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Herein, an anionic polymerization method was employed to synthesize a series of amphiphilic poly(ethylene oxide-b-styrene-b-isoprene-b-styrene-b-ethylene oxide) penta-block copolymers (OSISO). Their molecular structure and properties were comprehensively characterized using GPC,1H-NMR, thermodynamic rheological testing and water contact angle test. Notably, the hydrophilic characteristics exhibited a proportional increase with the rise in poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) content, ranging from 1.3 to 12.6 wt%. The polystyrene blocks with low number-average molecular weight (2000–3500) reduced the copolymer melt viscosity, surpassing a tenfold decrease than the control sample within the temperature range of 50–150 °C. Resultantly, this series of OSISO copolymers could be used to develop amphiphilic hot-melt pressure-sensitive adhesives (HMPSAs) by low temperature hot-melt processing method (<120 °C). HMPSAs loaded with 2 wt% of geniposide, prepared by an optimized composition formula of OSISO copolymers, tackifiers, and plasticizers (in a ratio of 5:5:2), displayed excellent in vitro drug release performance. Additionally, these adhesives presented impressive 180° peeling strength (0.05–0.14 kN/m) without residues left on the substrate in the 180° peeling tests. The incorporation of PEO block significantly enhanced both the adhesive properties and accumulative drug release. Geniposide showed a burst release behavior with a moderate accumulative drug release (15–30 wt%), attributed to the PEO phase without crystallization behavior of long PEO chains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Herein, we synthesized and used a novel pillar[5]arene with two functionalizable rims (AP5A-C10-OAc) as stationary phase in gas chromatography (GC). The AP5A-C10-OAc column (0.25 mm, i.d.) showed a high column efficiency of 4107 plates/m and medium polarity. The AP5A-C10-OAc stationary phase possesses unique amphiphilic structure, including a π-electron rich cavity and two functionalized arms composed of five nonpolar alkyl chains and five polar ester chains, and showed good separation performance for diverse types of analytes and isomers (apolar/polar, aliphatic/aromatic). Particularly, the AP5A-C10-OAc phase showed high selectivity for the challenging isomers of chloronitrobenzenes, bromonitrobenzenes, benzenediols, and iodoanilines with distinct advantages if compared with the commercial polysiloxane column. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microbial biosurfactant is an emerging vital biomolecule of the 21st century. They are amphiphilic compounds produced by microorganisms and possess unique properties to reduce surface tension activity. The use of microbial surfactants spans most of the industrial fields due to their biodegradability, less toxicity, being environmentally safe, and being synthesized from renewable sources. These would be highly efficient eco‐friendly alternatives to petroleum‐derived surfactants that would open up new approaches to research on the production of biosurfactants. In the upcoming era, biobased surfactants will become a dominating multifunctional compound in the world market. Research on biosurfactants ranges from the search for novel microorganisms that can produce new molecules, structural and physiochemical characterization of biosurfactants, and fermentation process for enhanced large‐scale productivity and green applications. The main goal of this review is to provide an overview of the recent state of knowledge and trends about microbially derived surfactants, various aspects of biosurfactant production, definition, properties, characteristics, diverse advances, and applications. This would lead a long way in the production of biosurfactants as globally successful biomolecules of the current century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, a thermal-responsive triblock polypeptoid, poly(N-octylglycine)-b-poly(N-allylglycine)-b-poly(N-methylglycine) (PNOG-b-PNAG-b-PNMG), was synthesized via continuous polymerization of octyl-N-carboxyanhydride (Oc-NCA), allyl-N-carboxyanhydride (Al-NCA), and methyl-N-carboxyanhydride (Me-NCA) by using benzylamine as the initiator. Remarkably, triblocks were self-assembled into micelles in an aqueous solution. The poly(N-octyl glycine) PNOG blocks form the core of the micelle, while poly(N-methyl glycine) PNMG blocks form a hydrophilic shell. The PNAG block, located between the PNOG and PNMG blocks, is soluble in water and forms part of the hydrophilic shell at low temperatures but becomes hydrophobic and associates with the micelle core at high temperatures. The micelle size transition temperature can be adjusted by changing the polypeptoid structures within the range of 35–38°C. We also systematically investigated the degree of polymerization of polymers and the effect of concentration on assembly. The antibacterial (ciprofloxacin (Cip) drug, is encapsulated in micelles through hydrophobic interactions and released in stages by adjusting the size of the hydrophobic core through temperature changes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Amphiphilic block copolymers are characterized by the presence of distinct hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions, which are usually arranged in alternating blocks. This unique structure allows these copolymers to self‐assemble into well‐defined nanostructures that exhibit remarkable resistance to enzymatic hydrolysis, high biocompatibility and the ability to be customized with specific structures. These properties make them highly desirable in various applications. Self‐assembled amphiphilic polypeptoids are currently under development as a promising class of pharmaceutical agents. However, the utilization of these peptides as drug carriers for efficient delivery presents a number of challenges. These challenges include less‐than‐optimal loading efficacy and restricted biocompatibility. Herein, a series of stable amphiphilic block copolypeptoids (PNEG‐b‐PNBG and PNEG‐b‐PNHG) were designed and synthesized by controlled ring‐opening polymerization. PNEG chain segments provide hydrophilicity, while PNBG and PNHG chain segments provide hydrophobicity. The hydrophobic molecular chains aggregate in aqueous solutions, resulting in the formation of nano‐assemblies. The self‐assembled amphiphilic block polypeptoid copolymers were investigated. The morphologies of copolymers take the form of micelles from tens of nanometers to a few hundred nanometers. The properties of amphiphilic block copolypeptoids used as drug carriers were further investigated by conducting drug release and cytotoxicity tests. The results indicate that the cumulative release efficiency of self‐assembled polypeptoid copolymers can reach up to about 91%. And they have good biocompatibility and can be expected to be safe materials for efficient drug delivery. This work could provide a facile method for the preparation of amphiphilic block peptoid copolymers for biopharmaceutical applications. © 2024 Society of Industrial Chemistry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cancer has been characterized by abnormal and uncontrolled proliferation of cells. Majority of drugs given through chemotherapy produce unwanted and adverse effects of chemotherapeutic agents to the other healthy cells and tissues of body. Various nanocarriers have now been considered for treatment of cancer. Among various nanocarriers, cubosomes are the nano sized dispersions that have drawn interest of researchers recently. Cubosomes are defined as dispersions of colloidal nature containing cubic crystalline liquid formations in aqueous medium in presence of suitable surfactant molecules. The unique capacity to encapsulate lipophilic, hydrophilic, and amphiphilic compounds inside their structure distinguishes them among others. Top- down method and hydrotrope method are most often employed methods for cubosomes preparation. Cubosomes can be characterized by Polarized light microscopy Photon correlation spectroscopy X-ray scattering (SAXS), Transmission electron microscopy and various stability studies. Cubic lipid nanoparticles have a very stable cubic structure that enables slower dissociation rate, increased retention and site-specific delivery of drugs. Cubosomes containing extracts of cornelian cherry for boosting anti-cancerous effects in cancer of colorectal cells by preventing against GIT destruction. When applied for skin cancer, cubosomes have shown to be having enhanced permeation of the drug. In liver cancer, increased bioavailability of drug was observed via cubosomes. This current review elaborates the advancement of cubosomes and their effective role in the treatment of cancer. This review aims to describe vesicular approach of cubosomes, its composition and method of preparation, characterization tests as well as elaborates various applications of cubosomes in cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) coatings are considered to be environmentally friendly antifouling coatings. However, the presence of hydrophobic surfaces can enhance the adhesion rate of proteins, bacteria and microalgae, posing a challenge for biofouling removal. In this study, hydrophilic polymer chains were synthesised from methyl methacrylate (MMA), Poly(ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate (PEG-MA) and 3-(trimethoxysilyl) propyl methacrylate (TPMA). The crosslinking reaction between TPMA and PDMS results in the formation of a silicone-based amphiphilic co-network with surface reconstruction properties. The hydrophilic and hydrophobic domains are covalently bonded by condensation reactions, while the hydrophilic polymers migrate under water to induce surface reconstruction and form hydrogen bonds with water molecules to form a dense hydrated layer. This design effectively mitigates the adhesion of proteins, bacteria, algae and other marine organisms to the coating. The antifouling performance of the coatings was evaluated by assessing their adhesion rates to proteins (BSA-FITC), bacteria (B. subtilis and P. ruthenica) and algae (P. tricornutum). The results show that the amphiphilic co-network coating (e.g., P-AM-15) exhibits excellent antifouling properties against protein, bacterial and microalgal fouling. Furthermore, an overall assessment of its antifouling performance and stability was conducted in the East China Sea from 16 May to 12 September 2023, which showed that this silicon-based amphiphilic co-network coating remained intact with almost no marine organisms adhering to it. This study provides a novel approach for the development of high-performance silicone-based antifouling coatings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new amphiphilic azo‐functionalized polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS) derivative was synthesized by functionalizing octa(3‐aminopropyl)silsesquioxane (OAS‐POSS) with 4‐((4‐(dodecyloxy)phenyl)diazenyl)benzoic acid, affording a hydrophilic amino POSS head and hydrophobic dodecyl tail with a diphenyl‐azo connector. Prepared amphiphilic azo‐functionalized POSS (azo‐POSS) exhibited high ability for encapsulation and transferring cationic dyes into the organic phase by vigorously mixing with aqueous solutions of each dye. The photo‐controlled encapsulating properties of the synthesized phase transfer reagent was studied using cationic dyes, such as methylene blue (MB), crystal violet (CV) and thymol blue in acidic conditions. Results showed more than 95 % encapsulation of MB. However, no considerable encapsulation was shown in the case of anionic dyes such as eriochrome black T (EBT) and thymol blue in alkaline solutions. By trans/cis isomerization of the azo moiety of the phase transfer reagent by UV irradiation (365 nm), the amount of dye encapsulation was decreased, which could be attributed to the formation of cis isomer that led to the folding of the dodecyl alkyl tail on the POSS moiety, and therefore prevent to lay the 3‐aminopropyl moieties of POSS head to the water/DCM interface to adsorb and encapsulate MB molecules. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Undoubtedly, with the increasing awareness of the scientific community and the public, current trends are directing research to implement effective and combined yet nature friendly methodologies. Due to advantages such as adaptability and versatility, the combination of electrospinning and light is increasingly intriguing. This study proposes a new strategy for producing amphiphilic fibers from graft copolymer of polypropylene (PP) and poly (acrylic acid) (FPP-g-PAA). The first step includes the synthesis of copolymer comprising PP main chain possessing poly (tertiary butyl acrylate) pendant groups via photo-induced metal-free atom transfer radical polymerization (PIMF-ATRP) of tertiary butyl acrylate (t-BA) in the presence of perylene and chlorinated polypropylene (PP-Cl) as a macro photo-initiator (PP-g-PtBA). Then, FPP-g-PAA is prepared by acidolysis of t-BA units to acrylic acid moieties. In the second step, the PP-g-PAA is successful electrospun to fabricate the ultimate amphiphilic fibers. The chemical steps are monitored and confirmed by Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) and proton magnetic resonance (1H-NMR) spectroscopies, and gel permeation chromatography (GPC). Following the structural characterization, morphological and wetting properties are systematically determined with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and water contact angle (WCA) measurement by depending on surface characteristics of the samples. Thermal behaviour of precursors and synthesized electrospun fibers has also been evaluated and compared by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The SEM images display that the achieved fibers were smooth and circular with the average diameters ranging from 3.3 μm up to 3.9 μm. After WCA measurements, it was elucidated that the hydrophobic nature of electrospun PP-g-PtBA was transformed into amphiphilic structure by hydrolysis of PtBA pendant groups. The reported approach is very encouraging and expected to trigger further development for scientists preparing various types of amphiphilic polyolefin fiber based materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polysaccharides are gaining increasing attention for their relevance in the production of sustainable materials. In the domain of biomaterials, polysaccharides play an important role as hydrophilic components in the design of amphiphilic block copolymers for the development of drug delivery systems, in particular nanocarriers due to their outstanding biocompatibility, biodegradability, and structural versatility. The presence of a reducing end in polysaccharide chains allows for the synthesis of polysaccharide-based block copolymers. Compared with polysaccharide-based graft copolymers, the structure of block copolymers can be more precisely controlled. In this review, the synthesis methods of polysaccharide-based amphiphilic block copolymers are discussed in detail, taking into consideration the structural characteristics of polysaccharides. Various synthetic approaches, including reductive amination, oxime ligation, and other chain-end modification reactions, are explored. This review also focuses on the advantages of polysaccharides as hydrophilic blocks in polymeric nanocarriers. The structure and unique properties of different polysaccharides such as cellulose, hyaluronic acid, chitosan, alginate, and dextran are described along with examples of their applications as hydrophilic segments in the synthesis of amphiphilic copolymers to construct nanocarriers for sustained drug delivery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aristolochic acid nephropathy (AAN) has drawn increasing public attention. Organic anion transporters (OATs) are considered to be responsible for mediating nephrotoxicity of aristolochic acids (AAs), as AAs are typical OAT1 substrates that exhibit anionic properties and contain one hydrophobic domain. Inspired by the OAT1 three-dimensional structure or substrate/protein interactions involved in transport, we designed a magnetic polymeric hybrid, mimicking the effect of basic and aromatic residues of OAT1, for efficient enriching aristolochic acid I (AA I) and aristolochic acid II (AA II) in Traditional Chinese patent medicines (TCPM). N, N-dimethylaminopropyl acrylamide (DMAPAm) was used as a cationic monomer and copolymerized with divinylbenzene (DVB) onto the surface of monodisperse magnetic nanoparticles (denoted as MNs@SiO2T-DvbDam). The magnetic polymer hybrid demonstrated high selectivity and capacity for AAs, which was mainly attributed to (1) electrostatic interactions from the cationic or basic moiety of DMAPAm and (2) the hydrophobic and p-p stacking interactions from the aromatic ring of DVB. Additionally, the surface of the hybrid exhibited amphiphilic property according to the ionization of DMAPAm, thus improving the compatibility of the adsorbent with the aqueous sample matrix. This strategy was proven to be robust in the analysis of real drug samples, which was characterized by a good linearity, high recovery and satisfactory reusability. This work confirmed that the proposed tool could be a promising candidate for enhancing the extraction selectivity of AAs in Traditional Chinese medicines (TCM). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polymeric materials with antimicrobial properties hold the potential to be the next generation of therapeutics. This work reports the preparation of amphiphilic and star‐like copolymers through arm‐first and reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer polymerization. The copolymers composed of poly(dimethylamine ethyl methacrylate) (PDMAEMA) as the arms and poly(curcumin dimethacrylate) (PCDMA) as the crosslinked core presented a well‐controlled amphiphilic structure with low dispersity values (Ð = 1.15). Varying the [CDMA]:[PDMAEMA] molar ratios (4, 6 and 8) led to a significant increase in the molar mass (153, 688 and 1550 kDa), particle size (33, 90 and 105 nm) and the average number of PDMAEMA arms anchored to the curcumin‐based core (12, 52 and 125 arms), as determined by dynamic and static light scattering. The antimicrobial activity of cationic PDMAEMA40‐co‐PCDMAcore was tested against Escherichia coli in the absence of light and under white light to investigate the photodynamic activity of the copolymers. The results demonstrated a concentration dependence but no additional effect under light irradiation. SEM imaging and live/dead assays revealed extensive membrane damage, evidencing a membrane‐disruption mechanism. HeLa viability assays demonstrated that at 1 mg mL−1, 80 ± 10% of the cells demonstrated metabolic activity after 24 h. © 2023 Society of Industrial Chemistry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Glipizide; an insulin secretagogue belonging to the sulfonylurea class, is a widely used antidiabetic drug for managing type 2 diabetes. However, the need for life-long administration and repeated doses poses challenges in maintaining optimal blood glucose levels. In this regard, orally active sustained-release nano-formulations can be a better alternative to traditional antidiabetic formulations. The present study explored an innovative approach by formulating orally active sustained-release nano-micelles using the amphiphilic lauric acid-conjugated-F127 (LAF127) block copolymer. LAF127 block copolymer was synthesized through esterification and thoroughly characterized before being employed to develop glipizide-loaded nano-micelles (GNM) via the thin-film hydration technique. The optimized formulation exhibited mean particle size of 341.40 ± 3.21 nm and depicted homogeneous particle size distribution with a polydispersity index (PDI)

The search for efficient antimicrobial therapies that can alleviate suffering caused by infections from resistant bacteria is more urgent than ever before. Infections caused by multi-resistant pathogens represent a significant and increasing burden to healthcare and society and researcher are investigating new classes of bioactive compounds to slow down this development. Antimicrobial peptides from the innate immune system represent one promising class that offers a potential solution to the antibiotic resistance problem due to their mode of action on the microbial membranes. However, challenges associated with pharmacokinetics, bioavailability and off-target toxicity are slowing down the advancement and use of innate defensive peptides. Improving the therapeutic properties of these peptides is a strategy for reducing the clinical limitations and synthetic mimics of antimicrobial peptides are emerging as a promising class of molecules for a variety of antimicrobial applications. These compounds can be made significantly shorter while maintaining, or even improving antimicrobial properties, and several downsized synthetic mimics are now in clinical development for a range of infectious diseases. A variety of strategies can be employed to prepare these small compounds and this review describes the different compounds developed to date by adhering to a minimum pharmacophore based on an amphiphilic balance between cationic charge and hydrophobicity. These compounds can be made as small as dipeptides, circumventing the need for large compounds with elaborate three-dimensional structures to generate simplified and potent antimicrobial mimics for a range of medical applications. This review highlight key and recent development in the field of small antimicrobial peptide mimics as a promising class of antimicrobials, illustrating just how small you can go.

Poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) coatings are considered to be environmentally friendly antifouling coatings. However, the presence of hydrophobic surfaces can enhance the adhesion rate of proteins, bacteria and microalgae, posing a challenge for biofouling removal. In this study, hydrophilic polymer chains were synthesised from methyl methacrylate (MMA), Poly(ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate (PEG-MA) and 3-(trimethoxysilyl) propyl methacrylate (TPMA). The crosslinking reaction between TPMA and PDMS results in the formation of a silicone-based amphiphilic co-network with surface reconstruction properties. The hydrophilic and hydrophobic domains are covalently bonded by condensation reactions, while the hydrophilic polymers migrate under water to induce surface reconstruction and form hydrogen bonds with water molecules to form a dense hydrated layer. This design effectively mitigates the adhesion of proteins, bacteria, algae and other marine organisms to the coating. The antifouling performance of the coatings was evaluated by assessing their adhesion rates to proteins (BSA-FITC), bacteria (B. subtilis and P. ruthenica) and algae (P. tricornutum). The results show that the amphiphilic co-network coating (e.g., P-AM-15) exhibits excellent antifouling properties against protein, bacterial and microalgal fouling. Furthermore, an overall assessment of its antifouling performance and stability was conducted in the East China Sea from 16 May to 12 September 2023, which showed that this silicon-based amphiphilic co-network coating remained intact with almost no marine organisms adhering to it. This study provides a novel approach for the development of high-performance silicone-based antifouling coatings.

Antibiotic-resistant bacteria are a major threat to global public health, and there is an urgent need to find effective, antimicrobial treatments that can be well tolerated by humans. Hornet venom is known to have antimicrobial properties, and contains peptides with similarity to known antimicrobial eptides (AMPs), mastoparans. We identified multiple new AMPs from the venom glands of Vespa ducalis (U-VVTX-Vm1a, U-VVTX-Vm1b, and U-VVTX-Vm1c), Vespa mandarinia (U-VVTX-Vm1d), and Vespa affinis (U-VVTX-Vm1e). All of these AMPs have highly similar sequences and are related to the toxic peptide, mastoparan. Our newly identified AMPs have α-helical structures, are amphiphilic, and have antimicrobial properties. Both U-VVTX-Vm1b and U-VVTX-Vm1e killed bacteria, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC25923 and Escherichia coli ATCC25922, at the concentrations of 16 μg/mL and 32 μg/mL, respectively. None of the five AMPs exhibited strong toxicity as measured via their hemolytic activity on red blood cells. U-VVTX-Vm1b was able to increase the permeability of E. coli ATCC25922 and degrade its genomic DNA. These results are promising, demonstrate the value of investigating hornet venom as an antimicrobial treatment, and add to the growing arsenal of such naturally derived treatments.

The novel amphiphilic polyacrylate grafted with cholesterol moieties, PAAbCH, previously synthesized, was deeply characterized and investigated in the lab and on a pre-industrial scale. Solid-state NMR analysis confirmed the polymer structure, and several water-based pharmaceutical and cosmetic products were developed. In particular, stable oil/water emulsions with vegetable oils, squalene, and ceramides were prepared, as well as hydrophilic medicated films loaded with diclofenac, providing a prolonged drug release. PAAbCH also formed polyelectrolyte hydrogel complexes with chitosan, both at the macro- and nano-scale. The results demonstrate that this polymer has promising potential as an innovative excipient, acting as a solubility enhancer, viscosity enhancer, and emulsifying agent with an easy scale-up transfer process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• New surface active Tetracationic AImILs highly adsorbed 2.8 mol of CO 2 /mol. • Amphiphilic thermal stable porous spheres of CaCO 3 NPs prepared from CO 2. • Highly dispersed CaCO 3 NPs in seawater used as additive for WBD fluids. • CaCO 3 @ HDAP-ImA and CaCO 3 @DDAP-ImA particles employed as a viscosifier and/or filtrate control agent in bentonite- based WBMs. Conversion and capture of carbon pollutants based on carbon dioxide to valuable green oil-field chemicals are target all over the world for controlling the global warming. The present article used new room temperature amphiphilic imidazolium ionic liquids with superior surface activity in the aqueous solutions to convert carbon dioxide gas to superior amphiphilic calcium carbonate nanoparticles. In this respect, tetra-cationic ionic liquids 2-(4-dodecyldimethylamino) phenyl)-1,3-bis (3-dodecyldimethylammnonio) propyl) bromide-1-H-imidazol-3-ium acetate and 2-(4-hexyldimethylamino) phenyl)-1,3-bis(3-hexcyldimethylammnonio) propyl) bromide-1 H-imidazol-3-ium acetate were prepared. Their chemical structures, thermal as well as their carbon dioxide absorption/ desorption characteristics were evaluated. They were used as solvent and capping agent to synthesize calcium carbonate nanoparticles with controlled crystalline lattice, sizes, thermal properties and spherical surface morphologies. The prepared calcium carbonate nanoparticles were used as additives for the commercial water based drilling mud to improve their filter lose and rheology. The data confirm that the lower concentrations of 2-(4-dodecyldimethylamino) phenyl)-1,3-bis (3-dodecyldimethylammnonio) propyl) bromide-1-H-imidazol-3-ium acetate achieved lower seawater filter lose and improved viscosities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polysaccharides are gaining increasing attention for their relevance in the production of sustainable materials. In the domain of biomaterials, polysaccharides play an important role as hydrophilic components in the design of amphiphilic block copolymers for the development of drug delivery systems, in particular nanocarriers due to their outstanding biocompatibility, biodegradability, and structural versatility. The presence of a reducing end in polysaccharide chains allows for the synthesis of polysaccharide-based block copolymers. Compared with polysaccharide-based graft copolymers, the structure of block copolymers can be more precisely controlled. In this review, the synthesis methods of polysaccharide-based amphiphilic block copolymers are discussed in detail, taking into consideration the structural characteristics of polysaccharides. Various synthetic approaches, including reductive amination, oxime ligation, and other chain-end modification reactions, are explored. This review also focuses on the advantages of polysaccharides as hydrophilic blocks in polymeric nanocarriers. The structure and unique properties of different polysaccharides such as cellulose, hyaluronic acid, chitosan, alginate, and dextran are described along with examples of their applications as hydrophilic segments in the synthesis of amphiphilic copolymers to construct nanocarriers for sustained drug delivery.

Amphiphilic copolymers were synthesized by grafting poly(lactic-coglycolic) acid with two lignin types: alkaline lignin and lignosulfonate. An interphase formation technique was used to produce films based on the copolymers. Films presented one side as being more hydrophobic (Oside) and smoother, and the second side more polar and with an uneven surface (W-side). Contact angle of water on the W-side was lower than the O-side corresponding to a higher lignin content and influenced by the lignin type (alkaline < lignosulfonate) and lignin: PLGA ratio. X-ray photoelectric spectroscopy analysis showed higher percentages of sulfur on the W-side, which supports a preferential partitioning of the lignin. Tensile testing demonstrated the significant impact of lignin type on the mechanical properties of the films. Alkaline films showed a higher maximum strength, a higher stiffness, and a higher tensile strength at the elastic limit compared to lignosulfonate films. However, for lignosulfonate films, ductility at break point was 4-fold higher than that of alkaline films. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The disastrous consequences for society—economically, environmentally, and socially—caused by oil spills encouraged us to treat this problem. The target of this work is to synthesize new amphiphilic dicationic ionic liquids (Ia, Ib, and Ic) and evaluate them spectroscopically and gravimetrically as potential oil spill dispersants at different temperatures to cover cold and warm areas. The synthesized ILs were well characterized by different tools for analysis of their surface activity and thermal stability. Ia, Ib, and Ic showed good dispersion effects, which were recorded to be 5.32, 20.45, and 33.61% for Ia, Ib, and Ic, respectively, at 10 °C and 12.28, 52.55, and 66.80% for Ia, Ib, and Ic, respectively, at 30 °C with a dispersant-to-oil ratio (DOR) of 0.8:10 (wt.%). Acute toxicity tests were elucidated against Nile tilapia and Oreochromis niloticus fish and confirmed their slight toxicity by determining a LC50 value greater than 100 ppm after 96 h, which recorded 13.25, 17.75, and 37.5 mg/L for Ia, Ib, and Ic, respectively. Overall, the new synthesized ILs can be represented as sustainable materials for toxic chemicals to disperse oil spills. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Symmetrical and dissymmetrical bolaforms were prepared with good to high yields from unsaturated L-rhamnosides and phenolic esters (ferulic, phloretic, coumaric, sinapic and caffeic) using two eco-compatible synthetic strategies involving glycosylation, enzymatic synthesis and cross-metathesis under microwave activation. The plant-eliciting activity of these new compounds was investigated in Arabidopsis model plants. We found that the monocatenar rhamnosides and bolaforms activate the plant immune system with a response depending on the carbon chain length and the nature of the hydrophilic heads. Their respective antioxidant activities were also evaluated, as well as their cytotoxic properties on dermal cells for cosmetic uses. We showed that phenolic ester-based compounds present good antioxidant activities and that their cytotoxicity is low. These properties are also dependent on the carbon chains used. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, amphiphilic Janus nanoparticles with dumbbell-like structure have been synthesized by connecting two silica nanospheres with differential wettability. In this method, silica nanospheres were modified to be hydrophobic and hydrophilic respectively and then the nanospheres with different wettability were covalently connected together on a one-to-one basis simply by chemical bonds generating between surface groups. The dumbbell-like structure of particles can be observed clearly under scanning electron microscope and transmittance electron microscope. Results showed that 58% of the nanospheres were successfully coupled to build the dumbbell-like structure. Since these anisotropic nanoparticles were based entirely on inorganic materials and owned well-defined surface areas of different wettability, they may have a highly potential for many application fields such as optical and electrical engineering.

A novel amphiphilic graft copolymer possessing polypropylene (PP) main chain and poly(oligoethylene glycol methacrylate) (POEGMA) pendant units was synthesized starting from chlorinated polypropylene (PP-Cl), and characterized. PP-Cl produced macroradicals at chlorine bounded carbon atoms by visible light irradiation in the presence of dimanganese decacarbonyl [Mn2(CO)10] and initiated the free-radical photopolymerization of an acrylate monomer, namely oligoethylene glycol methacrylate (OEGMA). Furthermore, fiber formation ability of PP-g-POEGMA was tested by electrospinning technique. The chemical structure and some features of the corresponding amphiphilic graft copolymer PP-g-POEGMA was characterized by implementing spectral (FT-IR, ¹H-NMR), chromatographic (GPC), morphological (SEM), water wettability (WCA), and thermal (TGA) analyses. It was clear from the SEM results that the average diameter of the obtained microfibers decreased with the incorporation of POEGMA segments onto the PP-Cl main chain. Based on WCA measurements, PP-g-POEGMA was determined as more wettable than PP-Cl due to its hydrophilic POEGMA building blocks. This facile procedure could be utilized to achieve the amphiphilic commercial polymers for potential bioapplications such as drug delivery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Availability of a limited number of antifungal drugs created a necessity to develop new antifungals with distinct mode of action. Investigation on a new series of peptides led us to identify Boc‐His‐Trp‐His[1‐(4‐tert‐butylphenyl)] (10g) as the most promising inhibitor exhibiting IC50 value of 4.4 µg/mL against Cryptococcus neoformans. Analog 10g exhibit high selectivity to fungal cells and was nonhemolytic and noncytotoxic at its minimum inhibitory concentration. 10g produced fungicidal effect on growing cryptococcal cells and displayed synergistic effect with amphotericin B. Overall cationic character of 10g resulted in interaction with negatively charged fungal membrane while hydrophobicity enhanced penetration inside the cryptococcal cells causing hole(s) formation and disruption to the membrane as evident by the scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and confocal laser scanning microscopy analyses. Flow cytometric investigation revealed rapid death of fungal cells by apopotic pathway. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It has been confirmed that skeletal muscle cells have the capability to receive foreign plasmid DNA (pDNA) and express functional proteins. This provides a promisingly applicable strategy for safe, convenient, and economical gene therapy. However, intramuscular pDNA delivery efficiency was not high enough for most therapeutic purposes. Some non-viral biomaterials, especially several amphiphilic triblock copolymers, have been shown to significantly improve intramuscular gene delivery efficiency, but the detailed process and mechanism are still not well understood. In this study, the molecular dynamics simulation method was applied to investigate the structure and energy changes of the material molecules, the cell membrane, and the DNA molecules at the atomic and molecular levels. From the results, the interaction process and mechanism of the material molecules with the cell membrane were revealed, and more importantly, the simulation results almost completely matched the previous experimental results. This study may help us design and optimize better intramuscular gene delivery materials for clinical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to environmental regulations, antifouling marine coatings must be gradually replaced by biocide-free coatings. Marine organisms weakly adhere to fouling release coatings, presenting a low surface free energy and a high elasticity, so they can be readily removed by the sheer force of water. Currently, these materials are mainly composed of petrochemical polymers, such as silicone or fluoropolymers, with hydrophilic polymers as additives. However, following the ever-increasing environmental concerns, the research on new, alternative, eco-friendly coatings is oriented towards the use of biobased polymers from renewable resources. Two main families have been studied: polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) and polysaccharides. PHAs are produced by bacteria in stressful conditions, while polysaccharides are extracted from plants, animals, or micro-organisms such as bacteria, in which case they are called exopolysaccharides (EPS). Since the use of these polymers is a non-toxic approach to controlling fouling colonization, this review provides an overview of these biobased polymers for their applications in new anti-adhesive marine coatings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work aims to apply water radiolysis-mediated green synthesis of amphiphilic core–shell water-soluble chitosan nanoparticles (WCS NPs) via free radical graft copolymerization in an aqueous solution using irradiation. Robust grafting poly(ethylene glycol) monomethacrylate (PEGMA) comb-like brushes were established onto WCS NPs modified with hydrophobic deoxycholic acid (DC) using two aqueous solution systems, i.e., pure water and water/ethanol. The degree of grafting (DG) of the robust grafted poly(PEGMA) segments was varied from 0 to ~250% by varying radiation-absorbed doses from 0 to 30 kGy. Using reactive WCS NPs as a water-soluble polymeric template, a high amount of DC conjugation and a high degree of poly(PEGMA) grafted segments brought about high moieties of hydrophobic DC and a high DG of the poly(PEGMA) hydrophilic functions; meanwhile, the water solubility and NP dispersion were also markedly improved. The DC-WCS-PG building block was excellently self-assembled into the core–shell nanoarchitecture. The DC-WCS-PG NPs efficiently encapsulated water-insoluble anticancer and antifungal drugs, i.e., paclitaxel (PTX) and berberine (BBR) (~360 mg/g). The DC-WCS-PG NPs met the role of controlled release with a pH-responsive function due to WCS compartments, and they showed a steady state for maintaining drugs for up to >10 days. The DC-WCS-PG NPs prolonged the inhibition capacity of BBR against the growth of S. ampelinum for 30 days. In vitro cytotoxicity results of the PTX-loaded DC-WCS-PG NPs with human breast cancer cells and human skin fibroblast cells proved the role of the DC-WCS-PG NPs as a promising nanoplatform for controlling drug release and reducing the side effects of the drugs on normal cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The entry of proteins through the cell membrane is challenging, thus limiting their use as potential therapeutics. Seven cell-penetrating peptides, designed in our laboratory, were evaluated for the delivery of proteins. Fmoc solid-phase peptide synthesis was utilized for the synthesis of seven cyclic or hybrid cyclic–linear amphiphilic peptides composed of hydrophobic (tryptophan (W) or 3,3-diphenylalanine (Dip) and positively-charged arginine (R) residues, such as [WR]4, [WR]9, [WWRR]4, [WWRR]5, [(RW)5K](RW)5, [R5K]W7, and [DipR]5. Confocal microscopy was used to screen the peptides as a protein delivery system of model cargo proteins, green and red fluorescein proteins (GFP and RFP). Based on the confocal microscopy results, [WR]9 and [DipR]5 were found to be more efficient among all the peptides and were selected for further studies. [WR]9 (1–10 µM) + protein (GFP and RFP) physical mixture did not show high cytotoxicity (>90% viability) in triple-negative breast cancer cells (MDA-MB-231) after 24 h, while [DipR]5 (1–10 µM) physical mixture with GFP exhibited more than 81% cell viability. Confocal microscopy images revealed internalization of GFP and RFP in MDA-MB-231 cells using [WR]9 (2–10 μM) and [DipR]5 (1–10 µM). Fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) analysis indicated that the cellular uptake of GFP was concentration-dependent in the presence of [WR]9 in MDA-MB-231 cells after 3 h of incubation at 37 °C. The concentration-dependent uptake of GFP and RFP was also observed in the presence of [DipR5] in SK-OV-3 and MDA-MB-231 cells after 3 h of incubation at 37 °C. FACS analysis indicated that the cellular uptake of GFP in the presence of [WR]9 was partially decreased by methyl-β-cyclodextrin and nystatin as endocytosis inhibitors after 3 h of incubation in MDA-MB-231 cells, whereas nystatin and chlorpromazine as endocytosis inhibitors slightly reduced the uptake of GFP in the presence of [DipR]5 after 3 h of incubation in MDA-MB-231. [WR]9 was able to deliver therapeutically relevant proteins (Histone H2A) at different concentrations. These results provide insight into the use of amphiphilic cyclic peptides in the delivery of protein-related therapeutics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Amphiphilic hyperbranched polyurethanes (HPUs) based on PEG and PCL are promising for several biomedical applications. However, the lack of control over the molar mass and composition hinders a deep understanding of the aqueous self-assembly of HPUs. In this paper, the control over the HPU molar mass and composition was provided by dynamic urea bond-mediated polymerization (DUBMP), enabling a careful evaluation of their aqueous self-assembly by 1H NMR, DLS, and Cryo-TEM. HPUs containing a single PCL block per chain self-assemble into nanoaggregates (Rh ≈ 10 nm) in water up to its cloud-point temperature (Tcp) of 34 °C. On the other hand, HPUs with more than one PCL block per chain self-assemble into nanoaggregates and their clusters below Tcp. In this case, the solution behavior can be tuned by the HPU molar mass. Increasing M w ¯ from 4 to 19 kDa, HPUs of similar composition can form colloidally stable cluster suspensions ( M w ¯ = 4 kDa) and phase separate into a denser liquid aggregate–cluster phase ( M w ¯ = 7 kDa) or into a highly viscous aggregate-network phase ( M w ¯ = 19 kDa). This type of control over the hierarchical aggregation of HPUs was reported for the first time and is interesting for biomedical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ice recrystallization is harmful to the quality of frozen foods and the cryopreservation of cells and biological tissues, requiring biocompatible materials with ice recrystallization inhibition (IRI) activity. Emerging studies have associated IRI activity with amphiphilic structures. We propose amphiphilic amyloid protein fibrils (APFs) may be IRI-active. APFs were prepared from whey protein isolate (WPI) in water (W-APFs) and in trifluoroethanol (TFE-APFs). W-APFs and TFE-APFs were more IRI-active than WPI over a concentration range of 2.5–10.0 mg/mL. Both APFs showed stronger IRI activity at pH 3.0 than at pH 5.0, 7.0, and 10.0, which was ascribed to the effect of water dispersibility and fibril length. The reduced IRI activity of the two APFs with increasing NaCl content was caused by fibril aggregation. Ice binding by APFs was absent or very weak. Ordered water was observed for the two APFs, which might be essential for IRI activity. Our findings may lead to the use of APFs as novel ice recrystallization inhibitors. • Two amyloid protein fibrils (APFs) were prepared from whey protein isolate (WPI). • APFs demonstrated stronger ice recrystallization activity than WPI. • Binding of APFs to ice was absent or very weak. • Water aligned more ordered in APFs than in WPI. • Ordered water may be essential for IRI of APFs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is of great necessity to develop new antimicrobial agents to overcome the accelerated increment in drug-resistant bacteria. The main aim of this work is to manufacture two cationic surfactants, QHETA-9 and QHETA-14, based on quaternary hexamethylenetetramine with long alkyl chains (C-9 and C-14) by simple one-step alkylation reaction. These surfactants were characterized by analytical and statistical data, including FTIR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR and DLS. The antibacterial activities of QHETA-9 and QHETA-14 against some pathogenic bacterial strains were tested using agar disk diffusion method. The results exhibited that QHETA-14 has higher antibacterial activity than that of QHETA-9. It displayed inhibitory zone values for Staphylococcus aureus, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and Enterococcus faecalis, as Gram-positive bacteria, of 22.7, 21.5 and 25.9 mm, respectively, at 200 μg/disk. Meanwhile, it recorded inhibition zone values of 17.5, 25.2 and 23.8 mm for Escherichia coli, Agrobacterium tumefaciens and Erwinia carotovora, respectively, at 200 μg/disk. As a result, the current investigation verified that the antibacterial properties of QHETA-14 were greater than those of QHETA-9 due to the increase in the length of the alkyl chain. It is clear that QHETA-14 has the potential to be used as an antibacterial agent against bacteria that cause nosocomial infections and food poisoning diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The fabrication of liquid crystal (LC) based sensor with amphiphilic ligands give label free and real time detection of heavy metals in water. In this study, Dodecyloxyurea (DDOU) is synthesized and doped with 4‐cyano‐4'‐pentyl biphenyl (5CB) to form LC sensor for detection of Cu2+ ions in water. The non‐polar tail of DDOU align the liquid crystal molecules homeotropically and polar urea head forms stable complex with Cu2+ ions at aqueous interface. The complexation between oxyurea and Cu2+ ion triggers the orientation transitions of LC molecules to give dark to bright optical signal. The sensor is selective towards Cu2+ ions and did not respond to common metal interferences in water like Hg2+, Pb2+, Cd2+, Zn2+, Na+, Co2+ and Ca2+. The sensor has limit of detection for Cu2+ ions is 10 μM in tap water. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, amphiphilic Janus nanoparticles with dumbbell-like structure have been synthesized by connecting two silica nanospheres with differential wettability. In this method, silica nanospheres were modified to be hydrophobic and hydrophilic respectively and then the nanospheres with different wettability were covalently connected together on a one-to-one basis simply by chemical bonds generating between surface groups. The dumbbell-like structure of particles can be observed clearly under scanning electron microscope and transmittance electron microscope. Results showed that 58% of the nanospheres were successfully coupled to build the dumbbell-like structure. Since these anisotropic nanoparticles were based entirely on inorganic materials and owned well-defined surface areas of different wettability, they may have a highly potential for many application fields such as optical and electrical engineering. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Fiber membranes with high specific surface area can be produced when using electrospinning technology combined with amphiphilic block polymers. Due to the solubility difference between the two segments of amphiphilic block polymers, it is easy to be self‐assembly in solvents, which affects the morphology of the spinning fiber and the surface properties of the membrane. In this work, the relationship between the self‐assembly of the amphiphilic block polymer and the morphology of the spinning fiber and the wetting performance of the spinning membrane was explored. Membrane is produced by electrospinning amphiphilic block copolymer PS‐b‐PHEMA (polystyrene‐block‐poly(2‐hydroxyethyl methacrylate) by using co‐solvent system. PS‐b‐PHEMA with controlled molecular weight (Mw) and polymer dispersity index (PDI) was synthesized via atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) and characterized by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and gel permeation chromatography (GPC). The electrospun membrane have both super‐hydrophobic and super‐hydrophilic by adjusting the ratio of mixed solvents, demonstrating that the wetting performance of the fiber membrane mainly depends on the shell structure of the self‐assembly micelles.

[Display omitted] • Micelles self-assembled from amphiphilic copolymer. • Combination of mPEG2000-TK-PPAG as avermectin carrier. • The micelles had a good controlled release effect on avermectin release. • A promising strategy to improve the utilization efficiency of avermectin was provided. A novel amphiphilic polymer, methoxy polyethylene glycols (mPEG)-3, 3′-(propane-2, 2-diylbis (sulfanediyl)) dipropionic acid (TK)-poly (propylene oxide-co-carbon dioxide-co-allyl glycidyl ether) (PPAG) (mPEG 2000 -TK-PPAG), was successfully synthesized for delivery of avermectin (AVE). The chemical structure was characterized by FTIR. In aqueous medium, mPEG 2000 -TK-PPAG could self-assembled into micelles. The AVE loaded mPEG 2000 -TK-PPAG micelles showed a considerable drug-loading content of 19 %. The prepared micelles were spherical morphology with average hydrodynamic diameter 469.4 nm and zeta potential of around –33.6 mv. AVE was released slowly from the AVE loaded mPEG 2000 -TK-PPAG micelles in a neutral condition and was released rapidly under stimulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Therefore, this ROS responsive micelle formulation achieves target control of pests and provides an efficient micelle platform for green agriculture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The novel amphiphilic polyacrylate grafted with cholesterol moieties, PAAbCH, previously synthesized, was deeply characterized and investigated in the lab and on a pre-industrial scale. Solid-state NMR analysis confirmed the polymer structure, and several water-based pharmaceutical and cosmetic products were developed. In particular, stable oil/water emulsions with vegetable oils, squalene, and ceramides were prepared, as well as hydrophilic medicated films loaded with diclofenac, providing a prolonged drug release. PAAbCH also formed polyelectrolyte hydrogel complexes with chitosan, both at the macro- and nano-scale. The results demonstrate that this polymer has promising potential as an innovative excipient, acting as a solubility enhancer, viscosity enhancer, and emulsifying agent with an easy scale-up transfer process.

In this study, it was aimed to synthesize and characterize a new polymeric cryogel system to be formed with polymeric linoleic acid (PLina), a vegetable oil-based polymeric fatty acid, and the widely preferred 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) monomer. cryogels. For this purpose, firstly, autoxidation and hydroxylation reactions were carried out for polymeric lineloic acid, respectively. Hydroxylated polymeric lineloic acid (PLina-OH) and HEMA monomer were subjected to a cryogenic gelation reaction in the presence of N,N′-methylene bisacrylamide (MBAA) as crosslinking agent. The obtained new cryogel was characterized by FTIR, SEM, BET, TGA analyses. The swelling behavior of the synthesized PLinaOH-HEMA cryogels in water was concluded with kinetic studies. In the other hands, some of polar and non-polar other solvents was used for investigation of all cryogels to see their potentials for solvent uptake.

Amphiphilic graft copolymers were prepared via a grafting through approach to yield materials with a hydrophilic backbone and hydrophobic arms. The thermally responsive macromonomers were designed to contain a Diels–Alder adduct such that cyclo‐reversion would cleave the arms from the backbone thus altering polymer topology, composition and solubility. The macromonomers were prepared via light‐inducted atom transfer radical polymerization followed by post‐polymerization modification to install a polymerizable functionality. Next, free radical polymerization was employed to yield thermally responsive amphiphilic graft copolymers, whose solution state characteristics were extensively characterized by UV/Vis spectroscopy and fluorimetry. Due to the amphiphilic nature of the graft copolymer, some unexpected results occurred because of aggregation and solubility limitations. Furthermore, it was discovered that poly(N‐isopropyl acrylamide) exhibited distinct and unique aggregation properties by itself. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study targets the synthesis of novel semi-interpenetrating networks and amphiphilic conetworks, where hydrophilic soft matter (Gellan Gum, GG) was combined with hydrophobic rigid poly(styrene), PSt. To achieve that, GG was chemically modified with 4-vinyl benzyl chloride to form a reactive macromonomer with multiple double bonds. These double bonds were used in a copolymerization with styrene to initially form semi-interpenetrating networks (SIPNs) where linear PSt was intertwined within the GG-PSt conetwork. The interpenetrating linear PSt and unreacted styrene were extracted over 3 consecutive days with yields 18–24%. After the extraction, the resulting conetworks (yields 76–82%) were able to swell both in organic and aqueous media. Thermo-mechanical tests (thermal gravimetric analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, and dynamic mechanical analysis) and rheology indicated that both SIPNs and conteworks had, in most cases, improved thermal and mechanical properties compared to pure poly(styrene) and pure GG gels. This crosslinking strategy proved that the reactive combination of a synthetic polymer and a bio-derived constituent would result in the formation of more sustainable materials with improved thermo-mechanical properties. The binding ability of the amphiphilic conetworks towards several organic dyes was high, showing that they could be used as potential materials in environmental clean-up. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Self-assembled biomaterials have been widely explored for real-time fluorescence imaging, imaging-guided surgery, and targeted therapy for tumors, etc. In particular, small molecule-based self-assembly has been established as a reliable strategy for cancer theranostics due to the merits of small-sized molecules, multiple functions, and ease of synthesis and modification. In this review, we first briefly introduce the supramolecular chemistry of small organic molecules in cancer theranostics. Then, we summarize and discuss advanced small molecule-based self-assembly for cancer theranostics based on three types, including peptides, amphiphilic molecules, and aggregation-induced emission luminogens. Finally, we conclude with a perspective on future developments of small molecule-based self-assembled biomaterials integrating diagnosis and therapy for biomedical applications. These applications highlight the opportunities arising from the rational design of small organic molecules with self-assembly properties for precision medicine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Constructing favorable morphology is considered to be an effective strategy to enhance the amphiphilic performance of materials. The directional alignment of ultra-thin lamellar materials significantly facilitates utilization of active sites at the bi-phase interface. Herein, an ultra-thin amphiphilic C/Si shell pieces Janus material (d = 10.4 nm) prepared by graphene oxide and SiO 2 is reported. The outer SiO 2 layer is associated with hydrophilicity, while the inner C layer exhibits hydrophobicity. A Pickering emulsion interface catalyst for fuel oil oxidative desulfurization is constructed by impregnating an amino-modified C/Si Janus material with keggin-type HPW. The results demonstrate that amphiphilic catalyst with an ultra-thin C/Si shell pieces exhibits superior performance in terms of emulsification rate (100%) and desulfurization rate (99.62%) in the O/W emulsion formed by n-octane/acetonitrile. The catalyst demonstrates the advantages of easy recovery and regeneration, maintains a higher activity after oxidative desulfurization (ODS) process, and has higher industrial application value., (© 2024 Wiley‐VCH GmbH.)