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Simple Summary: Fermentation not only reduces the anti-nutritional factors in soybean meal, but also increases the contents of bioactive peptides and free amino acids, and promotes the digestibility of nutrients in soybean meal for growing pigs. The enzymes and prebiotics contained in fermented soybean meal (FSBM) improve the intestinal health, antioxidant capacity, and immune function of animals. However, there is a lack of systematic evaluation of the nutritional value of FSBM for growing pigs. Therefore, we selected 10 representative FSBM samples from nine different manufacturers in China, and determined the digestible energy (DE), metabolizable energy (ME), and standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of amino acids (AA) of FSBM. We found that the mean values of DE, ME, and SID of AA in the FSBM samples were similar to those of NRC (2012), but the variation was large. The DE and ME values can be predicted based on the chemical composition of FSBM in growing pigs. This study aimed to evaluate the digestible energy (DE), metabolizable energy (ME), and standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of amino acids (AA) in fermented soybean meal (FSBM) fed to growing pigs. In experiment 1, twenty-two growing pigs (Duroc × Landrace × Yorkshire; 32.0 ± 4.2 kg BW) were fed one of 11 diets in a replicated 11 × 3 incomplete Latin square design to determine the DE and ME of FSBM. The diets included a corn-based diet and 10 experimental diets formulated by replacing the corn with 29.10% FSBM. In experiment 2, eleven growing pigs (Duroc × Landrace × Yorkshire; 24.3 ± 2.3 kg BW) were surgically equipped with a T-cannula and arranged in an 11 × 6 incomplete Latin square design with 11 diets and six periods. The diets included an N-free diet and 10 experimental diets containing 40% FSBM as the sole source of AA. The results showed that the contents of dry matter (DM), gross energy, crude protein, crude fiber, neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, calcium, and phosphorus averaged 91.83% (ranging from 89.24 to 94.55%), 18.44 MJ/kg (ranging from 18.00 to 18.95 MJ/kg), 50.63% (ranging from 50.00 to 51.81%), 4.51% (ranging from 3.41 to 5.40%), 9.17% (ranging from 7.02 to 10.30%), 6.38% (ranging from 4.97 to 7.45%), 0.32% (ranging from 0.29 to 0.34%), and 0.67% (ranging from 0.61 to 0.84%), respectively. The average DE and ME were 17.55 and 16.33 MJ/kg DM, respectively, with ranges of 15.72 to 18.80 MJ/kg DM and 14.30 to 17.72 MJ/kg DM, respectively. Significant differences were observed in the SID of essential AA (p < 0.05), except for Thr and Arg. The SID of Lys, Met, Trp, and Thr ranged from 68.13 to 83.27% (mean = 76.62%), 62.23 to 89.30% (mean = 75.25%), 72.30 to 90.29% (mean = 80.96%), and 74.17 to 84.41% (mean = 77.90%), respectively. These results indicate significant variability in chemical composition, energy content, and the SID of AA among the selected FSBM samples. The chemical composition of FSBM can be used to predict DE and ME values. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study aimed to determine the effective energy value and ileal digestibility of amino acids in growing pigs for vegetable residues and fermented vegetable residues. Experiment 1: Eighteen 'Duroc×Landrace×Yorkshire' castrated male pigs with an average weight of (24.15±1.60) kg were randomly divided into three groups, with six replicates per group, and each replicate consisted of one pig. The groups were fed with a basal diet, vegetable residues diet, and fermented vegetable residues diet, respectively, and the effective energy value was determined using the total fecal collection method. Experiment 2: Eighteen 'Duroc×Landrace×Yorkshire' castrated male pigs with an average weight of (25.31±1.40) kg, equipped with a T-type ileal cannula, were randomly divided into three groups, with six replicates per group, and each replicate consisted of one pig. They were fed with a nitrogen-free diet, vegetable residues diet, and fermented vegetable residues diet, respectively, and the ileal digestibility of amino acids was determined using the direct method. The results showed that the digestible energy value and metabolizable energy value for growing pigs fed with vegetable residues were 9.46 and 9.03 MJ/kg, respectively, for those fed with fermented vegetable residues, the values were 9.67 and 9.25 MJ/kg, respectively. The apparent and standard ileal digestibility of amino acids for vegetable residues were 21.41%~54.50% and 30.43%~58.26%, respectively. For fermented vegetable residues, the values were 22.02%~ 63.28% and 26.43%~67.36%, respectively. Compared with vegetable residues, the standard ileal digestibility of crude protein, lysine, methionine, cysteine, valine, alanine, glycine, and tyrosine in fermented vegetable residues was significantly increased (P<0.05). The study indicates that the ileal digestibility of crude protein, lysine, and methionine in fermented vegetable residues is higher than that in vegetable residues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, Bacillus subtilis, Lactobacillus deli, yeast, papain and lipase were used as bacterial inoculants and enzyme additives to ferment whole egg powder by using a bacteriological-enzyme cofermentation technique, in order to increase the content of small peptides in fermented whole egg powder. The fermentation parameters were optimized by response surface methodology. The effective energy value (digestible energy, metabolizable energy) and amino acid digestibility of terminal ileum (apparent digestibility and standard digestibility) of fermented egg powder in piglets were measured. The results showed that the optimal conditions for fermentation of whole egg powder were 65% water content, 5∶1 bacterial enzyme ratio, 38 ℃ and 62 h. Under these conditions, the content of small peptide was 15.09%. In piglets, the digestible energy and metabolizable energy of fermented whole egg powder were 24.64 MJ/kg and 23.88 MJ/kg, respectively, and the apparent digestibility of total energy was 88.58%. The apparent and standard terminal ileum crude protein digestibility were 75.87% and 80.75%, respectively. In conclusion, response surface methodology was used to optimize the enzymatic co-fermentation of whole egg powder, which increased the content of small peptides in whole egg powder, which provides a theoretical reference for the application of fermented egg powder in piglet feeding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT: Amino acids (AA) are an expensive nutritional components of poultry diets. Distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) is the primary co-product produced by the dry grind bioethanol industry, although new technologies are being implemented to produce high protein distillers dried grains (HP-DDG) and corn fermented protein (CFP), but data on their nutritive value in poultry are lacking. Two experiments (EXP) were conducted to determine the energy and AA digestibility of DDGS, HP-DDG, and CFP in poults in addition to a feeding trial to evaluate increasing dietary levels of HP-DDG and CFP on growth performance and intestinal characteristics. In EXP 1, 6 different DDGS sources were evaluated using poults to determine their nitrogen-corrected apparent metabolizable energy (AMEn) concentrations, and cecectomized roosters were used to determine their standardized ileal (SID) AA digestibility (SID-AA). In EXP 2, AMEn and SID-AA for HP-DDG and CFP were determined in young poults, and a feeding trial was conducted to evaluate growth performance and intestinal morphology and permeability of poults fed diets containing 7.5 and 15% HP-DDG or CFP from 1 to 32 d of age. In EXP 1, the AMEn concentration among the DDGS samples ranged from 2,530 to 3,573 kcal/kg DM but was not different (P = 0.57) among the samples, with an average SID for LYS of 66.6%. In EXP 2, different (P = 0.001) AMEn concentrations for HP-DDG and CFP were observed (3,114 and 3,760 kcal/kg DM, respectively), with the SID for LYS being 66.55 and 77.00% for HP-DDG and CFP, respectively. Including HP-DDG or CFP into the diet at 7.5 and 15% had no effect (P > 0.05) on growth, feed intake, or feed conversion. Neither co-product nor its inclusion rate affected intestinal morphology and permeability (P > 0.05). Overall, DDGS, HP-DDG, and CFP are excellent sources of AMEn and digestible AA, with dietary inclusion rates of up to 15% of HP-DDG or CFP having no impact on growth or intestinal characteristics.

SUMMARY: Feedstuff variability negatively affects the poultry production chain. The nutritional value of soybean meal (SBM) is variable, especially among countries of origin. Complete nutrient analysis by traditional laboratory methods takes time, and not all this data is applied timely for feed formulation. The nutrient, energy, and digestibility information obtained with near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) could be used to describe feedstuffs, improve feed formulation, potentially reduce feed costs, and enhance accuracy to meet nutrient target levels. Diets for broilers and laying hens were formulated using variability due to country of origin, harvest year, SBM and corn prices to demonstrate the effects of applying NIRS information on feed cost and SBM valuation. The nutritional data was obtained from the NIRS Precision Nutrition Evaluation (PNE) service (Adisseo) for all feedstuffs. Only SBM by origin (Argentina, Brazil, and the USA) harvested in 2 yr varied in 3 feeding phases for broilers and in 2 phases for white and brown laying hens. The 378 diets were formulated to meet recommended nutrient levels and be similar within each feeding phase. Feed prices were analyzed using a 3 × 2 × 3 × 3 factorial arrangement with SBM origin, harvest year, corn, and SBM prices as main factors in a mixed model where SBM origin was the only fixed effect. Almost all diets that included USA SBM were cheaper than using other sources. Therefore, USA SBM was the base for estimating relative and premium SBM values. This exercise demonstrated the economic value of segregating SBM by origin and utilizing NIRS to obtain nutritional information.

SUMMARY: Considerable variability has been reported for soybean meal (SBM) nutrient and energy content and protein and amino acid (AA) digestibility. Furthermore, analytical variability among labs can introduce bias in feedstuff valuation. Energy values are typically estimated with prediction equations that may require digestibility values and nutrient contents that are not always available for every SBM batch. Adequate valuation of SBM nutrient value remains an issue. Near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) can reduce analytical inconsistencies and aid with valuation. Direct NIRS calibration curves obtained with in vivo data can estimate ME and AA digestibility. We evaluated the effects of SBM origin and year of harvest on SBM nutrient, AME, AMEn, AA content, and digestibility using data estimated with the NIRS Precision Nutrition Evaluation (PNE) service (Adisseo). The database contained 77,478 SBM samples from Argentina, Brazil, and the United States (USA) scanned in nine countries between 2018 and 2021. Results confirmed that SBM varied by country of origin and year of harvest. Generally, Argentina had the lowest CP, EE, CF, Leu, Phe, His, and Arg, intermediate Lys, Ile, and energy values. Brazilian SBM had the highest CP, EE, CF, and Lys digestibility values but the lowest AME, AMEn, Lys, Met, Cys, and Trp per unit of CP. The USA SBM had the highest AME, AMEn, Lys, and Arg content per unit of CP, nutritional uniformity, and AA digestibility, similar to Argentina. The NIRS PNE service detected the variability caused by the origin and harvest year interaction on SBM nutrient and energy value.

Context: Improving the utilisation of alternative protein ingredients in livestock production will reduce feeding costs and improve industry sustainability. Feather meal (FM) is an abundant, alternative protein source with a high protein content but poor amino acid (AA) digestibility. Aim: This study evaluated strategies for improving AA digestibility of FM. Methods: Experiment 1 examined the effects of physical treatment with ultrasound, microwave and autoclaving on FM AA profile and digestibility. Experiment 2 evaluated the dietary addition of a protease (Ronozyme ProAct, 200 and 600 mg/kg; RPA) and a probiotic (BioPlus 400, 1500 mg/kg) on FM AA digestibility. Apparent ileal digestibility was determined by feeding each treatment to four replicate groups of six birds in Experiment 1 and five replicate groups of seven birds in Experiment 2, and then collecting the contents of the lower half of the ileum. Key results: None of the physical treatments improved (P > 0.05) the AA profile or ileal AA digestibility of FM. Dietary supplementation with RPA at 200 mg/kg or BioPlus 400 at 1500 mg/kg did not significantly (P > 0.05) influence the apparent ileal AA digestibility of FM. However, the higher concentration of RPA (600 mg/kg) significantly (P < 0.05) increased the apparent ileal AA digestibility of FM. Conclusion: The increased digestibility of FM by the protease and numerical increase (P < 0.1) by the probiotic (1500 mg/kg) presumably reflects keratinase activity of both feed supplements. Implications: The results of this study indicated that there is scope for further improvement in the nutritive value of FM for broilers. Feather meal (FM) is a major by-product of the poultry industry and is potentially a valuable source of crude protein and amino acids. However, the major constraint to its use is the feather protein keratin that reduces FM digestibility. The aim of this study was to explore technologies to improve FM digestibility. This article belongs to the Collection Sustainable Animal Agriculture for Developing Countries 2023. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study was to determine the effective energy value of enzyme hydrolysis of cottonseed protein (EHCP) in growing pigs by means of the Total fecal collection method, and to study amino acid terminal ileum digestibility by simple T-cannulas operation. In experiment one, eighteen healthy castrated (Duroc×Landraces× Yorkshire) boars with body weight of (12±0.5) kg were selected. The pigs were randomly divided into control group (basal diet), 65%EHCP group, and 85%EHCP group with six replicates per group and one pig per replicate. In Experiment two, eighteen healthy castrated (Duroc×Landraces×Yorkshire) boars weighing (15±0.3) kg were selected to perform simple T-cannulas in the terminal ileum. In a randomized block design, the pigs were divided into control group (N-free diet), 65%EHCP diet group, and 85% EHCP diet group, with six replicates per group and one pig per replicate. The results showed as follows: ① under 65% EHCP feeding basis, the ME and ME of growing pigs were 14.89 MJ/kg and 13.52 MJ/kg, respectively. The digestive energy and metabolizing energy values of growing pigs with 85%EHCP feeding basis were 16.39 MJ/kg and 14.57 MJ/kg, respectively. ② The AID and SID of 65% EHCP amino acids were 69.84%-93.57% and 76.20%-94.28%, respectively. The AID and SID of 85%EHCP were 70.89%-95.99% and 81.64%-97.38%, respectively. In conclusion, the digestitive energy, metabolic energy, and terminal ileal digestionability of essential amino acids of 85%EHCP were higher than those of 65%EHCP, providing a theoretical reference for the application of EHCP in pig feeding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During industrial processing, heat treatments applied to infant formulas may affect protein digestion. Recently, innovative processing routes have been developed to produce minimally heat-processed infant formula. Our objective was to compare the in vivo protein digestion kinetics and protein quality of a minimally processed (T−) and a heat-treated (T+++) infant formula. Sixty-eight male Wistar rats (21 d) were fed with either a diet containing 40 % T− (n 30) or T+++ (n 30), or a milk protein control diet (n 8) during 2 weeks. T− and T+++ rats were then sequentially euthanised 0, 1, 2, 3 or 6 h (n 6/time point) after ingestion of a meal containing their experimental diet. Control rats were euthanised 6 h after ingestion of a protein-free meal to determine nitrogen and amino acid endogenous losses. Nitrogen and amino acid true caecal digestibility was high for both T− and T+++ diets (> 90 %), but a tendency towards higher nitrogen digestibility was observed for the T− diet (96·6 ± 3·1 %) compared with the T+++ diet (91·9 ± 5·4 %, P = 0·0891). This slightly increased digestibility led to a greater increase in total amino acid concentration in plasma after ingestion of the T− diet (P = 0·0010). Comparable protein quality between the two infant formulas was found with a digestible indispensable amino acid score of 0·8. In conclusion, this study showed that minimal processing routes to produce native infant formula do not modify protein quality but tend to enhance its true nitrogen digestibility and increase postprandial plasma amino acid kinetics in rats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT The apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD; trial 1) and the apparent (AID) and standardized (SID) ileal digestibility of the amino acids (AA) (trial 2) in canola meal (CM) were evaluated with the addition of exogenous multi-carbohydrase (MC) and phytase (Phy). A total of 80 28-day-old broilers were allotted in a completely randomized design to receive treatments up to 35 days of age. A 2 × 2 factorial design was used to determine the enzyme effects on the ATTD of dry matter, nitrogen, calcium, phosphorus and fibre; as well as energy use and the AID and SID of AA, in five replicate cages. Supplementation with exogenous enzymes showed a positive interaction (p

When assessing protein quality, a correction needs to be made to take into consideration the availability of the amino acids. This correction is based on the digestibility of the amino acids. It is recommended to use ileal (end of small intestine) digestibility as opposed to faecal digestibility. A correction needs to be made for endogenous (gut sourced as opposed to diet sourced) amino acids to give true digestibility as opposed to apparent digestibility. Also, this correction should be made by correcting the amino acid composition for individual amino acid digestibilities as opposed to correcting all amino acids for nitrogen digestibility. Determination of true ileal amino acid digestibility requires the collection of ileal digesta. In the human there are two methods that can be used; naso-ileal intubation and using the ileostomy model. Both are discussed in detail and it is concluded that both are appropriate methods to collect ileal digesta.

SUMMARY: Three experiments were conducted to determine the nutrient availability of extruded and fermented food waste (FW) and subsequent effects on growth performance of broilers. Dining hall food waste was either mixed with soybean meal (SBM) and extruded (CFW) or was fermented for 14 d to create a value-added product (FFW). One-day old male broilers (Ross 708 Byproduct Broiler, Sallisaw, OK) were used in 3 separate 21-d studies to determine AMEn (Exp. 1, n = 300) and apparent ileal digestibility (AID, Exp. 2, n = 240) of CFW and FFW, and their effects on growth performance (Exp. 3, n = 420). Treatments for Exp. 1 and 2 consisted of 1) CFW, 2) conventional SBM (CSBM), 3) extruded SBM (ESBM), 4) SBM + FFW (SFFW). A basal treatment was added to Exp. 1 as a control. Treatments for Exp. 3 consisted of 1) corn/SBM basal, 2) 10% CFW, 3) 30% CFW, 4) 1.5% FFW, 5) 5.5% FFW, 6) basal + commercial astaxanthin, and 7) basal + commercial antibiotic. There were 10 cages per treatment with 6 broilers per cage and balanced by body weight. Data were analyzed using the GLIMMIX procedure of SAS vs. 9.4 (Cary, NC). The ESBM had a greater (P < 0.01) AMEn content than CSBM and SFFW whereas CFW was intermediate. Broilers fed CFW and CSBM had increased (P < 0.05) AID of indispensable amino acids compared to SFFW, except Met whereas ESBM was increased (P < 0.05) compared to SFFW with the exception of His, Met, and Try. Broilers fed 1.5% FFW had increased (P < 0.01) feed intake (FI) and BWG compared to those fed the control basal diet. Broilers fed the commercial astaxanthin or 30% CFW had poorer (P < 0.01) FCR compared to those fed the basal control. In conclusion, 2 different forms of food waste successfully served as a nutrient source for broilers. Composite food waste and SFFW had similar AMEn to CSBM while CFW had a similar AID of amino acids to CSBM. Including 30% of CFW reduced FCR of broilers; however, including 5.5% of SFFW increased FI and BWG.

This study aimed to evaluate the digestible energy (DE), metabolizable energy (ME), and standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of amino acids (AA) in fermented soybean meal (FSBM) fed to growing pigs. In experiment 1, twenty-two growing pigs (Duroc × Landrace × Yorkshire; 32.0 ± 4.2 kg BW) were fed one of 11 diets in a replicated 11 × 3 incomplete Latin square design to determine the DE and ME of FSBM. The diets included a corn-based diet and 10 experimental diets formulated by replacing the corn with 29.10% FSBM. In experiment 2, eleven growing pigs (Duroc × Landrace × Yorkshire; 24.3 ± 2.3 kg BW) were surgically equipped with a T-cannula and arranged in an 11 × 6 incomplete Latin square design with 11 diets and six periods. The diets included an N-free diet and 10 experimental diets containing 40% FSBM as the sole source of AA. The results showed that the contents of dry matter (DM), gross energy, crude protein, crude fiber, neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, calcium, and phosphorus averaged 91.83% (ranging from 89.24 to 94.55%), 18.44 MJ/kg (ranging from 18.00 to 18.95 MJ/kg), 50.63% (ranging from 50.00 to 51.81%), 4.51% (ranging from 3.41 to 5.40%), 9.17% (ranging from 7.02 to 10.30%), 6.38% (ranging from 4.97 to 7.45%), 0.32% (ranging from 0.29 to 0.34%), and 0.67% (ranging from 0.61 to 0.84%), respectively. The average DE and ME were 17.55 and 16.33 MJ/kg DM, respectively, with ranges of 15.72 to 18.80 MJ/kg DM and 14.30 to 17.72 MJ/kg DM, respectively. Significant differences were observed in the SID of essential AA (p < 0.05), except for Thr and Arg. The SID of Lys, Met, Trp, and Thr ranged from 68.13 to 83.27% (mean = 76.62%), 62.23 to 89.30% (mean = 75.25%), 72.30 to 90.29% (mean = 80.96%), and 74.17 to 84.41% (mean = 77.90%), respectively. These results indicate significant variability in chemical composition, energy content, and the SID of AA among the selected FSBM samples. The chemical composition of FSBM can be used to predict DE and ME values.

[Objectives]This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of wet extruded and fermented soybean meal on growth performance, immune function and amino acid digestibility in weaned piglets. [Methods]A total of 288 piglets weaned at 21 days of age with similar body weight and half male and half female were randomly divided into 4 groups with 6 replicates per group and 12 piglets per replicate. The conventional group(Con)was fed with conventional soybean meal, and 3 experimental groups(WeSM1, WeSM2, FSM)were fed with wet extruded soybean meal(2 groups)and fermented soybean meal respectively. On 14 and 49 days of the trial period, one healthy weaned piglet was randomly selected from each replicate for blood collection. On 47 to 49 days of the experiment, feces were collected for 3 consecutive days to determine nutrient and amino acid digestibility. [Results]The average daily gain and feed intake of weaned piglets in wet extruded soybean meal group 1(WeSM1)and wet extruded soybean meal group 2(WeSM2)were higher than those in conventional soybean meal group(P>0.05). Among them, wet extruded soybean meal group 1 had the best effect. The ratio of feed to gain in fermented soybean meal group was significantly higher than that in conventional soybean meal group(P<0.05). Compared with conventional soybean meal and fermented soybean meal, feeding wet extruded soybean meal could significantly increase the apparent digestibility of gross energy and ash of weaned piglets(P<0.05). Compared with conventional soybean meal group, the apparent digestibility of lysine, arginine, serine and aspartic acid in the other three groups were significantly increased(P<0.05). Among them, wet extruded soybean meal group 1 had the best effect. Compared with conventional soybean meal group, the contents of free arginine, lysine and tyrosine in serum of wet extruded soybean meal group 2 and fermented soybean meal group significantly increased(P<0.05). On the 14th day of the experiment, compared with conventional soybean meal group, serum globulin content in fermented soybean meal group significantly increased, and the ratio of albumin to globulin significantly decreased(P<0.05), fermented soybean meal group and wet extruded soybean meal group 2, the serum IgM content of weaned piglets significantly increased(P<0.05), in wet extruded soybean meal group 1 and 2 and fermented soybean meal group the serum MDA content of piglets significantly increased(P<0.05); compared with wet extruded soybean meal group 1 and wet extruded soybean meal group 2, in fermented soybean meal group, the activity of GSH-Px in serum on 49 days significantly increased(P<0.05). [Conclusions]Wet extruded and fermented soybean meal could improve growth performance, nutrient digestibility, relevant serum antioxidant and immune indexes and free amino acid content of weaned piglets. Fermented soybean meal was superior to wet extruded soybean meal in improving serum antioxidant and immune function, but inferior to wet extruded soybean meal in improving the growth performance and nutrient apparent digestibility of piglets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT: Expeller soybean (ESB) is a widely used protein source in broiler diets due to its high amino acid digestibility. However, improper heat processing of ESB can negatively affect nutrient digestion, absorption, and metabolism leading to decreased growth performance. The study aimed to investigate the impact of varying processing temperatures on growth performance, amino acid digestibility (AID), and intestinal integrity using 3 different commercial batches of ESB processed at distinct temperatures. These temperatures were 182°C (normal-control), 199°C (overcooked), and 154°C (undercooked). 1,860 off-sex male Cobb 500 broilers were allocated randomly to these treatments, with 10 replicate floor pens (62 birds/pen) from 1 to 35 d of age. Birds consuming the overcooked ESB exhibited significantly lower body weight gain (BWG) and feed intake (FI) on d 14, 28, and 35. They also showed higher feed conversion ratio (FCR) and smaller relative right pectoralis major (RPM) weights at d 35. Meanwhile, birds fed undercooked ESB demonstrated reduced BWG at d 14. Serum fluorescein isothiocyanate-dextran (FITC-d; 4 kD) concentrations on d 16 were notably elevated in birds fed overcooked ESB, indicating increased gut permeability. Overcooked ESB reduced the AID coefficients of several amino acids on d 14 and 28, with Lys experiencing the highest reduction (8%). Undercooked ESB, however, mainly affected the AID of Val, and Phe at d 28. In conclusion, overcooked ESB decreased amino acid digestibility, impaired gut barrier function, and led to diminished growth performance. Conversely, undercooked ESB primarily affected the digestibility of Val and Phe and resulted in reduced BWG at d 14. These findings underscore the critical role of proper heat processing in preserving the nutritional quality of ESB in broiler diets, influencing optimal growth performance, and maintaining intestinal health.

ABSTRACT: A study was conducted to evaluate standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of amino acids (AA) and N-corrected apparent metabolizable energy (AMEn) values of cold pressed flaxseed meal (CPFM) for broilers. One hundred and twenty broiler chicks were divided into 20 groups of 6 birds/group and fed 2 diets in a completely randomized design (10 groups/diet) from 14 to 21 d of age. The diets were cornstarch-based containing CPFM or conventional soybean meal (SBM; reference feedstuff) as the sole protein source. A N-free diet fed in another study conducted in the same facility and at the same time that the current study was conducted was used to estimate basal endogenous AA losses, and to calculate gross energy retention by difference method. The CPFM had greater neutral detergent fiber and ether extract contents (21.40 vs. 8.18% and 20.4 vs. 2.47% as is, respectively), but lower CP (20.47 vs. 48.28% as is) than SBM. The SID values of all indispensable AA (except for Leu, Phe and Trp) for CPFM were lower (P < 0.05) than those for SBM. The apparent retention of gross energy (65.95 vs. 44.24%) and N (55.53 vs. 9.79%), and AMEn (2,699 vs. 2,491 kcal/kg) for CPFM were lower (P < 0.05) than those for SBM. In conclusion, CPFM can serve as alternative oilseed co-product feedstuff for poultry. However, the CPFM has lower SID of AA and AMEn values than SBM likely due to the greater fiber content in the former than in the latter.

SUMMARY: To determine the economic viability of utilizing food waste in animal feed, knowledge of the nutrient availability and variability is needed. The objective of this study was to determine the nutrient variability, nitrogen-corrected apparent metabolizable energy (AMEn), and apparent ileal digestibility (AID) of food waste (FW) when fed to broilers. Dining hall FW products were created by dividing 30-day collections into weekly intervals resulting in product 1 (FW1; d 1–7), 2 (FW2; d 8–14), 3 (FW3; d 15–22), and 4 (FW4; d 23–30). Each product was mixed with soybean meal (SBM) and extruded to a target barrel temperature of 140°C. At hatch, 420 and 360 one-day-old male broilers (Ross 308, Sallisaw, OK) were used in an 18-day study to determine AMEn and AID amino acid (AA), respectively. Treatments were randomly assigned to cages, resulting in 10 cages per treatment with 6 broilers per cage. Treatments for both studies consisted of conventional SBM, extruded SBM (ESBM), FW1, FW2, FW3, and FW4. Data were analyzed using PROC GLIMMIX in SAS v. 9.4 (Cary, NC). Broilers fed ESBM had increased (P < 0.01) AID of indispensable AA, except Met, when compared to SBM. Of the FW products, broilers fed FW1 and FW3 had increased (P < 0.01) AID of indispensable AA, except Leu, when compared to FW2 with FW4 AID AA being intermediate. The FW3 had increased (P < 0.01) AMEn when compared to SBM, ESBM, FW1, and FW2, with FW4 being intermediate to all other treatments. In conclusion, extruding FW blended with SBM successfully served as a nutrient source for broilers.

ABSTRACT: High-oleic (HO) soybean may serve as a value-added feed ingredient to enrich poultry meat due to its fatty acid content. However, the amino acid (AA) nutrient digestibility of soybean meal (SBM) made from these soybeans has yet to be determined. The objective of this study was to determine apparent ileal AA digestibility (AID) and standardized ileal AA digestibility (SID) of high-oleic full-fat (HO-FF) SBM compared to normal oleic full-fat (NO-FF), normal oleic extruded expeller (NO-EE), and solvent-extracted SBM (SE-SBM) in broilers. A nitrogen-free basal diet (NFD) was fed to 1 treatment group with 10 chicks/cage to determine basal endogenous losses (BEL). Titanium dioxide was used as an inert marker. The test diets contained 57.5% of the basal NFD and 42.5% of 1 of the 4 soybean sources. A total of 272 Ross-708 male broilers were placed in 40 battery cages with 5 treatments and 8 replicates per treatment. A common starter diet was provided to all the chickens for 14 d. Experimental diets were provided as a mash for 9 d before sample collection. Chickens were euthanized with CO2 on d 23, and contents of the distal ileum were collected, frozen, and freeze-dried. The BEL were similar to the values found in the literature. At d 23, broilers fed the SE-SBM had the highest body weight gain and best FCR compared to chickens fed the HO-FF and NO-FF treatments (P < 0.001). Broilers fed the SE-SBM and NO-EE experimental diets had (P < 0.001) higher apparent ileal AA digestibility and AA SID than broilers fed the HO-FF and NO-FF treatments. In conclusion, the SID of AA from HO-FF is similar to the digestibilities of other full-fat soybeans found in the literature and is lower than that of NO-EE and SE-SBM.

Simple Summary: Understanding differences in the utilization of corn nutrients by broilers is essential for poultry nutritionists and feed producers that use corn of different origin in their feed formulation programs. In the present study, broilers were fed diets formulated with corn samples from the United States, Argentina, and Brazil to assess apparent metabolizable energy and amino acid digestibility. The results indicated similar nutrient utilization by broilers, regardless of the origin. Apparent metabolizable energy (AME) and apparent ileal amino acid digestibility (AIAAD) of corn samples from the United States (USA), Argentina (ARG), and Brazil (BRA) fed to 432 and 324 YPM × Ross 708 male broilers from 12 to 18 d of age were evaluated using the total collection method (experiment 1) and index method (experiment 2), respectively. In experiment 1, broilers were fed either a basal diet with 30% dextrose inclusion, or a test diet obtained by the replacement of dextrose with corn from each origin. In experiment 2, broilers were fed one of three test diets in which corn from each origin was the only source of AA. All dietary treatments had 12 replicate cages. Similar (p > 0.05) AME (dry-matter basis) values were observed between corn samples. The highest gap in AME (43 kcal/kg) was found between corn from BRA (3694 kcal/kg) and corn from the USA (3651 kcal/kg). Likewise, similar (p > 0.05) AIAAD values were observed for all AA apart from tryptophan (Trp), as corn from BRA (77.45%) had a higher (p = 0.024) Trp digestibility than corn from the USA (72.53%). Overall, a similar nutrient utilization by the birds was observed for the corn samples, regardless of origin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective This study aimed to determine and compare the apparent ileal digestibility (AID) and the standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of amino acids (AA) in soybean meal (SBM), cottonseed meal (CSM), and low-gossypol cottonseed meal (LCSM) fed to broiler chickens and laying hens. Methods Three semi-purified diets containing the identical crude protein concentration at 20% were formulated to contain SBM, CSM, or LCSM as the sole source of N. A N-free diet was also formulated to estimate the basal ileal endogenous losses of AA for broilers and hens. A total of 300 male Ross 308 chicks at one-day-old and 144 Hy-Line Brown laying hens at 30-week-old with initial egg production rate of 88.3%±1.0% were randomly allocated into 1 of 4 dietary treatments, respectively. Results CSM and LCSM showed more Arg and Cys+Met while less Lys, Ile, Leu, and Thr relative to SBM. Significant interactions existed between species and experimental diets for AID (except for Arg, Asp, Glu, Gly, and Pro) and SID (except for Arg, His, and Phe) of most AA. Most AA in diets showed higher AID (except for Lys) and SID (except for Lys, Met, and Ser) in broilers relative to laying hens. The AID and SID of all AA were significantly different between the three diets. In broilers, the AID and SID of most indispensable AA except for Arg in SBM and LCSM was higher than CSM. In laying hens, the AID and SID of most indispensable AA except for Arg, Met+Cys, and Phe in SBM was higher than CSM and LCSM. Conclusion The accurate determination of AID and SID of AA in CSM and LCSM for broilers and layers benefits the application of CSM and LCSM in chicken diets. The cottonseed by-products CSM or LCSM showed the species-specific AA digestibility values for broilers and layers.

There is increasing interest in using locally sourced soybeans and soybean meal. Ileal amino acid digestibility (IAAD) of soybean meal from Kentuckygrown soybeans was evaluated in 25- and 50-kg cannulated pigs. The experiment used sixteen pigs in a randomized complete block design consisting of four treatments with 4 pigs per treatment. This was repeated in time resulting in eight replicates per treatment for both body weight (BW)groups. After cannulation at about 20 kg BW, all pigs were allowed to recover from the surgery and were fed a corn-SBM-based diet that met all nutrient and energy requirements. The experimental diets consisted of two nitrogen-free diets [NFD] with or without exogenous enzyme supplementation (phytase and a combination of phytase and carbohydrase enzymes) and two semi-purified diets containing soybean meal from Kentucky-grown soybeans as the only source of protein with or without exogenous enzyme supplementation. Each diet was fed for 7 consecutive d with 10-h ileal digesta collection on d 6 and 7. The same diets were fed to the same set of pigs at about 50 kg BW. Data were analyzed as a factorial arrangement of treatments (BW x diet) for ileal endogenous amino acid losses (IEAAL), apparent IAAD and standardized IAAD (SIAAD). Data from the NFD were used to determine the SIAAD from the AIAAD values. Exogenous enzyme supplementation increased (P < 0.05) IEAAL except for Gly and Pro while samples collected during phase 2 had greater (P < 0.05) IEAAL (10 amino acids). Pig BW did not influence IEAAL. Enzyme supplementation did not increase AIAAD except for Arg, Ala, Gly, N, and total AA while apparent ileal N, Met, Thr, and Val digestibility was greater (P < 0.05) in 50 kg pigs. Interactions between BW and diets showed that 50 kg pigs fed the SBM diet containing enzyme supplementation had greater (P < 0.05) N, Arg, and total AA digestibility compared with 50 kg pigs without enzyme supplementation. Digestibility of Val and Asp was greater (P < 0.05) in samples collected during phase 2. After correction for basal IEAAL, 50 kg pigs had greater (P < 0.05) SIAAD values for 12 of the AA analyzed while exogenous enzyme supplementation resulted in greater (P < 0.05) SIAAD for 9 of the AA analyzed. The SIAAD values for four AA (His, Phe, Val, and Asp) were greater (P < 0.05) for samples collected in phase 2. Results from this study showed that exogenous enzyme supplementation increased IEAAL and that IAAD of SBM produced from Kentucky-cultivated soybeans was high and that exogenous enzyme supplementation improved the SIAAD values of several amino acids. The IAAD values of SBM produced from soybeans cultivated in KY was high and are similar to values reported in the literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BackgroundThe rate of stomach emptying of milk from different ruminant species differs, suggesting that the small intestinal digestibility of nutrients could also differ across these milk types.ObjectiveTo determine the small intestinal amino acid (AA) digestibility of raw bovine, caprine, and ovine milk in the piglet as an animal model for the infant.MethodsSeven-day-old piglets (n = 12) consumed either bovine, caprine, or ovine milk diets for 15 days (n = 4 piglets/milk). On day 15, fasted piglets received a single meal of fresh raw milk normalized for protein content and containing the indigestible marker titanium dioxide. Entire gastrointestinal tract contents were collected at 210 min postprandially. Apparent AA digestibility (disappearance) in different regions of the small intestine was determined.ResultsOn average, 35% of the dietary AAs were apparently taken up in the small intestine during the first 210 min post-feeding, with 67% of the AA digestibility occurring in the first quarter (p ≤ 0.05) and 33% in the subsequent two quarters. Overall, except for isoleucine, valine, phenylalanine, and tyrosine, the small intestinal apparent digestibility of all AAs at 210 min postprandially in piglets fed ovine milk was, on average, 29% higher (p ≤ 0.05) than for those fed bovine milk. Except for lysine, there was no difference in the apparent digestibility (p > 0.05) of any AAs between piglets fed caprine milk or ovine milk. The apparent digestibility of alanine was higher (p ≤ 0.05) in piglets fed caprine milk than those fed bovine milk. When apparent digestibility was corrected for gastric AA retention, only small differences in the small intestinal apparent digestibility of AAs were observed across milk types.ConclusionBovine, caprine and ovine milk had different apparent small intestinal AA digestibility at 210 min postprandially. When corrected for gastric AA retention, the differences in apparent digestibility across species largely disappeared. The apparent AA digestibility differed across small intestinal locations.

Ileo amino acid digestion rate is an important index to evaluate amino acid digestion rate, using ileal amino acid digestibility to improve poultry feedstuff database is of great significance. The article summarizes evaluation system of amino acid utilization rate of poultry feedstock, including enzymolysis in vitro and in vivo methods such as growth test, fecal collection method, ileal amino acid digestibility, compared the research of multiple linear regression equation and artificial neural network in establishing dynamic prediction model of amino acid utilization rate of poultry. The multiple linear regression method is one of the tools for establishing dynamic prediction models, which can efficiently and quickly estimate amino acid utilization rate of feedstuff and provide reference for scientific formulation of poultry feedstuff. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

1. Two experiments were conducted to determine the apparent metabolisable energy (AME) and standardised amino acid digestibility coefficients (SIDC) of black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) for broiler chickens. 2. The BSFL contained, on a g/kg dry matter basis: crude protein, 486; crude fat, 320; ash, 58.5; neutral detergent fibre, 181; calcium, 6.8 and phosphorus, 9.1. 3. In Experiment 1, an AME assay was performed wherein broilers were fed two experimental diets (a maize-soy basal diet and a test diet containing 250 g/kg BSFL) for 4 d from d 18 posthatch. The AME of BSFL was calculated based on the difference between the AME values of basal and test diets. The AME and nitrogen-corrected AME were determined to be 19.1and 18.0 MJ/kg of dry matter, respectively. 4. In Experiment 2, the ileal amino acid (AA) digestibility of BSFL was determined using 22-d-old broilers by the direct method and the digesta was collected on d 25. The ratios between the AA and titanium in the diet and digesta were used to calculate the apparent digestibility and then standardised using previously published endogenous losses to estimate the SIDC of AA. The SIDC of Lys, Met, Thr, Val and average SIDC of AA in our BSFL sample were 0.85, 0.90, 0.91, 0.87 and 0.84, respectively. 5. The findings showed that the BSFL meal is a good source of available energy and digestible AA, and could be a potential substitute for soybean meal in broiler diets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT: The TMEn, amino acid (AA) digestibility, and P availability in 2 conventional corn distillers dried grains with solubles (C-DDGS1 and 2; 0.86 to 1.14% P, DM basis) and reduced phosphorus DDGS (RP-DDGS; 0.39% P) were evaluated. The TMEn of C-DDGS1 and 2 and RP-DDGS were determined in Experiment 1 using conventional adult Leghorn roosters, while standardized AA digestibility was determined in Experiment 2 using cecectomized roosters. Apparent ileal digestibility (AID) of P at different Ca levels was determined using precision-fed (crop intubation) broiler chickens in Experiments 3 and 4. The AID and total tract retention of P in C-DDGS2 were evaluated in Experiment 5 using ad libitum-fed broilers. Phosphorus bioavailability in C-DDGS2 relative to KH2PO4 based on bone ash was determined in Experiment 6. Experiments contained 4 to 5 replicates per treatment. In Experiment 1, the TMEn of C-DDGS1 and RP-DDGS was 3,428 and 2,840 kcal/kg, respectively (DM basis). In Experiment 2, there were no differences (P > 0.05) in rooster AA digestibility values between C-DDGS1 and RP-DDGS. In Experiment 3 with precision-fed chicks, AID of P in C-DDGS1 and RP-DDGS was 81 and 59%, respectively; there was no effect (P > 0.05) of increasing dietary Ca level from 0.04 to 1.0% for C-DDGS1 or reducing Ca from 1.5 to 1.0% for RP-DDGS. The AID of P in precision-fed chicks for C-DDGS2 in Experiment 4 was 48 and 80% at 1.3 and 0.3 Ca:total P ratios, respectively (P < 0.05). In Experiment 5, AID of P in C-DDGS2 at Ca:total P ratios of 1.3 and 2.5 was 63 and 42%, respectively, in precision-fed chicks. Regression of bone ash content (mg/tibia) on supplemental P intake in Experiment 6 yielded a P bioavailability of 61% relative to KH2PO4 for C-DDGS2. In conclusion, total and digestible P content in RP-DDGS was greatly reduced compared with C-DDGS, and the digestibility and bioavailability of the P in C-DDGS was affected by type of experimental assay and dietary Ca level.

ABSTRACT: The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of varying soybean meal (SBM) particle sizes on nutritional value of the SBM. Seven samples of dehulled solvent-extracted SBM from the same batch were ground to varying mean particles of

SUMMARY: A total of 240 Ross 308 one-day old male broilers were placed in batteries for a 15-d study to evaluate apparent ileal digestibility (AID) of amino acids (AA) for soybean meal (SBM) from specialty variety soybeans grown in South Carolina. The AID of AA using the indirect method with titanium dioxide as a marker. There were 10 replicates per treatment with 6 broilers per cage. On d 9, cages were allotted to 1 of 4 dietary treatments. Two treatment sources consisted of soybeans from a similar region (Midwest) and solvent extracted either commercially or experimentally. Thus, dietary treatments contained either commercially processed SBM with 44% CP (crude protein; CON; CPi, 46.5% Solvent Extracted Soybean Meal, Cooperative Producers, INC., Hastings, NE) or experimentally processed SBM with 50% CP (PCON), 52% CP (52SBM), or 56% CP (56SBM). Broilers fed CON and 56SBM had increased (P < 0.01) AID Arg, His, Lys, Thr, and Trp compared to those fed PCON and 52SBM. The AID of Met increased (P = 0.007) in broilers fed CON and 56SBM compared to 52SBM. Broilers fed CON and 56SBM had increased (P < 0.01) AID of Val compared to PCON and 52SBM. The 56SBM had increased (P < 0.01) concentrations of digestible AA content compared to other sources. In addition, PCON had increased (P < 0.01) concentrations of digestible methionine, threonine, aspartic acid, proline, and serine compared to 52SBM. Therefore, accounting for digestible AA content of SBM varieties can lead to a greater opportunity to reduce diet cost.

Objective The study was aimed to investigate the rules of postprandial changes in intestine digesta dry matter (DM) flow and amino acid digestibility of growing pigs fed low-protein (LP) diets made of different starch. Methods Eight barrows (28.8±2.1 kg) with a T-cannula at the distal ileum were randomly allotted to an 8×3 Youden square design. Treatments included: waxy corn starch LP (WLP); corn starch LP (CLP) and pea starch LP (PLP). Diets were given at 08:00 and 20:00. Digesta samples were collected in six 2-h stages from 08:00 to 20:00. Results The Cr concentrations of ileal digesta increased and then decreased in WLP and CLP, while increased continuously in PLP as time passed after postprandial (p

Three experiments were conducted to compare the digestible (DE), metabolizable energy (ME), and standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of amino acids (AA) in fermented corn germ meal (FCGM) and soybean meal (SBM), and evaluate the effects of FCGM replacing SBM in growing pig diets. In Exp. 1, 18 barrows with initial body weight (BW) of 60.2 ± 3.40 kg were randomly allotted to 3 treatments with 6 replicates per treatment. The control diet used corn as the only energy ingredient, and 2 test diets were made by replacing 25.8% of corn with FCGM or SBM. The DE and ME of FCGM were less (P

ABSTRACT: This study investigated the variation in amino acid (AA) digestibility and MEn of 18 samples of solvent-extracted soybean meal (SBM; 6 European, 7 Brazilian, 2 Argentinian, 2 North American, 1 Indian) in cecectomized laying hens. The experimental diets contained either 300 g/kg of cornstarch or one of the SBM samples. Pelleted diets were fed to 10 hens in two 5 × 10 row-column designs so that 5 replicates were obtained from each diet during 5 periods. A regression approach and the difference method were used to determine AA digestibility and MEn, respectively. The variation in the digestibility of SBM differed among AA with ranges in digestibility of 6 to 12%-units for most AA. Among the first-limiting AA, the digestibility was 87 to 93%, 63 to 86%, 85 to 92%, 79 to 89%, and 84 to 95% for Met, Cys, Lys, Thr, and Val, respectively. The range of MEn for the SBM samples was 7.5 to 10.5 MJ/kg DM. Indicators of SBM quality (including trypsin inhibitor activity, KOH solubility, urease activity, and in vitro N solubility) and analyzed SBM constituents were significantly correlated (P ≤ 0.05) with AA digestibility or MEn only in a few cases. No differences were observed in AA digestibility and MEn between countries of origins, except low digestibility of some AA and MEn for the 2 Argentinian SBM samples. These results suggest that the precision of feed formulation benefits from considering the variations in AA digestibility and MEn. Often used indicators for SBM quality and analyzed constituents were not suitable to explain variations in AA digestibility and MEn, suggesting that AA digestibility and MEn are determined by other factors.

ABSTRACT: This study was conducted to estimate the effects of exogenous protease on performance, economic evaluation, nutrient digestibility, fecal score, intestinal morphology, blood profile, carcass traits, and meat quality in broilers fed normal diets and diets considered with matrix value. A total of 90, one-day-old Arbor Acres broiler chickens were randomly allocated to 3 dietary treatments with 6 replicates and each replicate of 5 broiler chickens. Treatments were as follows: 1) Basal diet (positive control, PC), 2) Basal diet formulated with full ProAct 360 matrix at 50 g/MT without addition of ProAct 360 (negative control, NC), 3) NC + 50 g/MT ProAct 360 (PA). Supplementation of exogenous protease to nutrient deficient NC diet by matrix values (PA) tended to increase growth performance and significantly improved intestinal morphology compared with the NC group. The PA group had significantly lower fecal score, and higher ATTD of crude protein and amino acids than those of the NC group. Furthermore, supplementation of exogenous protease to NC diet decreased feed cost, resulting in improved profit margin. However, there was no significant difference on carcass yield and relative organ weight. In conclusion, supplementation of exogenous protease using matrix value could be used as economic additive to improve growth, profit margin, digestibility, and gut health in broiler chickens.

ABSTRACT: The objective of this study was to quantify total secretory IgA (sIgA) and mucin excretion via excreta in roosters fed diets containing highly digestible protein sources and to determine their proportional contributions to total endogenous amino acid (AA) losses. Precision-fed rooster assays with 24 h excreta collections were conducted using conventional White Leghorn roosters (4–8 roosters per treatment). In Experiment 1, roosters were fasted or precision-fed 30 g (crop intubation) of a nitrogen-free (NF) or semi-purified diet containing 10% casein. Roosters in Experiment 2 received a NF or semi-purified diet containing either 10% casein, 17% whole egg, 10% egg white, 9.8% soy protein isolate, 10.2% chicken breast meat, 11.2% spray-dried animal plasma (SDAP), or an AA mixture containing the same AA as casein. A Latin square design was used in Experiment 3, where roosters received NF or semi-purified diets containing either 10% casein, 17% whole egg, or 9.6% of a crystalline AA mixture to evaluate both diet and individual bird effects. In Experiment 1, mucin excretion did not differ (P > 0.05) among treatments; however, total sIgA excretion was lower for fasted birds, intermediate for the NF diet, and highest for casein (P < 0.05). Total endogenous AA losses (proportion of the total) from sIgA were higher for roosters fed casein, whereas mucin contributions were higher for fasted roosters (P < 0.05). In Experiment 2, sIgA excretion did not differ (P > 0.05) among treatments; however, mucin excretion was reduced for NF, whole egg, egg white, and chicken breast compared with casein and SDAP. In Experiment 3, sIgA and mucin excretion did not differ (P > 0.05) among treatments; however, sIgA excretion differed among individual roosters (7–27 mg/24 h; P < 0.05). Overall, fasting reduced sIgA excretion and sIgA and mucin excretion were affected by dietary protein source. Further, roosters excreted a substantial amount of sIgA, and sIgA and mucin were considerable contributors to total endogenous AA losses.

The study aimed to investigate the dose tolerance of enzymatically degraded feather meal (EFM) in the diet, and the effect of the two-stage fermented feather meal on the growth performance and amino acid digestibility of broilers. In trial 1, 160 one-day-old broilers were randomly assigned into 0, 10, 15, and 20% EFM groups. In trial 2, 160 one-day-old broilers were randomly assigned into control, 10% EFM, Bacillus subtilis var. natto N21 + B. coagulans L12 fermented EFM (BBEFM), and B. subtilis var. natto N21 + Saccharomyces cerevisiae Y10 fermented EFM (BSEFM) groups. Trial 3 involved 32 twenty-one-day-old male broilers randomly assigned into nitrogen-free diet, highly digestible protein, EFM, and BSEFM groups for a 7-day metabolic trial. During all of the feeding periods, increasing the EFM dosage in the diet linearly and quadratically inhibited weight gain (WG), feed intake, and feed conversion ratio (FCR) (p < 0.05), except the FCR at 22–35 days (p > 0.05). Dietary inclusion of more than 15% resulted in a negative impact on growth performance over days 1–35 (p < 0.05). Therefore, the EFM dose tolerance in the broiler diet is 10%. The WG, FCR, and production efficiency factor of the BSEFM group were better than those of the control group in days 1–35 (p < 0.05). The apparent and standardized ideal amino acid digestibility of BSEFM was higher than EFM in trial 3, except for Met, Cys, and Trp (p < 0.05). In conclusion, the EFM dose tolerance for the broiler diet is 10%. Bacillius subtilis var. natto N21 + S. cerevisiae Y10 fermentation can improve the amino acid digestibility of EFM and enhance broiler growth performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The thermal damage of proteins and the presence of anti-nutritional factors seriously affect the quality of hot-pressed rapeseed meal (RSM), thereby limiting its utilization in the feed and food industry. Previously, we developed a co-fermentation method with multi-strains and cellulase that can simultaneously degrade the protein and anti-nutrient components in hot-pressed RSM. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of fermentation on the physicochemical properties and nutritional value of hot-pressed RSM. After fermentation, the levels of neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and glucosinolate (GLS) in hot pressed RSM decreased by 41.47% and 77.30%, respectively, and the trichloroacetic acid-soluble protein (TASP) and lysine contents increased by 1007.62% and 65.25%, respectively. During the fermentation process, the extensive hydrolysis of rapeseed protein resulted in a 49.11% yield of peptides < 3K Da, and intensified the umami, saltiness, sweetness, and bitterness of fermented rapeseed meal (FRSM). Animal experiments demonstrated that co-fermentation effectively enhances the ileal digestibility of most amino acids in hot-pressed RSM, as well as the deposition of nitrogen and energy, thereby improving the growth of growing pigs. Overall, the co-fermentation with microbes and cellulase is an effective strategy for enhancing the quality of hot-pressed RSM. • Fermentation effectively degraded anti-nutritional factor in rapeseed meal (RSM). • The yield of peptides < 3 KDa in fermented RSM reached 49.11%. • Fermentation improved the digestibility of most amino acids of RSM. • Fermentation improved the nitrogen and energy utilization of RSM. • Fermented RSM improved the body weight gain and feed conversion rate of pigs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Amino acids (AA) are an expensive nutritional components of poultry diets. Distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) is the primary co-product produced by the dry grind bioethanol industry, although new technologies are being implemented to produce high protein distillers dried grains (HP-DDG) and corn fermented protein (CFP), but data on their nutritive value in poultry are lacking. Two experiments (EXP) were conducted to determine the energy and AA digestibility of DDGS, HP-DDG, and CFP in poults in addition to a feeding trial to evaluate increasing dietary levels of HP-DDG and CFP on growth performance and intestinal characteristics. In EXP 1, 6 different DDGS sources were evaluated using poults to determine their nitrogen-corrected apparent metabolizable energy (AME n) concentrations, and cecectomized roosters were used to determine their standardized ileal (SID) AA digestibility (SID-AA). In EXP 2, AME n and SID-AA for HP-DDG and CFP were determined in young poults, and a feeding trial was conducted to evaluate growth performance and intestinal morphology and permeability of poults fed diets containing 7.5 and 15% HP-DDG or CFP from 1 to 32 d of age. In EXP 1, the AME n concentration among the DDGS samples ranged from 2,530 to 3,573 kcal/kg DM but was not different (P = 0.57) among the samples, with an average SID for LYS of 66.6%. In EXP 2, different (P = 0.001) AME n concentrations for HP-DDG and CFP were observed (3,114 and 3,760 kcal/kg DM, respectively), with the SID for LYS being 66.55 and 77.00% for HP-DDG and CFP, respectively. Including HP-DDG or CFP into the diet at 7.5 and 15% had no effect (P > 0.05) on growth, feed intake, or feed conversion. Neither co-product nor its inclusion rate affected intestinal morphology and permeability (P > 0.05). Overall, DDGS, HP-DDG, and CFP are excellent sources of AME n and digestible AA, with dietary inclusion rates of up to 15% of HP-DDG or CFP having no impact on growth or intestinal characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Considerable variability has been reported for soybean meal (SBM) nutrient and energy content and protein and amino acid (AA) digestibility. Furthermore, analytical variability among labs can introduce bias in feedstuff valuation. Energy values are typically estimated with prediction equations that may require digestibility values and nutrient contents that are not always available for every SBM batch. Adequate valuation of SBM nutrient value remains an issue. Near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) can reduce analytical inconsistencies and aid with valuation. Direct NIRS calibration curves obtained with in vivo data can estimate ME and AA digestibility. We evaluated the effects of SBM origin and year of harvest on SBM nutrient, AME, AMEn, AA content, and digestibility using data estimated with the NIRS Precision Nutrition Evaluation (PNE) service (Adisseo). The database contained 77,478 SBM samples from Argentina, Brazil, and the United States (USA) scanned in nine countries between 2018 and 2021. Results confirmed that SBM varied by country of origin and year of harvest. Generally, Argentina had the lowest CP, EE, CF, Leu, Phe, His, and Arg, intermediate Lys, Ile, and energy values. Brazilian SBM had the highest CP, EE, CF, and Lys digestibility values but the lowest AME, AMEn, Lys, Met, Cys, and Trp per unit of CP. The USA SBM had the highest AME, AMEn, Lys, and Arg content per unit of CP, nutritional uniformity, and AA digestibility, similar to Argentina. The NIRS PNE service detected the variability caused by the origin and harvest year interaction on SBM nutrient and energy value. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Feedstuff variability negatively affects the poultry production chain. The nutritional value of soybean meal (SBM) is variable, especially among countries of origin. Complete nutrient analysis by traditional laboratory methods takes time, and not all this data is applied timely for feed formulation. The nutrient, energy, and digestibility information obtained with near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) could be used to describe feedstuffs, improve feed formulation, potentially reduce feed costs, and enhance accuracy to meet nutrient target levels. Diets for broilers and laying hens were formulated using variability due to country of origin, harvest year, SBM and corn prices to demonstrate the effects of applying NIRS information on feed cost and SBM valuation. The nutritional data was obtained from the NIRS Precision Nutrition Evaluation (PNE) service (Adisseo) for all feedstuffs. Only SBM by origin (Argentina, Brazil, and the USA) harvested in 2 yr varied in 3 feeding phases for broilers and in 2 phases for white and brown laying hens. The 378 diets were formulated to meet recommended nutrient levels and be similar within each feeding phase. Feed prices were analyzed using a 3 × 2 × 3 × 3 factorial arrangement with SBM origin, harvest year, corn, and SBM prices as main factors in a mixed model where SBM origin was the only fixed effect. Almost all diets that included USA SBM were cheaper than using other sources. Therefore, USA SBM was the base for estimating relative and premium SBM values. This exercise demonstrated the economic value of segregating SBM by origin and utilizing NIRS to obtain nutritional information. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Apparent metabolizable energy (AME) and apparent ileal amino acid digestibility (AIAAD) of corn samples from the United States (USA), Argentina (ARG), and Brazil (BRA) fed to 432 and 324 YPM × Ross 708 male broilers from 12 to 18 d of age were evaluated using the total collection method (experiment 1) and index method (experiment 2), respectively. In experiment 1, broilers were fed either a basal diet with 30% dextrose inclusion, or a test diet obtained by the replacement of dextrose with corn from each origin. In experiment 2, broilers were fed one of three test diets in which corn from each origin was the only source of AA. All dietary treatments had 12 replicate cages. Similar (p > 0.05) AME (dry-matter basis) values were observed between corn samples. The highest gap in AME (43 kcal/kg) was found between corn from BRA (3694 kcal/kg) and corn from the USA (3651 kcal/kg). Likewise, similar (p > 0.05) AIAAD values were observed for all AA apart from tryptophan (Trp), as corn from BRA (77.45%) had a higher (p = 0.024) Trp digestibility than corn from the USA (72.53%). Overall, a similar nutrient utilization by the birds was observed for the corn samples, regardless of origin.

ABSTRACT: Precision-fed rooster trials were conducted to evaluate standardized AA digestibility and TMEn of the increased protein ethanol co-products corn fermented protein (CFP), high protein-distillers dried grains with solubles (HP-DDGS), and reduced fiber high protein-DDGS (RFHP-DDGS) produced using post-fermentation back-end fractionation systems. The TMEn was determined using conventional adult Leghorn roosters, while cecectomized roosters were used to determine standardized AA digestibility. Three to 6 roosters were fasted per treatment for 26 h prior to crop intubation with 27 g of sample and excreta were collected for 48 h post-feeding. Statistical analyses were conducted using a one-way ANOVA for a completely randomized design. Eight samples of CFP were found to contain a mean of 56% CP (DM basis) compared with a mean of 32% for conventional DDGS. The mean TMEn of CFP (3,556 kcal/kg) was greater (P < 0.05) than conventional DDGS1 and 2 (2,767 kcal/kg DM); mean standardized AA digestibility for CFP was similar to conventional DDGS and ranged from 88 to 94%. The mean digestible Lys, Met+Cys, and Thr concentrations for conventional DDGS were 0.79, 1.12, and 0.94%, respectively, whereas those for CFP were 1.74, 2.06, and 1.88%, respectively (DM basis). Two samples of HP-DDGS contained a mean of 51% CP (DM basis), a mean TMEn of 3,325 kcal/kg DM, a mean standardized AA digestibility of 90%, and mean concentrations of digestible Lys, Met+Cys, and Thr, which were 1.53, 1.77, and 1.60%, respectively (DM basis). The mean CP content of 2 RFHP-DDGS was 48% and the mean TMEn was 3,711 kcal/kg DM, which was greater (P < 0.05) than conventional DDGS3 and 4 (2,920 kcal/kg DM). Mean standardized AA digestibility of RFHP-DDGS was 90% and mean digestible Lys, Met+Cys, and Thr concentrations increased from 0.82, 1.01, and 0.95% for conventional DDGS, respectively, to 1.00, 1.59, and 1.44% for RFHP-DDGS, respectively (DM basis). Results indicate these high protein corn ethanol co-products have increased nutritional value for poultry compared with conventional DDGS.

Objective The objective of this study was to estimate standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of amino acids (AA) in growing pigs fed diets containing increasing levels of copra meal (CM) with β-mannanase supplementation. Methods Twenty barrows (initial body weight: 34.43±0.11 kg) surgically fitted with T-cannulas at the distal ileum were individually housed in metabolism crates. Pigs were allotted to 5 dietary treatments in a completely randomized design with 4 replicates per treatment. The dietary treatments were: i) NC, negative control, corn-soybean meal (SBM) based diet, ii) PC, positive control, basal diet + 0.10% β-mannanase supplementation (800 IU/kg), iii) CM6, PC diet with 6% CM supplementation, iv) CM12, PC diet with 12% CM supplementation, and v) CM18, PC diet with 18% CM supplementation. A nitrogen-free diet was used to estimate basal endogenous losses of AA for SID calculation. All experimental diets contained 0.5% chromic oxide as an indigestible marker. Each period consisted of a 4-d diet adaptation period and a 3-d ileal digesta collection period. Results There were no differences in apparent ileal digestibility (AID) and SID of all AA between the NC and PC treatments except that the PC treatment had lower AID and SID of glycine than the NC treatment (p

The objective of this experiment was to compare the slaughter and cecectomy methods to determine amino acid (AA) digestibility of corn and soybean meal and their additivity in a corn-soybean meal diet. A completely randomized design was adopted to determine endogenous AA losses (EAAL) and AA digestibility in each of corn, soybean meal, and a corn-soybean meal diet using either slaughter or cecectomy methods. Each treatment contained 6 replicates with 3 chickens per replicate. The endogenous loss (EL) of histidine and glycine was lower and the EL of methionine and phenylalanine was greater when determined by slaughter vs. cecectomy (P < 0.05). The EL of arginine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, valine, alanine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, and serine determined by slaughter were 1.2 to 3.2 times of those from cecectomy. The standard error (SE) of EL of 14 AA (excluding histidine and glycine) obtained by slaughter method was 2.1 to 9.6 times of those by cecectomy method. The apparent and standardized digestibility was not affected by methods for most AA except apparent digestibility of methionine, phenylalanine and glycine, and standardized digestibility of glycine in corn. The apparent and standardized digestibility of most AA except apparent digestibility of glycine and standardized digestibility of lysine, cysteine and glycine were less for slaughter versus cecectomy methods in soybean meal (P < 0.05). Using slaughter method resulted in reduced apparent digestibility of 15 AA (except glycine) and reduced standardized digestibility of 7 AA (arginine, isoleucine, leucine, valine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, and proline) relative to cecectomy method (P < 0.05), but the standardized digestibility of glycine was greater when determined by slaughter vs. cecectomy methods in corn-soybean meal diet (P < 0.05). The mean value of SE of 16 AA digestibility in slaughter method was 2.9 times of that by cecectomy method. The apparent digestibility of 2 and 9 of 16 AA and the standardized digestibility of 15 and 7 of 16 AA were additive when using slaughter and cecectomy determinations, respectively. In conclusion, compared to the slaughter method, cecectomy method had less SE and EAAL but greater apparent digestibility of methionine and phenylalanine in corn, and the apparent digestibility of 15 AA (except glycine) in soybean meal and corn-soybean meal diet. Additivity in apparent and standardized AA digestibility was more inconsistent when determined with slaughter vs. cecectomy methods. These findings suggest that the cecectomy method is more suitable than the slaughter method to determine the digestibility of AA.

A total of 896 1-day-old straight-run (Ross-308) broilers were used to investigate the interactive effects of protein source (PS), diet structure (DS) and butyric acid (BA) on live performance and carcass characteristics, gut development and its morphology and apparent ileal digestibility (AID) of protein and amino acids (AA). Eight experimental diets comprising 8 replicates with 14 birds each were tested in a 2 × 2 × 2 factorial arrangement with complete randomized design by two levels of BA (0 and 0.1%), two forms of DS (whole vs. ground wheat) and two PS, i.e., soybean meal and canola meal (SBM vs. CM). Throughout the entire experimental period (0 to 35 d), broilers fed SBM-based diets exhibited better (p < 0.05) growth performance (feed intake (FI), body weight gain (BWG) and feed conversion ratio (FCR)), carcass parameters (p < 0.05), gut health (p < 0.05), and nutrient digestibility (p < 0.05) than CM-fed broilers. Dietary whole wheat (WW) positively affected FI (p = 0.001), BWG (p = 0.004) and FCR (p = 0.035) during the overall experimental period. Broilers fed WW had 6, 5, 8, 11 and 10% lower empty relative weights of crop, proventriculus, jejunum, ileum and colon and 25 and 15% heavier gizzard and pancreas, respectively, with longer villus height (p < 0.001), reduced crypt depth (p = 0.031) and longer villus height-to-crypt depth ratio (p < 0.001) than those fed ground-wheat-based diets. Broilers fed WW had greater (p < 0.05) AID of CP and most of the AA. Butyric acid supplementation resulted in improved (p < 0.05) growth performance and digestibility of threonine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, phenylalanine, serine and aspartate. The broilers consuming SBM had 28% lower abdominal fat than those fed CM-based diets. In conclusion, harmful consequences of a less digestible PS can partially be compensated by the inclusion of WW, and supplementation of BA further reduces these detrimental effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Physiological parameters such as adiposity and age are likely to influence protein digestion and utilization. The aim of this study was to evaluate the combined effects of age and adiposity on casein protein and amino acid true digestibility and its postprandial utilization in rats. Methods: Four groups were included (n = 7/8): 2 months/normal adiposity, 2 months/high adiposity, 11 months/normal adiposity and 11 months/high adiposity. Rats were given a calibrated meal containing 15N-labeled casein (Ingredia, Arras, France) and were euthanized 6 h later. Digestive contents were collected to assess protein and amino acid digestibilities. 15N enrichments were measured in plasma and urine to determine total body deamination. Fractional protein synthesis rate (FSR) was determined in different organs using a flooding dose of 13C valine. Results: Nitrogen and amino acid true digestibility of casein was around 95–96% depending on the group and was increased by 1% in high adiposity rats (P = 0.04). Higher adiposity levels counteracted the increase in total body deamination (P = 0.03) that was associated with older age. Significant effects of age (P = 0.006) and adiposity (P = 0.002) were observed in the muscle FSR, with age decreasing it and adiposity increasing it. Conclusion: This study revealed that a higher level of adiposity resulted in a slight increase in protein and individual amino acid true digestibility values and seemed to compensate for the metabolic postprandial protein alterations observed at older age. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

SUMMARY: Past research has shown that Azomite (AZM) can increase pellet mill production rate in diets that include inorganic phosphate sources (IPS) of dicalcium phosphate (DCP) or tricalcium phosphate (TCP). The authors hypothesized that if production rate were held constant then pellet mill energy consumption would decrease for diets that contained AZM. The objective was to determine the effect of AZM (0.25%) in diets with DCP and TCP on pellet mill energy consumption, subsequent live bird performance, and apparent ileal amino acid digestibility (AIAAD) when fed to broiler chicks for 21 d. Feed was manufactured in a 2 (IPS) × 2 (AZM inclusion) factorial across 4 days in a Latin Square Design. Post manufacture, 320 one-day-old Ross 708 males were allocated to 8 replicate pens, 10 chicks per pen, in a randomized complete block design. Dietary treatments were arranged in a 2 (DCP or TCP) × 2 (AZM or no AZM) factorial. On d 21 ileal contents were collected for amino acid and titanium dioxide analysis. Pellet mill motor load decreased by 5% in diets containing TCP compared to DCP (P < 0.001), and 1% when AZM was included (P < 0.001). Pellet durability was increased in diets containing DCP when AZM was included, while TCP diets were unaffected (P < 0.001). Hot pellet temperature increased for TCP diets with AZM, whereas DCP diets did not change (P < 0.05). AIAAD of cysteine increased for DCP diets with AZM, but not TCP diets (P < 0.05). Similar trends were observed for lysine, isoleucine, and valine (P < 0.10). An increase in FCR by 0.02 was observed in DCP diets with AZM (1.283 vs. 1.309, P < 0.05), while TCP diets were unaffected (1.294 vs. 1.287, P > 0.05). Decreased pellet mill motor load that resulted from AZM inclusion suggests that feed was subjected to less frictional heat and/or pressure within the pellet die. This reduction in frictional heat and pressure likely preserved amino acid conformation, but the improvement was not translated to growth efficiency.

The raising consumer demand for plant-derived proteins has led to an increased production of alternative protein ingredients with varying processing histories. In this study, we used a commercially available potato protein ingredient with a nutritionally valuable amino acid profile and high technological functionality to evaluate if the digestibility of a suspension with the same composition is affected by differences in the structure. Four isocaloric (4% protein, w/w) matrices (suspension, gel, foam and heat-set foam) were prepared and their gastrointestinal fate was followed utilizing a semi-dynamic in vitro digestion model. The microstructure was observed by confocal laser scanning microscopy, protein breakdown was tested by electrophoresis and free amino acids after intestinal digestion was estimated using liquid chromatography/triple-quadruple-mass spectrometry (LC-TQMS). The heat-treated samples showed a higher degree of hydrolysis and lower trypsin inhibitory activity than the non-heat-treated samples. An in vitro digestible indispensable amino acid score was calculated based on experimental data, showing a value of 0.9 based on sulfur amino acids/valine as the limiting amino acids. The heated samples also showed a slower gastric emptying rate. The study highlights the effect of the food matrix on the distribution of the peptides created during various stages of gastric emptying. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT: Poorly digestible proteins may lead to increased protein fermentation in the ceca of broilers and hence, the production of potentially harmful metabolites. To evaluate effects of protein fermentation on gut health, an experimental contrast in ileal nitrogen (N) and amino acid (AA) flow is required. Therefore, our objective was to develop a model that creates a contrast in protein fermentation by increasing the prececal flow of protein within ingredients. To this end, we used additional toasting of protein sources and evaluated the effect on prececal N and AA flows. One-day-old Ross 308 male broilers (n = 480) were divided over 6 dietary treatments, with 8 replicate pens with 10 broilers each. Diets contained 20% of a regular soybean meal (SBM), high protein sunflower seed meal (SFM) or a dehulled rapeseed meal (dRSM) as is, or heat damaged by secondary toasting at 136°C for 20 min (tSBM, tSFM, or tdRSM). Ileal and total tract digesta flows of N and AA were determined with 5 birds per pen in their third week of life using an inert marker (TiO2) in the feed. Additional toasting increased the feed conversion ratio (FCR) only in birds fed dRSM (1.39 vs. 1.31), but not SBM and SFM (interaction P = 0.047). In SBM, additional toasting increased the flow of histidine, lysine, and aspartate through the distal ileum and excreted, while in SFM it had no effect on flows of N and AA. Toasting dRSM increased the prececal flows and excretion of N (862 vs 665 and 999 vs 761 mg/d, respectively) and of the AA. Of the ingredients tested, toasting dRSM is a suitable model to increase protein flows into the hind-gut, permitting the assessment of effects of protein fermentation.

Three experiments were conducted to determine the nutrient availability of extruded and fermented food waste (FW) and subsequent effects on growth performance of broilers. Dining hall food waste was either mixed with soybean meal (SBM) and extruded (CFW) or was fermented for 14 d to create a value-added product (FFW). One-day old male broilers (Ross 708 Byproduct Broiler, Sallisaw, OK) were used in 3 separate 21-d studies to determine AMEn (Exp. 1, n = 300) and apparent ileal digestibility (AID, Exp. 2, n = 240) of CFW and FFW, and their effects on growth performance (Exp. 3, n = 420). Treatments for Exp. 1 and 2 consisted of 1) CFW, 2) conventional SBM (CSBM), 3) extruded SBM (ESBM), 4) SBM + FFW (SFFW). A basal treatment was added to Exp. 1 as a control. Treatments for Exp. 3 consisted of 1) corn/SBM basal, 2) 10% CFW, 3) 30% CFW, 4) 1.5% FFW, 5) 5.5% FFW, 6) basal + commercial astaxanthin, and 7) basal + commercial antibiotic. There were 10 cages per treatment with 6 broilers per cage and balanced by body weight. Data were analyzed using the GLIMMIX procedure of SAS vs. 9.4 (Cary, NC). The ESBM had a greater (P < 0.01) AMEn content than CSBM and SFFW whereas CFW was intermediate. Broilers fed CFW and CSBM had increased (P < 0.05) AID of indispensable amino acids compared to SFFW, except Met whereas ESBM was increased (P < 0.05) compared to SFFW with the exception of His, Met, and Try. Broilers fed 1.5% FFW had increased (P < 0.01) feed intake (FI) and BWG compared to those fed the control basal diet. Broilers fed the commercial astaxanthin or 30% CFW had poorer (P < 0.01) FCR compared to those fed the basal control. In conclusion, 2 different forms of food waste successfully served as a nutrient source for broilers. Composite food waste and SFFW had similar AMEn to CSBM while CFW had a similar AID of amino acids to CSBM. Including 30% of CFW reduced FCR of broilers; however, including 5.5% of SFFW increased FI and BWG. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT: Four experiments were conducted to determine ME and amino acid (AA) digestibility of spray-dried animal plasma (SDAP) and soybean meal (SBM). The 48-h precision-fed adult rooster assay was used in 2 experiments; TMEn and standardized AA digestibility were determined using conventional and cecectomized roosters, respectively, 50 weeks of age and weighing approximately 2,200 g. Eight individually-caged roosters (4 per diet) were fasted for 26 h, then precision-fed 30 g of SDAP mixture (containing 50% corn) or SBM mixture (containing 50% corn). The TMEn and AA digestibility for SDAP and SBM were calculated by the difference procedure. The TMEn for SDAP was greater (P < 0.05) than SBM (3,743 and 2,669 kcal/kg DM, respectively). Similarly, mean AA digestibility of SDAP was greater (P < 0.05) than SBM (94 and 86%, respectively). Two assays were conducted using Ross male broilers to determine AMEn and apparent (AIAAD) and standardized (SIAAD) ileal AA digestibility of SDAP and SBM. A 3 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments was used to determine AMEn; 126 chicks (6 replicate pens of 7 chicks) were fed a corn-SBM-based reference diet, a diet containing 30% SDAP, or a diet containing 30% SBM from d 7 to 10 and 18 to 21. A 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments was used to determine AIAAD and SIAAD; 168 chicks (12 replicate pens of 7 chicks) were fed a semi-purified diet containing 25% SDAP or a semi-purified, isonitrogenous diet containing 41% SBM from d 7 to 10 and 18 to 21. The AMEn for SDAP was greater (P < 0.05) than SBM at d 10 (3,851 and 2,089 kcal/kg DM, respectively) and d 21 (4,239 and 2,849 kcal/kg DM, respectively). The second assay showed an increase (P < 0.05) in AIAAD and SIAAD for SDAP compared with SBM at d 10 (mean SIAAD for SDAP and SBM were 96% and 84%, respectively) and d 21 (97% and 87%, respectively). Regardless of assay or age, these results indicate SDAP is a highly digestible feed ingredient with high ME and AA digestibility.