crop irrigation management and farmland drought early warning. The commonly used remote sensing soil moisture inversion method often utilizes the modified perpendicular dryness index (MPDI) in conjunction with ground-measured data to construct models. However, this method lacks universality, as each temporal phase of the image inversion requires the acquisition of corresponding ground-measured data for calibration, resulting in a high dependence on ground-measured data. To reduce the dependence on ground-measured data when estimating soil moisture using optical remote sensing data, this study firstly analyzed the feature space differences and the variation laws of soil line slopes using 54 temporal phases of Sentinel-2 T50SKH scenes from 2020 to 2021. The study also derived and explained the influence of soil line slope variations on soil moisture inversion, revealing the fundamental reason for the need for ground-measured data calibration for each period in the MPDI soil moisture inversion. Based on this, a multi-temporal soil line consistency correction method and a re-modified perpendicular drought index (RPDI) were proposed. Soil moisture inversion was conducted using RPDI, and the effectiveness was validated in the study area. The main conclusions are as follows: 1) The analysis of the feature space of the Sentinel-2 satellite's continuous two-year scenes indicated that the feature spaces of most temporal phases were incomplete. Theoretically existing completely bare or extremely wet points may not be present in a single image, leading to long-term fluctuations in soil line slopes across different temporal phases. For the modified perpendicular dryness index (MPDI), the soil lines used for the calculation of MPDI in different temporal phases were different, which could only represent the relative dryness or wetness of each phase. This was the fundamental reason why ground-measured data calibration was required for each temporal phase when using MPDI for soil moisture inversion. 2) Through theoretical derivation of the MPDI changes caused by soil line slope variations, it was found that the changes in the inversion equation's slope were mainly to offset the fluctuations in soil line slopes. For the same region, since soil texture did not change over time, if a stable soil line slope could be obtained, then the slope of the linear regression equation between soil moisture and MPDI would also remain stable, and calibration would not be necessary for each temporal phase. 3) A soil line consistency correction method and RPDI were proposed. Since the calculation of this index was based on a unified theoretical soil line, it stabilized the regression relationship between RPDI and soil moisture. Validation results showed that a unified regression equation could be used between RPDI and ground-measured soil moisture (the unbiased root mean square error of the calibration set was 2.88%, R² was 0.49, and the unbiased root mean square error of the validation set was 3.05%, R² was 0.54). When applying the regression equation obtained from the calibration set to other temporal phases, it was not significantly different from the MPDI regression equations established for each phase separately in terms of R² and unbiased root mean square error. This indicated that RPDI no longer depended on ground-measured data and could achieve direct comparison across different temporal phases, significantly reducing the dependence on ground-measured data for multi-temporal soil moisture estimation using optical remote sensing. In conclusion, this research offered a substantial contribution to the utilization of optical remote sensing data for large-scale, continuous soil moisture inversion. The introduced RPDI method not only simplified the process of soil moisture estimation but also fortified the resilience of soil moisture retrieval. Furthermore, it significantly boosted the efficiency and precision of soil moisture monitoring. As a result, it held great value for the implementation of sound irrigation strategies and the timely issuance of drought warnings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article delves into the intricate process unfolding in the Senate regarding a legislative proposal, featuring the controversies arising around amendment uniformity and budgetary veto. Specifically, It examines the budgetary veto by the government concerning the modification proposal tendered during the plenary phase, its rejection by the Senate board, and the resolution of this dispute by the Senate president, culminating with the annulment of a plenary vote conducted two days prior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study demonstrated the effects of adding specific proportions of vermiculite (VMT: 0%, 10%, and 20%) and earthworm casts (EWCs: 0%, 10%, and 20%) on the physico-chemical properties of composted green waste (CGW), and the impacts of amended CGW as growth media on the growth of three common ornamental plants (Dahlia pinnata Cav. [dahlia], Centaurea cyanus L. [cornflower], and Consolida ajacis [L.] Schur [delphinium]). Compared with Treatment T1 (CK), the addition of 10% VMT and 20% EWCs greatly (p < 0.05) increased the total porosity, aeration porosity, water-holding porosity, total nitrogen, available phosphorus, available potassium, and organic matter of CGW by 9%, 35%, 4%, 18%, 27%, 13%, and 33%, respectively. In addition, this pattern increased (p < 0.05) the total fresh biomass, total chlorophyll content, and root length of dahlias by 9%, 19%, and 27%, respectively; those of cornflowers by 17%, 30%, and 29%, respectively (p < 0.05); and those of delphiniums by 23%, 14%, and 63%, respectively. Therefore, the amended CGW supplemented with 10% VMT and 20% EWCs was an ideal growth medium for the three plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The leaching of contaminants is a complex, pivotal process for understanding how biochar can immobilize them effectively. In this study, we investigated the impact of biochar, produced at different temperatures, on the behavior of arsenic (As) and lead (Pb) in leached sediments. Before leaching, we combined biochar with sediment, allowing it to naturally age for 365 days. The biochar derived from sugarcane straw was pyrolyzed at 350 °C (BC350), 550 °C (BC550), and 750 °C (BC750). Using UV–Vis spectroscopy, we assessed changes in dissolved organic carbon quality and examined geochemical alterations employing high-performance liquid chromatography–inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (HPLC–ICP-MS). The addition of biochar decreased Pb mobility while increasing As mobility. The extent of immobilization varied depending on the pyrolysis temperature: BC750 notably reduced Pb leaching by 54%, whereas BC350 enhanced As mobility by 2.5 times. Although no leaching of monomethylarsonic or dimethylarsinic acids occurred, both BC350 and BC750 amplified As3+ leaching by 2.5 times. In summary, biochar addition at different temperatures altered the environmental fate of As and Pb. Higher pyrolysis temperatures, as seen with BC750, were more effective in mitigating Pb mobility, reducing sediment leaching by 54%. Interestingly, exogenous dissolved organic carbon and phosphorus promoted As leaching.Highlights: Biochar temp influenced As/Pb mobility in sediment. 750 °C pyrolysis notably reduced Pb leaching by 54%. Lower temperature (350 °C) increased As mobility 2.5 times. External carbon/phosphorus boosted As leaching. 550 °C biochar was more effective against As3+ leaching. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Environmental Science & Technology (10036504) is the property of Editorial Board of Environmental Science & Technology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The efficiency of iron/aluminum co-modified zeolite (FeAl-Z) covering and amendment for controlling the internal loading of phosphorus (P) from sediment to the overlying water (OW) and its controlling mechanism were explored. The response of the composition of sedimentary microbial communities in sediment and their function to the FeAl-Z capping and amendment was also examined. FeAl-Z showed good removal performance for phosphate in aqueous solution. The maximum phosphate adsorption quantity for FeAl-Z at pH 7 attained 11.2 mg P/g. The release of sediment endogenous phosphorus to OW can be successfully restrained by the FeAl-Z covering and amendment, and the suppression ability of FeAl-Z covering was stronger than that of FeAl-Z amendment. Under the capping or amendment condition, FeAl-Z can effectively inactivate the labile phosphorus measured by diffusion gradient in thin film (DGT-LP) in the overlying water and surface sediment. The added FeAl-Z transformed redox-sensitive phosphorus (BD-P) to metal oxide-bound phosphorus (NaOH-IP) and residual phosphorus (Res-P) in sediment, which increased the stability of inorganic phosphorus in the sediment. The passivation of soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) and DGT-LP in the surface sediment by FeAl-Z significantly contributed to the inhibition of sediment endogenous phosphorus release to OW by the FeAl-Z capping, and the passivation of SRP, DGT-LP and mobile phosphorus in the surface sediment played a pivotal role in the control of sediment internal phosphorus release by the FeAl-Z amendment. The FeAl-Z amendment and capping did not increase the liberation risk of Fe from sediment, and the microorganisms in the sediments under the conditions of FeAl-Z amendment and covering still can perform good ecological functions. Results of this research demonstrate that FeAl-Z capping has high application potential in the control of phosphorus transfer from sediment to OW. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

* Attribution rules act as a tool to modify the terms of a contract by accepting pre-specified terms and conditions. This methodology ensures that the contractual relationship is protected while addressing potentially complex scenarios that may arise during contract execution due to evolving circumstances. To maintain the binding force of the contract, Parties expedite dispute resolution and protect the integrity of their contracts by choosing recourse and prior agreeing to remedies, which encourages continuity in enforcement. These clauses are intended to automatically amend the terms of the contract without requiring the parties to participate in the amendment process. These items adjust the amount of funds subject to the obligation according to changes observed by external indicators associated with the obligation. This is done by comparing the price of a particular currency with the price of a different commodity. In the case of payment in gold or foreign currency, it represents an assault on the binding legal force of the national currency by competing with it as a means of payment and considering it as one of them. Terms of payment in gold and foreign currency are excluded from the attribution requirement, which replaces legal means of payment with new means of payment. It does not constitute a basis for determining the extent of fulfillment of the obligation, and we conclude that the attribution clause is a distinct legal system that deals with amending contractual terms and the contractual imbalance they cause. Amendment is permitted in the event of circumstances occurring that would upset the balance throughout the contract implementation period, and we recommend adopting the attribution clause as an automatic adjustment tool.

Sandy and acidic soil conditions are the major factors limiting the production of some vegetable crops in acidic soils. This study aims to examine the effect of various amendments on the growth, yield and mineral nutrients uptake of stem amaranth. Two pot experiments were conducted separately in two generic soils. Six treatments viz. T0 = control (without amendment), T1= lime, T2 = lime + wetland bottom sediment, T3 = lime + vermicompost, T4 = lime + rice straw biochar (RSB) and T5 = RSB were used for both experiments following CRD with four replications. Results revealed that plant heights (45.96 and 50.33 cm) of amaranth grown in alluvial and hill soils, respectively, were the highest in T4 treatment. Similarly, treatment T4 showed the highest fresh (118.53 and 116.11 g pot−1, respectively) and dry biomasses (16.98 and 19.54 g pot−1, respectively) for both soils. For both soils, treatment T4 resulted better nutrient uptake of N, P, K, S, Zn, Fe and Mn by edible stem, while non-amended soil gave the lowest result at all parameters. Analytical values of post-harvest soils indicated that T4 and/or T5 treatments resulted in an improvement in soil pH, organic carbon, total N, exchangeable K and extractable P, S and Zn. Treatment T3 showed elevated concentrations of extractable soils Fe and Mn. The amendment RSB combined with lime can be preferably used in strong acidic soils for cultivation of stem amaranth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and aims: This field-base study evaluates the long-term effectiveness of in-situ remediation measures applied to soils residually polluted by potentially toxic elements (PTEs) in an area affected by a mining spill in SW Spain. Methods: To evaluate the remediation treatments success, their influence on key soil properties and on the development of spontaneous vegetation in the treated soils was investigated. The treatments were based on human derived by-products valorization, and consisted of: biopiles, marble sludge and gypsum mining spoil addition, and their combination with an organic amendment (vermicompost). Results: Amendments application improved the soil properties and reduced PTEs availability. As a result, an enhancement in spontaneous development of vegetation cover and diversity of plant species in the treated soils was followed. Spergularia rubra and Lamarckia aurea, two primary plant species growing in the studied area and that exhibit strong association to soils with the highest levels of pollution, showed high Pb and As accumulation in shoots ande in roots. Exceptionally, accumulation of these pollutants occurred in L. aurea roots, which can explain its high presence in soils with more limited vegetation development and in which no additional plant species can thrive. Conclusions: The occurrence of S. rubra and L. aurea in the amended soils may be indicative of improved soil conditions and reduced toxicity induced by the remediation measures implemented. They may also be considered key species in the area since their presence can promote the recolonization of the degraded soils by species less tolerant to their residual pollution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When soils available for the construction of liners do not display the characteristics necessary for a good performance, mixtures with other materials can be employed for achieving the desired quality. Several researchers have addressed those mixtures from either a geotechnical or a gas diffusion perspective, emphasizing low hydraulic conductivity. However, in recent years, growing attention has been drawn to the ability of liners to mitigate contamination. The literature lacks studies on the use of amendments for soil liners or cover systems to retain potentially toxic metals, which are important inorganic contaminants. This paper provides a systematic review of the literature considering publications available on Web of Science and SpringerLink databases between January 1st, 2012, and December 5th, 2022. The aim of the review was to identify the types of soils and amendments studied as liners or cover systems for such retention of potentially toxic metals, the methodologies of application of the alternative materials in the soils, and the research gaps and perspectives in the field. Seventeen papers that addressed 31 materials as amendments were retrieved. The most studied amendment was coal fly ash, and 17 amendments were residues or by-products, which indicates concerns over waste destination and sustainability. Among the potentially toxic metals analyzed are Pb, Cu, and Cd. Gaps such as lack of pilot, field-scale, and long-term studies, as well as perspectives for future research (e.g., different liner configurations, concomitant mixtures of two or more materials in the soil, and focus on the sustainability of amendments), were identified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Research Papers of the Wroclaw University of Economics / Prace Naukowe Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego we Wroclawiu is the property of Uniwersytet Ekonomiczny we Wroclawiu and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Annuals of the Administration & Law / Roczniki Administracji i Prawa is the property of Oficyna Wydawnicza Humanitas and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The use of organic fertilizers to replace chemically synthesized fertilizers has assumed an important role in managing plant nutrition and soil fertility. The various organic matrices currently available as organic byproducts and digestates are relatively abundant and have shown promising effects in terms of plant-available nutrients. However, like mineral fertilizers, organic fertilizers must be carefully managed to avoid negative effects on the environment, especially when they are repeatedly applied over time. The aim of the present study was to assess the effect of the single (DIG) and repeated application (DIGP) of solid anaerobic digestates compared to an unamended control (CTR) on the denitrifying enzymatic activity (DEA), which is responsible for nitrous oxide emissions into the atmosphere, and some related soil properties, such as total soluble nitrogen (TSN), nitrate (NO3−-N), extractable carbon (Cextr), microbial biomass carbon (MBC), and basal respiration (Rbas), for a period of ~3 months after application. The application of solid anaerobic digestates progressively boosts N and C concentrations in the soil, with the degree of enhancement directly correlated with the frequency of application over the sampling period. Depending on the textural properties of soils, there was a notable rise in denitrification enzyme activity (DEA), particularly during the DIGP treatment, suggesting that clay soils are highly susceptible to denitrification under suitable conditions. The results of this study recommend the careful management of soils subjected to repeated digestate amendment to prevent the occurrence of conditions conducive to denitrification and the promotion of N2O emissions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Proper nutrition program is one of the major approaches to improve plant quality and has a significant role in increasing its performance. Methods: In this regard, to investigate the effect of applying organic and mineral silicate sources on the concentration of silicon, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in rice plants (Oryza sativa L.), an experiment was conducted as split plots with three replications in the 2019 growing season. The experiment was carried out on the fields of the Dazmirkandeh village in the suburbs of the city of Sari and all the experimental steps were carried out in the laboratory of the Sari University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources. The main factor included two varieties of rice and the sub factor consisted of the type and amount of silicon sources in 11 levels of fertilizer treatment. Results: The results showed that the main effect of variety and different sources of silicon on the concentration of silicon in the flag leaf was significant at the confidence level of five percent, while their effect in the biomass and grain of rice was significant at the one percent confidence level. The average concentration of nutrients in the aerial organs of the Tarem Hashemi cultivar was higher than that of the Shiroudi cultivar and the different sources of silicon were able to increase the silicon concentration of flag leaves, biomass, and seeds by 70%, 16%, and 20%, respectively, increase the nitrogen by 12%, 55%, and 50%, respectively, increase the phosphorus concentration by 100%, 60%, and 87%, respectively, and finally, increase the potassium concentration by 20%, 15%, and 50%, respectively. Conclusion: In general, application of all silicate treatments increased the concentration of silicon and other macronutrients in the aerial parts of the plant compared to the control and the basal fertilizer treatments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Agro-Environment Science is the property of Journal of Agro-Environment Science Editorial Board and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This research is concerned with studying the consent in contracting by electronic means with any person in general، and with a professional in particular، in the light of the French civil code، amended by the ordinance No.2016-131 dated February 10، 2016 concerning reforms of the law of contract، general regime and proof of obligations. The study is aimed at the benefit of the Iraqi law from the special rules of the new French law of contract as exemplary rules، concerning the expression of the consent in contracting by electronic means، particularly with a professional. The problem of the study lies in how to fill the gaps in both the Iraqi civil law No.40 of 1951، and the law of electronic signature and electronic bargains No.78 of 2012 regarding the up-to-date requirements and modalities of the consent in contracting by electronic means، and its components of the offer and acceptance. To achieve this aim، the study adopts the comparative analytical methodology of legal research. The most significant findings that the study reached are the considerable shortage of the legal regulation and the rules concerning the consent in contracting by electronic means in the Iraqi civil law، as compared to the detailed regulation of this topic in the French law of contract. Finally the study suggested many recommendations to the Iraqi legislator to follow suit the new rules of the French law of contract particularly the article (1127).

The 2023 Amendment to the Forest Conservation Act (FCA) has largely been criticised for the loss of forest cover it will cause through diversion of forest land for infrastructure, public utility, and defence requirements. The Amendment makes no reference to the Forest Rights Act (FRA) and its critiques point only to its undermining of the latter. A closer examination of the Amendment from the perspective of the FRA suggests that the Act can not only continue to be used to counter the diversion of forest land, but also that popular mobilisation around it may be the only way to protect both forests and forest-dwellers.

The increase in the frequency and magnitude of environmental stresses poses a significant risk to the stability of food supplies. In coastal areas of the Mediterranean, brackish water has long been considered a limitation on horticultural production. In this scenario, the use of biochar in agriculture could be considered a valuable tool to cope with the deleterious effects of salt stress. This work aimed to investigate, in a protected environment, the effects of different concentrations of biochar (0, 1, and 2% v/v) obtained from poplar (Populus L.) biomass on the yield and quality of dwarf San Marzano ecotype tomatoes irrigated with saline water at different concentrations of NaCl (0, 40 and 80 mM). The increase in salt concentration from 0 to 80 mM NaCl reduced the total yield (−63%) and the number of fruits (−25%), but improved the main quality parameters such as dry matter (+75%), total soluble solids (+56%), and polyphenol content (+43%). Compared to control conditions, biochar supplementation improved the total yield (+23%) and number of fruits (+26%) without altering the functional and organoleptic characteristics of the fruits. The promising results underscore the potential of biochar as a sustainable solution to amend soils in order to improve tomato production under unfavorable conditions such as high salinity. However, there is a need to clarify which adaptation mechanisms triggered by biochar amending improve production responses even and especially under suboptimal growing conditions.

In 2022, another attempt at a comprehensive amendment of the Penal Code was submitted to the Sejm. One of the proposed changes is the elimination of the penalty of 25 years imprisonment and its replacement with a term imprisonment with an extended upper limit from 15 to 30 years. This project is an opportunity to conduct an in-depth analysis of the sentence of 25 years imprisonment, paying particular attention to its advantages and disadvantages. It is also a chance for a comprehensive assessment of long-term imprisonment from the perspective of the function of criminal punishment and the principle of proportionality, which is a new element in Polish literature in this field. The author hypothesizes that neither leaving the penalty of 25 years imprisonment nor extending the term of imprisonment to 30 years is a correct solution from the point of view of the functions and principles of criminal law. Then he tries to prove its validity, using research methods adopted in jurisprudence: formal and dogmatic analysis of legal provisions, as well as a critical review of literature and judgements.The conducted research confirmed the hypothesis. In the author's opinion, long-term imprisonment may be negatively assessed from the perspective of the constitutional principle of proportionality. Instead of announcing postulates that provide for an increase in punitive criminal law by introducing more repressive penalties, it is worth considering taking the opposite actions, aimed at easing penal repression and focusing on effective resocialization. According to the author, the article may be a contribution to a discussion on changes in criminal policy, thus contributing to the development of criminal law and executive criminal law.

[Objective] The effects of ryegrass growth on the physical properties and shear resistance of a mixed substrate were studied in order to provide a scientific basis for the rapid restoration of coal gangue hill vegetation and for the prevention of soil erosion. [Methods] The physical structure of gangue is poor and the nutrient content is low. Ryegrass was planted in pots to which phosphogypsum and mycorrhizal residue were added to determine the effect of ryegrass growth on the physical properties and shear resistance of a mixed substrate. [Results] ① The addition of different proportions of phosphogypsum and mycorrhizal slag significantly increased the growth of ryegrass. Height, aboveground dry biomass, root weight density, and chlorophyll content of ryegrass on the mixed coal gangue substrate consisting of 20% phosphogypsum and 10% mycorrhizal slag had the best effect, followed by the mixed substrate consisting of 10% phosphogypsum and 10% mycorrhizal slag. ② The addition of phosphogypsum and slag significantly increased the aeration and water-holding capacity of the gangue mixed substrate in which the natural water content, total porosity, capillary porosity, and non-capillary porosity of the gangue mixed substrate with 20% phosphogypsum and 10% slag were increased by 18.88%, 14.18%, 13.12%, and 18.08%, respectively, and the bulk density was decreased by 24.76% compared with the respective values observed for the gangue mixed substrate with only 10% slag. ③ The shear strength of the gangue mixed substrate with 20% phosphogypsum and 10% mycorrhizal slag increased by 71.71%, and the cohesion and internal friction angle increased by 102.84% and 45.05%, respectively, compared with the mixed substrate having only 10% mycorrhizal slag. [Conclusion] The coal gangue mixed substrate with ryegrass root complex having 20% phosphogypsum and 10% mycorrhizal residue had the greatest shear resistance and was beneficial for controlling soil erosion in coal gangue hills.

The Declaration of Geneva serves as a guide to ethical medical practice. It primarily addresses the duties of the physician in relation to an individual physician–patient relationship and implicitly advocates a ‘first come, first served’ model. It assumes the availability of adequate resources to treat all patients. However, no health system can meet all the requirements of its intended beneficiaries, and resource allocation, priority-setting and triaging are inevitable. Yet the Declaration of Geneva ‘does not permit considerations of age, disease or disability, gender …, social standing or any other factor’ to be considered. Neither does it permit consideration of ‘financial toxicity of treatment’ on patients, families and struggling healthcare systems. Making resource allocation, priority-setting, and triaging decisions is ethically complex. Yet in many resource-limited settings, such difficult and ethical judgement calls are left to individual physicians to make; this applies especially in low- and middle-income countries where practitioners are often faced with overwhelming burdens of disease and simply cannot treat everyone requiring care. The Declaration of Geneva should be amended to recognise limitations of physicians to deliver care because of health system constraints and should speak not only of a physician’s duty towards the individual patient but also to broader society. It should provide ethical guidance to those practising in limited resource settings about triaging, protecting elective care, ensuring training of well-rounded physicians, ensuring financial wellness of patients and healthcare systems and ensuring accountability for health and wellness of patients and healthcare systems.

Salinization remains a major issue in soil degradation, for which biochar is a potential solution. In this meta-analysis, using 660 paired observations from 99 peer-reviewed articles, we evaluated biochar's effect on salt-affected soils and identified the initial soil properties, biochar properties and experimental factors influencing its efficacy. The results showed that the addition of biochar had a significant ameliorating effect on salt-affected soils. The soil electrical conductivity of saturated paste extract (ECe) was significantly reduced by 13.2%, and such effect was significant in severe salinization soil (rather than slight and moderate salinization). Meanwhile, the soil cation exchange capacity was significantly increased by 17.0%. However, the addition of biochar had no significant impact on soil pH. Model selection analyses further indicated that the level of initial salinity and the type of biochar feedstock were the most important factors regulating the response of soil ECe to biochar addition. In summary, while our study highlights the potential of biochar in ameliorating salt-affected soils, particularly in severely salinized soils, it also underscores the need for more comprehensive research in this field. Additional research is necessary to comprehensively address the significant heterogeneity of biochars, including their thorough characterization. In addition, more studies are required to explore the impact of biochar on both salt-tolerant and non-salt-tolerant plants in salt-affected soils.